ali asvadi

Human uses language as a tool to communicate with others and expresses his knowledge and requests with that. Every country or culture has its own special language. One of the most eloquent and conceptual ways of transferring language experience and communication is the proverb. This language phenomenon represents a clear vision of its society circumstances whether in cultural, political or historical terms and it is unique in its own kind, especially, if the proverbs be common, because their commonness shows that these wisdoms have been taken from society depths and they have been occasionally modified. Most of these proverbs have been received in visual schemes taken from the human imagination. In other words, human experience is an inseparable part in all of them. The present research has surveyed the visual schemes in Mosul common proverbs represented by George Lakoff and Johnson and it has shown that the represented volumetric schemes by the linguists have been conceived according to the human abstract behavior and attitude and their growth is obvious in Mosul and they have high frequency among the other visual, dynamic and communication schemes and also, in power scheme, the top-down scheme has the least frequency. Most of the focus of Mosul people is on the details of affairs and the scheme of being inhibited which mostly  consists of coming to a dead end is considerably visible in Mosul proverbs. In all the schemes, human thought and its physical aspect has a major impact on its metaphysical aspect

Textbooks are an important part of education in determining the successful axes of a lesson unit, for this reason, it causes the analysis of textbooks to identify the strengths and strengthen them and the weaknesses. The present research is based on library data and the descriptive analysis method that was carried out in the research and the analysis of the available data on Colin Marsh's checklist indicates that the book needs changes in terms of artistic and visual attractions and attention to the role of ethnic Iranian culture identities, however, it has been compatible with the approach of the national curriculum in terms of education, but it has performed poorly in paying attention to the educational needs and daily life of learners. The 8th Arabic book in securing the document of fundamental change and the national curriculum needs more review by the authors, and in the overall analytical view, Marsh's checklist has been included and observed in the textbook.

One of the basic topics of cognitive linguistics is conceptual metaphor based on which an unknown and abstract conceptual field is inferred and understood by matching with known and concrete concepts in the human mind.that these well-known concepts originate from human experiences in all aspects of his life, including philosophy and literature. On the other hand, existentialism is a philosophical school that uses literature as a means to express its ideas; Existentialism's philosopher's turn to literary expression caused philosophy to merge with literature. Existentialist literature deals with themes such as loneliness, fear, sadness, emptiness, freedom, and death. Meanwhile, Arabic literature and especially poetry were not affected by the concepts of this school; And an example of this attention and luck can be seen in the poems of the contemporary Lebanese poet Khalil Al-Hawi, because the resonance and reflection of the elements of freedom and death are evident in his poems. He beautifully and artistically portrays the concepts of despair, pain, humiliation and despair caused by the consecutive failures of the Arabs and especially the uprising of 1967, which had a special echo in his soul and soul - all of which are abstract concepts - with concrete and tangible concepts in his poems. He has used conceptual metaphors to make his poems even more heartwarming. Therefore, the authors intend to analyze the conceptual metaphor in the existentialist components of freedom and death in Al-Hawi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method.

Cognitive sciences deal with research about the mind. Scholars of cognitive sciences consider explaining cognitive functions and hidden processes of the mind possible only through indirect methods such as the study of language. Therefore, cognitive linguistics has a privileged place in cognitive sciences. Motion verbs are one of the most focal fields of study in the meaning-based approach of cognitive semantics. Movement, embodied by means of verb as an active proposition in a sentence, is an important and effective element in conceptualization. The present descriptive-analytical research article studied participial and motion verbs used to refer to celestial bodies in the Holy Qurʾān and drawing on the principles of cognitive semantics examined the way events were conceptualized in the ayahs. In the Holy Qurʾān motion verbs of celestial bodies have been used in order to conceptualize abstract concepts such as the movement of celestial bodies, the way of movements, their occurrences, etc. and as a result different types of semantic concepts of the movement of celestial bodies have been represented in the Qurʾānic ayahs. Half of the verbs used for these objects are motional and the other half are participial. Participial verbs delicately describe the circular path of objects, how they move through the galaxy and where they start and return to their place. Motion verbs also indicate the movement and transition of these objects, which, except when it emphasizes the events of the Resurrection, is still an emphasis on the circular movement and rotation of the heavenly bodies.

Mythology, a sub-branch of semiotics as theorized by Roland Barthes, analyzes the style of sending messages and the implicit goals in the cultural codes of a text. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze An-Nāziʻāt, Abasa, Ash-Shams, At-Tīn surahs in order to decode the implicit goals and ideologies they contain. The story of Musa and Firaun, the story of ignoring the request of the blind seeker of knowledge, the story of the Thamūd and cutting the hamstring of the camel loved by prophet Salih (AS), and finally Mount Sinai and God’s speech with Musa (AS) are identified as the four prominent cultural codes in these surahs. It can be concluded that these surahs are imbued with moral instructions and self-realization: An-Nāziʻāt preaches avoiding pride and one's following carnal desires; Abasa urges virtue based on the request and need of people who seek the truth, not based on the personal inclinations of the preacher; Ash-Shams asks people not to follow the majority of the society and highlights individual and ideological independence of each member of the society without being influenced by others; and At-Tīn recommends visiting the nature, particularly mountains, as necessary to improve the level of human insight and perception as well as a factor for self-realization and reconsidering one’s interactions with others.

One of the typical areas for examining literary works and comprehending their complex concepts is cognitive studies in the field of semantics in new language research. In the meantime, the idea of image schemas is one of the discoveries of cognitive semantics, which investigates the foundation of the perception of abstract concepts in sensory and organized mental experiences. This idea guides the examination of linguistic-literary works beyond their apparent meanings. This method makes it possible to comprehend the metaphysical meanings of the Holy Quran, a linguistic miracle. This article investigates the Quranic story of Moses and El-Khader based on Johnson's image schemas theory in three levels of volume, power, and movement using the descriptive-analytical method with a linguistic approach to determine the cognitive meanings in the verses. This study demonstrates that image schemas have established a balance between human conceptualization and perception. Among these, volumetric systems are the most prevalent and provide the best language for making sense of abstract ideas. In addition, knowing the schemas facilitates tangible and expansive comprehension of abstract concepts. In addition, coordinating schemas with experiences created by them has significance.

In the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur'an by the discourse analysis method of the Surah as a qualitative method, God the Almighty means two approaches within the text (the order of arrangement and the connection of words and verses with each other), and social (the discourse of the situation of its descent and expansion in the passage of time and its application in the scene of life) is investigated. By using this method, according to the social function of the verses, they can be used in the scene of social and family life. In this context, Norman Fairclough's three-level analysis model is effective based on analysis in three levels: description, interpretation and explanation. The current research with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the library method and keeping in mind that God has revealed the Quran as a plan of life for mankind, tries to answer the question that the analysis and description of the discourse of Surah Al-Zuhi worked according to Norman Farklough's point of view. How does the community explain this surah? The speech of Surah Al-Zahi, comforting the Prophet (PBUH), expressed the role of God's guidance from the beginning of his life and neutralized the existing discourses at the level of society, and drew the attention of society members to not neglecting to help orphans and strays and recounting God's blessings.

Stratificational semiotics delves into the hidden layers of a literary text in terms of analyzing intertextual relationships and syntagmatic relationships between semantic layers and codes. Roland Barthes identifies five main semiotic codes: Hermeneutic, Proairetic, Semantic, Symbolic, and Cultural which provide a comprehensive analysis of a literary text and its meaning. This research, adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, examines the stratificational semiotics of An-Nāziʻāt Sura in order to decode its implicit meanings in accordance with the requirements of the 21th century context (apocalypse) as well as the ever-increasing technological advances. The study finds that the hermeneutic code addresses the meaning of the Sural with regard to the Doomsday and the resurrection of the dead; the Proairetic code addresses God’s provisions to humankind, the actions of sinners, and the conflict between Moses and Pharaoh; the semantic code addresses technological advances as well as the power of humankind in the apocalypse; the symbolic code addresses a bipolar world; and the cultural code advises humankind to avoid arrogance based on the story of Moses and Pharaoh. Such layers of meaning based on semiotic codes portray a historical era when humankind has achieved such a high level of power and creation that it assumes itself to be the Omnipotent. In this context, An-Nāziʻāt Sura invites mankind to ponder over the essence of its existence and avoid arrogance in order to appreciate the purpose of creation and avoid an unfortunate destiny.

Semiotics as one of the methods of literary criticism analyzes the semantic structure of poetry. Pierce's pattern as one of the exact patterns for recognizing the relationship of linguistic signs in the context of the text of the poem, which leads to the discovery of hidden data at the lower and deeper levels of the text. Farooq Jowaida is one of the romantic poets whose concept of love in lexicon and lexical framework has a variety of semantic loads and implications and he has tried to use literary and indirect language through a network of poetic images and linguistic signs of his poetic purposes and themes. To express. Therefore, the present study tries to deal with the semiotics of words meaning the concept of love based on descriptive and analytical methods and relying on Pierce's theory, and to investigate how the parts of the sign, ie, appearance, interpretation and subject, are related in creating the signs related to love. Based on the findings of the study, Jowaida has created poetic signs related to the concept of love in the form of aesthetic, spatial and temporal codices and horizontal and vertical axis of the word. And has expressed his intentions in virtual and covert language. Therefore, the present study tries to deal with the semiotics of words meaning the concept of love based on descriptive and analytical methods and relying on Pierce's theory, and to investigate how the parts of the sign, ie, appearance, interpretation and subject, are related in creating the signs related to love. Based on the findings of the study, Jowaida has created poetic signs related to the concept of love in the form of aesthetic, spatial and temporal codices and horizontal and vertical axis of the word. And has expressed his intentions in virtual and covert language

The art of written expression is one of the courses that are usually presented in the first years of study for undergraduate students in the Arabic language and literature or its translation and the Persian-speaking students in Iran face many problems in this regard so that almost no one is left without the confusion and confusion in practicing this unit. An analytical and descriptive method by defining these problems and their causes, as well as solutions to prevent them, and showing that the reasons are due to the problems of the university system, problems related to teaching methods, problems of lack of linguistic fundamentals, problems of mastery of linguistic problems, and problems of linguistic problems and problems. The problematic of the educational system and the material presentation period are at the forefront of the main reasons that pave the ground for other problems. The problem of contemporary applications, programs, and perceptions arising from the mother tongue, which negatively affects the learning of written expression, has a lasting effect.

Undoubtedly, communicative implication is one of the most prominent concepts in new applied modern linguistic research in the West. The communicative implication has highlighted the miraculous aspects of the Holy Qur'an, and its importance is manifested in the interpretation of the Qur'anic compositions and its relation to the present. It seems necessary to make a comparative analysis of the theory of communicative implication in the light of the story of Zakaria and Maryam (peace be upon them) in Surahs of Al-e-Imran and Maryam, and the reason for choosing these two stories is that they are based on the most expressive and fascinating Qur'anic stories in extraordinary adventures. Their approach, style and educational teachings have a great impact on the behavior of the audience, the absorption of ideas and guidance of human beings. Since moral-educational teachings in the form of stories always affect the audience more than other writings, as a result, God - the Exalted - has placed the story as persuasion and influence in the Qur'an and at the same time, he has presented his reasons and arguments to the deniers and polytheists. Based on the principle of Grace's cooperation, the present study has achieved the following results Ten conversations in the two mentioned stories have deviated from real meanings to secondary meanings in accordance with one of Grace's four principles and using demonstratives, semantics and expressions; Until the dignity, the answer to the prayer of Zakaria (AS) and the gift of a child to him in old age, despite the infertility of his wife, the miraculous birth of Jesus (AS) and the innocence of Mary (AS) from the ugly words attributed to her by her people to be revealed. Deviation from the principle of quantity and quality is one of the most frequent types of communicative implication in the dialogues of two stories.

The character and its transcendence are common themes between mysticism, psychology, and literature. Hence, mystics and psychologists have always been curious about understanding it and identifying the path of its evolution. This curiosity has also been manifested in literature. Salient characters' appearance as heroes further adds to the significance of the function of the Self archetype. Little Death narrates the formation of the character of one of the distinguished faces of mysticism and Islamic Sufism, Muhyī al-Dīn Arabi. In a way known as the father of the unity of existence in Islamic thought, Ibn Arabi opened a new window to Islamic mysticism by founding theoretical mysticism. Ibn Arabi has propounded many theories in mysticism, the most important of which is the unity of existence and perfect man. The elevation and growth of the character are among the subjects that have reduced the distance between new psychological theories and genuine concepts in mysticism, such as the perfect man theory. Inspired by the autobiography produced by Sheik Akbar in his book Meccan Revelations, Mohammad Hassan Alwan adopts a post-modernist approach to narrate two parallel stories. The first story expresses the life events of Ibn Arabi, and the second story tells his biography. This paper examines the character of Ibn Arabi from a psychological and theoretical perspective based on the Pearson-Mar theory.To this end, the two stories were separated, and only the story of Ibn Arabi's life events was examined. Examining the ideas of Ibn Arabi indicated a significant relationship between his theory of perfect man and the archetype of the ruler (among the twelve archetypes of the Pearson-Maar theory). Upon departure, initiation, and return, the protagonist reveals the characteristics of the ruler archetype, which are close to the characteristics of the perfect man propounded by Ibn Arabi: Each has specific criteria for self-actualization of character potentials.

The Qur'an is the word of revelation and the eternal miracle of the Prophet of Islam (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and its non-distortion is one of the certain beliefs of Muslims. But in the meantime, due to certain accents in Arabic, there were differences in the way of reading, reciting and writing. In the middle of the second century AH, seven readers became known as experts and skilled, each of whom had two narrators. The only recitation that is common among Muslims in the third class of Quran reciters has a correct and consistent document is the recitation of Hafs from Asim. Then,the difference between the readings and the clarification of its facts is of special importance. By examining the differences in readings in Quranic words, the effect or non-effect of these readings on the meaning of the Quran is realized. This research has dealt with a descriptive-analytical approach regarding the difference in readings of  Yasin Surah which has 83 verses and the findings of this study indicate that out of 28 cases of differences in readings in  Yasin Surah , 22 words have no effect on the meaning and 6 words is effective in the sense that most of these cases are in the realm of morphological categories; It was also found that despite these differences, it does not have a significant effect on reading and understanding the content of the verses and has a good compatibility with the structures of the Arabic language.

Morphemes in any language are the main subject of the science of "lexical construction" and are divided into two groups of dependent and non-dependent (free). This research with a descriptive-analytical approach aims to identify different new and old linguistic structures of the morpheme, provide their translation equivalents, and explain the specific application of each for Arabic learners and translators of the language. This study showed the dependent morpheme "GHAIR" has 10 structures and, of course, 10 equivalents of translation in the Arabic language. These (non + I + noun + gender), (non-noun), (non + pronoun + I + noun / gender noun), and (I + non + infinitive) are considered as contemporary structures for the morpheme and each has its own translation equivalent. It was also found that some new structures were substituted for the old ones of the morpheme.

Narration is one the most fundamental principles of fictional texts and time is one of the basic components. Among the theorists Gerard Genette has presented the most comprehensive theories about the factor of time in the story. He has distinguished between the time of the text and the time of the story. He divides time into three components: order, continuity and frequency. Va Kan Masa (مساء وکان (is one of the novels of Joddah al-Sahaar who is an Egyptian novelist. He paid high attention to narrative time and its usage. The novelist has focused and showed the thoughts, obsession, sufferings and emotional reactions of a man who is disappointed and heartbroken in his life. The novelist has also showed the narrator`s role in his novel. In narrative researches it is necessary to talk about time forms in pre-modern novels which have been written in common forms of writing. It is obvious that time is determined by anachronisms and paradoxes in post-modern narratives but its usage must still be considered. The aim of the present study was to consider time forms in Va Kan Masa novel which is an Arabic pre-modern novel. It also aimed to clarify aesthetics and its contradictions based on Genette’s theory. The results of the study show that the author of this novel has used all the opportunities and existing capacities for time element and time indices consisting continuity and frequency. Sahaar also noticed the breaking of time limits as one of the most important time features in post-modern novel and used it as a tool for introducing characters and creating a sense of suspense, trouble making plan, trouble shooting, and making struggle in the story. Furthermore it was seen lots of passion towards the past and future narration by using the recalling and foretelling techniques.

The knowledge of reciting the Qur'an deals with the ways of reciting and pronouncing the words of the Qur'an. Differences in recitation due to the differences in these methods can play an important role in understanding the words and verses of the Holy Quran. The role of “ikhtilafu’l Qiraat” [differences among recitations] can be examined from different aspects. This article intends to investigate the role of structural and conceptual differences in the meaning of the verses of one of the chapters of the Holy Quran based on data collection and descriptive-analytical method. Therefore, it has benefited.from the two commentaries of Al-Kashaf (by Zamakhshari) and Al-Tahrir and Al-Tanwir (by Ibn Ash'ur) as two famous Sunni commentaries and the commentary of Majma 'al-Bayan (by Tabarsi) and Tebyan (by Tusi) as two famous Shiite commentaries that pay special attention to the meaning of verses. Surah Al-Kahf is a suitable example for the mentioned subject due to having a suitable volume of differences in readings. From the point of view of these commentators, among the 110 verses of Surah Al-Kahf, in 44 verses, there is a difference in recitation. The differences were observed that in 21 verses, are limited to the utterance of words and cases of Sajavandi that have no semantic effect, and in 23 verses, the difference in reading leads to a slight semantic change that can be ignored and it is not considered evidence of the distortion of this divine book.

The context of issuing hadiths (traditions) refers to the cultural, political and social conditions of the society at the time of narration, and considering that a significant part of the traditions of the infallible Imams are based upon the needs of individuals or society of their time, coming to terms with the reason for their statements has a huge role in understanding their discourse. In the meantime, sermons will be more important in this case because they are based upon the requirements of the time and the thoughts of theologians. This research uses a descriptive-analytical approach and a library collection method to examine the reasons for the general issuance of sermons on the social ethics of the Islamic society in Nahj-ul-Balagha and based on the analysis of the text of sermons and the history and manners of Imam Ali has examined the reason for issuing sermons. The findings of the research indicate that Imam Ali in his sermons paid more attention to four central issues. The revival of morals and thoughts of the Age of Ignorance (Jahiliyyah), including ethnic and tribal prejudices, worldliness and ignorance of death and the hereafter by the people, forgetting the role and position of the Ahl al-Bayt in Islamic society and expressing the social morality of rulers and people are the four main axes in sermons. Also, based upon the needs of the society and the prevailing moral and social atmosphere, Imam Ali, in order to rectify and modify these components and guide the people on each of the above-mentioned issues, included special speeches in his sermons. The statistical community of each of the components in Nahj-ul-Balagha as a clear example of the words of the Amir al-Mu’minin can be considered an apt sign for the extent of his tribute to them.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a significant sub-discipline of Discourse Analysis. This approach takes its lead from the philosophical ideas propounded by Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud, and Karl Marx. Norman Fairclough, an eminent theorist of CDA, attempts to link linguistic features to social issues so that linguists find it necessary to engage with social problems. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis can be performed at three levels: description, explanation, and interpretation. In the holy Quran and Surahs like “Hojarat”, there are abundant conceptual signs which are used to modify social norms. The interpretation level in CDA deals with the relationship between dominant social discourse with different social discourses. Drawing on the description and explanation levels of CDA, this study attempt to develop a critical framework to analyze social discourses in “Hojarat” Surah. It is proposed that the narrative discourse at the education axis in “Hojarat” Surah is in line with social discourses which seek to define Islamic value system

Cognitive semantics is one of the main branches of cognitive linguistics that analyzes the meaning based on cognition. This attitude can play an important role in analyzing the meaning of Quranic chapters by using its theoretical foundations such as the issue of real and inclusive development with conceptual metaphors and pictorial schemas. This descriptive-analytical study examines the semantic objects of Surah "Kahf" with a cognitive semantic approach to reveal their hidden or multiple meanings. Therefore, in this article, it was found that the word "Kitab" refers to the attribute of non-deviation and coherence of the knowledge reached to the prophet, The word "fatiya" refers to the attribute of chivalry and the strength of faith of the companions of the cave, The meanings of action seek to inform the reflection of the good and evil intentions of man, The word "Dhi Al-Qarnayn" refers to the power and warfare of the great kingdom, and the word "Al-Sabb" refers to the knowledge of Dhi Al-Qarnayn, which served as a guide for her. Finally, the words "Yagug and Magog" also indicate the extent of evil and corruption of this people.

The translation of sacred texts at the head of the Holy Qur'an is considered to be the propaganda of the Islamic religion. Due to the mission of the metaphysical and metaphorical Qur'an, many scholars in the history of Islam demanded to translate the Quran. Among them, the accuracy of the translation of Mindami is in the Holy Qur'an. From the point of view of the ulama, the syntax and the interpretation, it is a name whose meaning is similar to the infinite, combined with the signifying and expressive power, and in addition to Hadith, often implies the end and the last. The review of the library-analytic of contemporary translations of the Holy Qur'an, from the infallible Mimi of Surah Baqara, in three literal ways of Abolhassan Shahrani, a commentary on Mahdi Elahi Ghomshei, Abdolmohammad Ayati and Mohammad Reza Safavi, and loyal to Naser Makarem Shirazi, Mehdi Fouladvand, Mostafa Khorramdel, Abolfazl Bahrampour, shows that in all these translations, the main meaning of the infallible Mimi is neglected, and the Amin or Faithful translation is to some extent referred to as the ultimate meaning of the word, the ultimate and ultimate meaning of the matter. Taking into account the true function of Mimi, we present a table of translations of Mimi Surah Baqara and, by presenting the proposed translation, provide the correct meaning of the clear divine word, and provide a better understanding of the verses of the Holy Quran, and provide the next Translators and the dynamics of knowledge of the Quranic translation .

Basically, the subject of the translation of the Qur'an has undergone many challenges and criticisms. Transformation of structures and syntax is one of the most important examples of this category. Regarding the field survey, the meaning of negative "cad" was observed in some of the Persian translations of the Holy Qur'an. This ambiguity arises from the interpreter's approach to whether or not the negation is specific to the "cad" verb? Does the verb negative after the "code"? And what does "cad" mean in a negative way? On the one hand, this article reviews some of the translations available and, on the other hand, seeks to assess and evaluate these translations in accordance with the notion of "cad". In the meantime, a few verses and their transcripts in which the cad was used negatively has been addressed. This review was reviewed by looking at the opinions of some commentators and teachers, using a library method and a descriptive-analytical approach. It was found that verses with a negative code are divided into allegorical and non-allegorical verses, which in the allegorical revelations are the negation of the "code" in the direction of the negation of the verb for the exaggeration of the verb, and in the non-allegorical verses, there is a negation The code is specific to the verb after the "cad”, which proves the occurrence of the verb after suffering and difficulty. But a significant proportion of translators have not provided the correct translations in these verses.

Of renowned poets in 'Abbasid era, is Abu-TammEm. Some reflection of Iran's appearance and Iranian culture can be seen within his poems. There are three main entrance origins to start with (deal with) the appearance as follows: 1. His presence in Iran so as to have (gain) access to and approach 'Abdol Allah Ibn TEhir's court. 2. His acquaintance with Iranian (Persian) language, culture and customs influenced by their expansions in Islamic society. 3. Battles and wars which belong to BEbak revolted against Mutasim. Outstandingly reflected in Abu-TammEm's poems, all of these battles and wars happened in Iran area, especially Azerbaijan. In this research, manifestations of the reflection (i.e. Iran's appearance and Iranian culture) within Abu-TammEm's poems have been assessed and it has been tried to properly analyze it.

This research has considered the issue of some grammarians,syntactic justifications and the description from which their misrepresentations originated. It is safe to mention that plenty of these grammarians have confused between some syntactic descriptions and the real grammatical functions (or role). Moreover, such syntactic justifications become more obvious in the problem of ''Similar to Object of a Verb ''; because the objective of grammarians has been to describe an unusual state, not to express the grammatical function (or role) and its principle.

Conversation is an important skill in learning each language which includes listening، writing، reading and speaking. The main defects of some existed conversation books are lack of audio-video instructional materials، lack of methodology، and inattention to form and structure of these kinds of books. Of course، this problem has been observed in these books; but the books which have only written form، are not successful in this area. The present article tries to investigate Dr Mohammad Javad Sadeqi Majd’s book from the form and content point of view. The article presents the merits and defects of the book; and، at last، there are some suggestions for modifying and revising the book with aim of improving it.