ali asghar sarchahi

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three anesthetic agents, with premedication of medetomidine and midazolam, on electrocardiographic variables in dogs. Ten adult mixed breed dogs were used in a crossover design study, where they received ketamine, propofol and isoflurane treatments with a one-week washout period between them. In all three groups, medetomidine was administered first followed by midazolam after 15 min. Then, after 20 min, group 1 received ketamine intravenously (IV), group 2 received propofol (IV), and group 3 received isoflurane (inhalation). In all dogs, electrocardiographs were taken before and after premedication’s, as well as every 15 min during anesthesia. Medetomidine significantly decreased heart rate and P wave amplitude and increased PR interval, R wave amplitude, QT interval, and T wave amplitude. Midazolam increased the amplitude of the R and T waves. Ketamine increased the heart rate and PR interval. Propofol increased the heart rate for up to 15 min, decreased the PR interval for up to 30 min, and the QT interval for up to 45 min. Isoflurane increased the heart rate and decreased the amplitude of R and T waves. The results showed that the drugs used in this study did not have many side effects on electrocardiographic variables and could be used without serious concern. The most important side effects observed were a severe reduction in heart rate and 1st degree atrioventricular (AV) block and, to a lesser extent, 2nd degree AV block caused by medetomidine and midazolam which were masked by the anesthetics.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Epidemiological study of canine distemper can help to control and treat the disease in any area. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CDV in dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital from September 23, 2018 to September 22, 2019. Dogs with at least two clinical signs of canine distemper underwent blood tests, rapid test kit from the eye and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and RT-PCR from whole blood and/or CSF samples. Out of 1212 referred dogs, 112 dogs were suspected to have canine distemper of which 90 underwent RT-PCR and rapid test kits. The disease prevalence was 4.04% (49/1212) and 7.44% (49/659) according to the total number of referring dogs and number of referring sick dogs, respectively. The distemper fatality rate was 69.57% (32/46). Seventy percent of distemper positive cases were under 12 months old and 52.08% were under 6 months old. Female dogs were more susceptible than males; however, the fatality rate of males was more than females. Of distemper positive dogs, 91.84% were unvaccinated. The highest prevalence (71.43%) of dogs diagnosed with CDV occurred during the cold seasons. It is concluded that canine distemper is endemic in the geographical area of Mashhad and its prevalence rate in dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad is 4.04% and its fatality rate is 69.57%. This indicates that a significant number of dogs may die if they develop distemper despite treatment.

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is the cause of a highly lethal infectious disease affecting a broad range of carnivores. Despite using various treatments, there is still no effective treatment, especially in the neurological form of distemper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of injecting Newcastle disease vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with neurological form of distemper. The dogs that had symptoms of nervous distemper, particularly myoclonus, were included in the plan. After anesthetizing of dogs, 0.10 to 1.00 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were removed and, 0.10 to 0.50 mL of the prepared Newcastle solution were injected into their subarachnoid space. Another 0.50 to 1.00 mL of normal saline was then injected to remove the needle from the vaccine. The live attenuated LaSota or B1 vaccine was used in this study. Rapid kit tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to diagnose of the disease. Dogs were monitored for up to 3 to 24 months during that time they were evaluated for improvement or worsening of clinical symptoms. Out of nine dogs in which distemper were diagnosed with different tests, one dog recovered completely and another dog recovered greatly. Therefore, the overall recovery rate was 22.20%. It is concluded that administration of Newcastle vaccine into the subarachnoid space of dogs with nervous distemper causes at least 22.20% improvement and does not cause specific side effects and can be used to treat affected dogs.

Sharp wooden skewers can easily migrate from the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion and penetrate to abdominal and chest organs. Clinical signs can vary depending on the location of the foreign body. This report describes the death due to the penetration of a foreign body (kebab skewer) from the gastrointestinal tract into the lungs in a dog. A 6-month-old mixed-breed male dog weighing 16 kg was referred to the clinic due to severe dyspnea, anorexia, and diarrhea. The Physical examination showed a sharp increase in the number of breathing and severe dyspnea. Lateral thoracic radiography revealed the unilateral collapse of the caudal lobe of the lung and fluid accumulation or mass in the thorax. In order to obtain a dorsoventral radiograph, the dog was anesthetized using the diazepam-ketamine combination. Shortly after induction, the dog experienced cardiopulmonary arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not successful. At autopsy, a wooden kebab skewer with a length of about 15 cm was observed in the abdomen and chest of the animal. The importance of thorough physical examination and patient assessment before anesthetic induction or positioning for radiography, thoracocentesis, and provision of adequate ventilation and oxygenation are discussed.

The main cause of glaucoma is an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). In order to measure the intraocular pressure in animals, it is necessary to use topical anesthetics. These drugs may lead to changes in intraocular pressure and, as a result, interfere with the diagnosis of increased IOP. Thus the objective of this study was to production and use topical anesthetic drugs that have minimal effect on intraocular pressure. In this study, the ophthalmic drop forms of lidocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.4% were formulated and their effects on IOP and duration of corneal anesthesia investigated in 20 mixed breed adult dogs. Two drops of lidocaine were instilled in the right eye of the half of the dogs and the left eye of the other half of the dogs. In the fellow eyes normal saline were instilled as controls. Intraocular pressure was taken before and at the minutes 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 after instilling the drug with two iCare and Tono-Pen Vet tonometers. With one week interval, the effects of bupivacaine drops were investigated in a similar manner. Lidocaine drops showed no change in intraocular pressure with both devices. Bupivacaine drops caused a temporary increase in IOP immediately after instillation, which was significant with iCare (P=0.014), then returned to normal values thereafter; However, the results obtained with the Tono-Pen Vet did not show a significant change. The duration of corneal anesthesia was found to be 14.7 minutes for lidocaine and 17.5 minutes for bupivacaine. It is concluded that because lidocaine and bupivacaine eye drops have not significantly changed the IOP, they can easily be used to measure the intraocular pressure and since the duration of corneal anesthesia is relatively short, it is necessary to measure intraocular pressure as soon as possible.

The type of device used, the type of local anesthetic agents, and the animal species may affect the intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, in order to determine these issues, the effects of four local anesthetics were investigated in 10 adult rabbits by ICare TA01i and Tono-Pen Vet tonometers. In the right eye of half of the rabbits and in the left eye of the other half of the rabbits, one drop of tetracaine was instilled. The IOP in each rabbit was measured using two tonometers, ICare and Tono-Pen Vet, before and each 5 minutes until 40 minutes later. The effects of other drugs were also studied at least with one-week interval. Based on the results of ICare tonometer, tetracaine significantly reduced the IOP immediately and 25 minutes after instillation. IOP changes after instillation of bupivacaine, lidocaine and proparacaine were not significant at any time compared to baseline values (p > 0.05). Based on the results of Tono-Pen Vet tonometer, all drugs reduced the IOP immediately after use; however, the effects of bupivacaine and lidocaine on IOP were much lower than that of tetracaine and proparacaine. The average duration of corneal anesthesia were 20, 15.5, 7.5 and 21 minutes for tetracaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and proparacaine, respectively. It is concluded that IOP reduction by local anesthetics when Tono-Pen Vet is used is much greater than the ICare tonometer measurements. Also, the reduction of IOP with each of the devices when tetracaine or proparacaine is used is greater than when bupivacaine or lidocaine is used.

To evaluate the effect of tetracaine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal and hypertensive rabbit eyes. The study was conducted on 12 healthy rabbits as controls and 6 healthy rabbits in which an experimental model of ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced by administration of 70 mL/kg of tap water through an orogastric tube. One drop of tetracaine was instilled in the left eye while a drop of normal saline (placebo) was applied to the right eye of the control group. IOP was measured before and 0, 5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes after drop administration in this group. The OHT group also received one drop of tetracaine and normal saline in the left eyes and right eyes respectively, immediately after water loading; the instillation of drops was repeated after 55 minutes. IOP was measured before and 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 55, 70, 85, 100 and 115 minutes after water loading in this group. Tetracaine treated eyes in both groups (ocular hypertensive and normal controls) demonstrated significant IOP reduction at time zero (immediately after drop instillation) which was sustained up to 20 minutes, as compared to placebo treated eyes (P)