فهرست مطالب ali bahrami

What is the relationship between social capital, which is referred to with concepts such as trust and cooperation between community members, and social development in rentier states? In the states that rely on the rent economy, where income is often obtained through an exclusive opportunity of dominating the income sources, the financial independence of the states from society shapes a kind of state and quasi-state economy. The result is that, due to the weakening of the society and its dependence on the decisions of the state and its corrupt bureaucracy, the mutual trust, transparency and competitive cooperation in the society is weakened. Hence, rent states feel no need to be accountable to society, weaken and destroy social capital as much as possible. The final result will be nothing but backwardness in social development indicators or unbalanced social development. The final consequence of this situation is that despite some quantitative indicators of social development, qualitative indicators remain deeply underdeveloped. This research will investigate the process of destruction of social capital in the states based on rent economy and its relationship with the development of social inequality or the formation of unbalanced social development with a descriptive and analytical method.

Every year, more than 600,000 tons of rice husk are produced in rice mills in Iran, which are left in nature without proper use or burned. But, with biotechnological methods, it is possible to convert these agricultural wastes into compost with high content of nitrogen and minerals. Accelerating the production of high quality organic fertilizer and reducing the process time requires determining and studying the factors affecting the composting process. In this research, rotten wood waste in the presence of whey was used as an inoculum and the process was studied for one hundred days. The results showed that the process of rice husk composting decreased the ratio of carbon to nitrogen from 161.2 to 21.1 and also increased the nitrogen content from 0.28 to 1.33 percent. By studying temperature changes during the process, it was determined that the degradation of easily biodegradable compounds at the beginning of the process caused an increase in the population of microorganisms and an increase in temperature, and as the process continued, the temperature of the composting environment gradually decreased. On the other hand, the results indicated that the addition of tree bark fertilizer does not affect the quality of the compost content, but it changed the color of the product. The results of the evaluation of the produced compost showed that adding 10 percent by weight of compost to the soil had a significant effect on the length and weight of cowpea.

Financial crises show that the use of various sciences in solving the problems facing financial researchers seems necessary, in the present study, the impact of environment and financial brain skills on financial action and financial well-bing. In order to collect data, 450 questionnaires were distributed among investors trading on the Tehran stock exchange. Then, 430 questionnaires were collected, and 414 questionnaires were finally accepted and analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) by estimating the maximum likelihood in Amos. The research results indicated that activation and behavioral inhibition skills on the financial well-being, respectively, positive and negative impact, furthermore, financial action explained the relationship between activation and behavioral inhibition skills with financial well-being. The results generally showed that the financial environment improved the relationship between the behavioral activation skills and financial action, something which enhanced the sense of financial well-being. The results also the financial environment strengthened the negative effect of the behavioral inhibition skill on financial action and finally decreased financial well-being. Therefore, the findings of this study can be considered by financial advisors and families; Because by understanding how behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition skills are related to financial action and financial well-bing, they can gain a better and more appropriate understanding in order to guide investors to increase financial well-bing.

This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of essential oils in three organs (flower, leaf and stem) of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., which grows wild and belongs to Lamiaceae family, in Fras procince. In the present experiment, 30 plants in full at flowering stage were randomly prepared from the Jahrom region of Fars province and divided into three groups of 10 and then flowers, leaves, and stems of each group were isolated for testing. Essential oil was extracted from each organ with three replications as in each repetition 200 g of plant material was used by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques to check their chemical variability. The mean yields of essential oil (w/w%) in flowers, leaves, and stems were , 0.48%, 0.28%, and 0.06%, respectively. The total number of compounds identified and quantified were twenty-five in flowers, eighteen in leaves and twenty-one in stems, representing 93.1%, 93.4% and 92.2% of the total oil, respectively. Results of essential oil compound analysis illustrated that flower expressed a high content of linalool. Meanwhile, bicyclogermacrene + (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D + bicyclogermacrene were the major compounds in leaf and stem organs, respectively. Also, results showed that , in the three studied organs, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the common group with the highest amountin leaves (69.1%), stems (68.0%), and flowers (34.5%). The highest level of oxygenated monoterpens was found in the flower part, represented by 27.3% of linalool. In conclusion, the plant organs of S. macrosiphon had different qualities and concentrations of essential oil. Flowers were the most beneficial organ of this species for essential oil and linalool compound productions.

The Ordovician marine sedimentary sequences of Iran are located in different structural blocks along the northern margin of Gondwana. In the north of the Kerman Basin, Ordovician sedimentary sequences named Katkoyeh Formation have been introduced, which consist of 70 to 300 meters of siliceous siliceous rocks, one or two thin carbonate horizons in the upper part, and pyroclastic deposits. Traditionally, the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in the Kerman Basin has been determined between the Hatken Dolomite Member of the Kuhbanan Formation (Late Furongian) and the Lower Shale Member of the Katkuye Formation. However, determining the location of the previous Tremadocine boundary is uncertain because no fossils have been documented from this interval. For the purpose of biostratigraphy of the Katkuye formation in Kerman basin, Gezoye section with an approximate thickness of about 170 meters was selected. In this section, the Katkoyeh Formation is located on the Hatken Dolomite Member and under the Shabjareh Formation sandstones of Silurian age. In the Gezoiye section, due to the action of basalt dikes and intense tectonics in the region, the limestone layers containing fossils have been severely altered, and during three sampling stages, 320 conodonts were recovered from the carbonate horizon of the upper part of this formation, and 3 Genus and 7 species were identified and based on this, three conodont ranges were recorded: 1) Icriodella superba Range Zone (Katian - ? Hirnantian; Late Ordovician), 2) Amorphognathus ordovicicus Range Zone (Katian - Late Ordovician), 3) Amorphognathus superbus Range Zone (Katian - ? Hirnantian; Late Ordovician). Late Ordovician age in the Katkuye formation in the Gezoye section with at least three species of the conodont genus Icriodella (I. superba, I. deflecta, (I. cf. discrete and two species of A. superbus) Amorphognathus, A. ordovicicus) determined and led to the identification of the Katian-?Hirnantian rocks.

Poly (γ-glutamic acid) is a versatile biopolymer that can be used on an industrial scale if efficient methods are developed to increase production. In this study, first, based on the central composite design method of the response surface module, the effect of operational variables including temperature in the range of 30-44 °C, pH 4.5-8.5, and stirring in the range of 600-1000 rpm on poly (γ-glutamic acid) production was investigated in the batch fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a for the first time. Under optimal conditions viz. T of 37.4 °C, pH of 6.6, and agitation rate of 784.2 rpm, 15.5 g/L γ-PGA was obtained. According to the statistical analyses, adjusted R2 was 0.9572, and analysis of variance explicated that T-T, pH-pH, and agitation-agitation effects indicated the lowest p-values and had the most significant influence on biopolymer synthesis. Under the optimal conditions, glutamate (a novel feed) pulse feeding (as poly (γ-glutamic acid)-based monomer) was optimized, for the first time, using the one-factorial method to achieve a maximum of 42.13 g/L of biopolymer production (highest in comparison with others’ studies of this strain) by the two-pulsed feeding method. The chemical confirmation and novel physical characterization of the powdered product indicated a pure poly (γ-glutamic acid) sample suitable for biological, biomedical, and biopharmaceutical applications.

In this research, the deposits of the Oligocene-Miocene Qom Formation in Kuh-e Charkheh (Natanz), Western Zefreh and Varton sections, northeastern Isfahan were studied. According to the field observations and thin section analysis in Carbonate part of the mentioned sections, 8 microfacies were identified, which were deposited from shallow part of lagoon to open marine and the sedimentary environment of 3 sections due to absence of reef and presence of bioclastic barrier and absence of spillage, the homoclinal carbonate ramp was detected. According to the sequence stratigraphic studies, each of the studied sections has two 3rd sequences. In Kuh-e Charkheh section, both sequences include of TST and HST, which are separated by sequence boundary SB2. In the western Zefreh section, the first sequence includes of TST and HST that is separated from the second sequence (include of LST, TST and HST) with sequence boundary SB1. In the Varton section, the first sequence is aggredation type and separated from the second sequence, which include TST and HST by a sequence boundary SB2.

Soil erosion has been increasing in Iran in the last decade due to the lack of optimal use of pasture and forest lands. This factor destroys the ecological conditions suitable for the life of organisms while wasting the soil and producing sediment. Preservation and development of vegetation in pastures, such as medicinal plants, plays a significant role in preventing soil erosion. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss is a perennial species and has an essential oil plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is traditionally used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, depression and urinary tracts. Considering that in recent years, due to the economic and export value of this species, its natural habitats have been overexploited, and also due to climate changes and extensive droughts of the past few years, as well as harvesting in this way, the process of soil erosion in its natural habitats has been accelerated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating 19 ecological attributes of the main habitats of S. macrosiphon in Fars and Hormozgan provinces.

In the current study, the natural habitats of this species were determined by using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of Hormozgan Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization experts. Characteristics of five habitats in Fars province (including Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz and Jahrom) and three habitats in Hormozgan province (including ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand) were studied. The climatic features of each natural habitat such as latitude and longitude, altitude, mean annual temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, and mean annual precipitation were recorded. From each habitat, three soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm. The percentages of clay, silt, sand, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, absorbable phosphorus, absorbable potassium, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), absorbable iron, absorbable zinc, absorbable manganese and absorbable copper were measured. To analyze the studied environmental factors and the measured soil parameters, the multivariate analysis method including Pearson correlation coefficient of traits, decomposition into principal components and cluster analysis was used by SPSS ver. 26 software.

The results revealed that S. macrosiphon was distributed at an altitude of 400 to 1550 meters above sea level in Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz, Jahrom, ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand natural habitats and on the slope between 0 to 20%. The maximum and minimum annual rainfall were recorded as 156.2 and 387.7 mm, respectively. The average annual temperature was recorded at 24.5 °C and also, the minimum and maximum temperatures were -3.8 and +49.5, respectively. This species grows in the loam, sandy loam and silt loam soil textures with a pH of 7.7-8.4, an EC of 0.47-6.87 dS/m. Furthermore, it was found that S. macrosiphon was spread in non-saline and saline soils (electrical conductivity 0.47 to 6.87 dS/m). The soil in which the species was grown in the studied areas was poor in terms of available potassium content (46 to 302 ppm). The highest concentration of absorbable Fe (6.7 mg/kg) in Farashband habitat, absorbable Zn (3.8 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat, absorbable Mn (0.28 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat and absorbable Cu (0.2 mg/kg) was observed in Zahedmahmoud habitat. On the other hand, the lowest concentration of absorbable Fe (1.5 mg/kg), absorbable Zn (0.6 mg/kg) and absorbable Mn (3.3 mg/kg) was observed in Dehram habitat. Also, the lowest amount of absorbable Cu (0.3 mg/kg) was obtained in the two habitats of Dehram and Evaz. Using cluster analysis, habitats were divided into four clusters according to which habitats with common characteristics were placed in the same group.

The findings of this study showed that S. macrosiphon is resistant to hot and dry conditions. The two habitats of Dehram and Zahedmahmoud are prone to flooding due to the high percentage of silt in the soil texture. A high percentage of silt increases soil runoff during rainfall because the silt texture of the soil is one of the factors that prevents water from penetrating the soil. If the percentage of silt in the soil texture is high, the soil can absorb less water, and as a result, more water flows during rainfall, which can lead to soil erosion. The lack of absorbable phosphorus and potassium, as well as the lack of nitrogen and organic carbon, are the most obvious attributes of the soil of the S. macrosiphon habitats, which may cause limitations in its growth. The parent material of the soils of the studied areas originates from calcite limestone. In areas where the soil is calcareous, the temperature and pH are high. Based on the estimated Pearson correlation coefficient between the traits, it was determined that the higher organic carbon soil will have the higher amount of nitrogen. The presence of organic matter and the amount of nutrients have a direct relationship. This means that wherever the amount of organic matter is higher, the amount of nutrients is also higher. On the other hand, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in soil organic matter. The results of analysis into the main components led to the extraction of five factors, which, according to the effectiveness of the variables, the selection based on the first component will lead to habitats with heavier soil texture and higher potassium concentration, which can provide a possibility of pasture development by this species in soils with a higher clay content and wide range of temperature fluctuations. In general, this research demonstrates considering the importance of S. macrosiphon in terms of being an under-expected pasture and medicinal species, as well as taking into account limitations such as low rainfall, and irregular spatial and temporal changes. Due to (limited) rainfall, high evaporation and transpiration and unprincipled exploitation, the condition of the habitats is extremely fragile and will lead to the instability of these ecosystems. By planning and conducting optimal management of pasture and medicinal resources through the obtained information, it is possible to domesticate and cultivate this plant by following the microclimatic conditions of this plant and providing natural conditions for its growth and protecting its valuable genetic resources. After all, these studies help us to be able to use optimal methods to improve and preserve the soil and prevent its erosion through plant preservation.

Agricultural development is one of the most critical strategies approaches in rural communities and agricultural development. However, the effectiveness of the strategy has been questioned by some macroeconomic policy makers and social groups. Therefore, Evaluating the socio-economic effects of agricultural research is the first necessity to prove its valuable results. Therefore, this research was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the economic effects of the research activities, using the economic surplus analysis at the Kurdistan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center(KANRRE), in 2021. The findings showed that investment in agricultural research increased the benefits and economic welfare of producers(farmers) and consumers of agricultural products and had positive effects on the development of the agricultural and rural sector of the province. The internal rate of return and the average benefit-cost ratio of the research activities have been evaluated as 50% and 1.7, respectively, at this research center. So, each 1 Rial invested in agricultural research has 1.7 Rials of economic benefits for those engaged in agricultural research, especially farmers as the main population of the rural communities of the province. As a result, this increase in benefits will have positive effects on the development process of the agricultural sector and rural communities. Therefore, it is suggested that the government provides the necessary platforms, taking into account its governance duties, by applying supportive policies, both from the perspective of allocating sufficient research credits and from the point of view of creating convergence among all economic policy makers of the country, to create the necessary belief in the fundamental and strategic role of agricultural research in economic and rural development

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a beneficial, biocompatible, and biodegradable biopolymer. </font>These properties have been led to the development of the use of this compound in various industries such as bio-medicine, biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and tissue engineering. The limitation of the industrial development of γ-PGA is the high cost of its production. To reduce γ-PGA production costs, various strategies are used, such as culture medium optimization using inexpensive compounds, the development of efficient cultivation processes of batch and fed-batch. In this research, first, an efficient batch culture medium was developed to produce γ-PGA of Bacillus licheniformis</em> ATCC 9945a</sup>. Then, the γ-PGA production increased by the pulsed feeding method and its optimization. By optimal culture medium development, the production of this product in batch culture was increased from 11 g/L to 47 g/L. Then, using the optimized pulsed feeding strategy of citrate (γ-PGA precursor), γ-PGA production was increased to 59.5 g/L, which is one of the highest production values reported with this strain. To optimize two-pulse feeding, the effect of feeding times, stock citrate solution concentration, and time of calcium and manganese solutions addition on γ-PGA production were investigated and optimized. Finally, FTIR confirmed the chemical structure of poly gamma glutamic acid, and the study of γ-PGA morphological properties with SEM showed a nanostructure ideal for biological applications.

Kale-Sardar section, is located at the vicinity of Niaz village, 15 kilometers east of Tabas town. This section consists of 80 m thick and from Late Devonian deposits as known as Shishtu formation that upper part of this section has cut by a fault by Frasnian’s deposits. The entire studied thickness is subdivided into 12 lithostratigraphic units and in order to study of conodont elements, 27 species and subspecies belonging to 7 genera were recognized, that due to these revealed conodont elements, Shishtu formation’s age in the studied section spans from Eifelian to late Frasnian. The Frasnian-Famennian bio event in studied section is located between two intervals linguiformis Zone and Lower to Middle triangularis zones which is located at the top of the dark Frasnian shales and at the base of the thin limestones of the Famennian layer. The microfacies determined in studied section are subdivided into siliciclastic-carbonate and carbonate facies, which were deposited from the shore to the deep part of the marine environment. Gradual changes in facies within stratigraphical sequence, sedimentological hiatus due to sudden change in sedimentary environment’s slope, absence of reef facies (related to Wilson’s 5th facies zone) and presence of discontinuous bioclastic barrier (existence of semi-enclosed lagoon), convey that studied sediments were deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp.

The Middle Permian Jamal Formation have been investigated for sedimentological and geochemical aspects in the Chah-Riseh section, northeast Isfahan. According to the field studies the Jamal Formation with 251 m thickness divided into eight lithostratigraphic unit. Lower boundary of this formation with an unconformity is underlained by the Sardar Formation which belongs to the Carboniferous period and upper boundary with an unconformity reaches to the Lower Triassic Sorkh-Shale Formation. Facies and microfacies studies of the Jamal Formation led to the identification of two petrofacies and 14 carbonate microfacies. According to the recognized carbonate allochems, petrofacies and microfacies of the Jamal Formation and some evidence such as transitional microfacies changes, we can consider a depositional environment of a shallow mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp platform. Petrographically, four types of dolomites are recognized in the Jamal Formation. The dolomitization model for the type I dolomite is considered forming in tidal flat and burial dolomitization for types II, III and IV. Geochemical studies including major and trace elements analysis comprised of elements such as Ca, Mg, Sr, Mn and Fe. Using ratios of the elements and also by plotting some of these elements cross carbon and oxygen isotopes in various diagrams have been used in determining the original mineralogy of carbonate deposits and efficient diagenetic system on the Jamal Formation. The results indicate that the dominant diagenetic environment effected on the carbonate deposits of Jamal Formation was occurred in a semi-closed system and the original mineralogy was aragonite. Evaluation of major and trace elements contents of the four types dolomites, confirmed different characteristics of theses dolomite resembling crystal sizes in petrographic studies. Carbon and oxygen isotopes data of dolomites also defined their diagenetic situations.

Radiology examinations are growing significantly every year. Analysis of the CT scan reports can highlight defects and is a good way to develop safety in healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of normal head Computed Tomography (CT) scans at a hospital radiology department in Shahroud and estimate the cancer risk associated with these normal CT scans.

In total, the data of 400 patients referred to the emergency radiology center of Imam Hossein hospital in Shahroud from November 23 to December 10, 2021, were collected. CT scan reports were categorized into three groups according to the interpretation of the radiologist. The BEIR VII model was used to estimate the radiation cancer risk.

Among the 400 patients, 248 (62%) were males and the average age of the patients was 49.05 ± 22.60 years. CT scans in 270 (67.5%) cases were reported normal. The average age of the patients with normal, and abnormal CT scans were 41.86 ± 20.27, and 63.03 ± 20.27 years, respectively and the difference was significant (p-value <0.001). The average effective dose was obtained 1.72±0.09, 1.31±0.11, and 0.87±0.09 mSv for different age groups of 1-5, 5-10, >10-year-old. The average risks of all solid cancers were 7.82 cases per 100,000 patients, while the average risk of leukemia was 0.71 cases per 100,000 patients.

A large percentage of CT examinations are normal in our country which leads to many public health issues in the future years. Therefore, efforts should be made to establish predictor clinical factors to reduce unnecessary radiology examinations.

Close to the DCB, Hangenberg Event have occurred, due to rising global temperatures, evidence of sea level rise, eutrophic conditions, anoxic conditions, rising carbon burial, formation of the Hangenberg Black Shale, and depletion of shallow and especially deep marine fauna in deposits (De Vleeschouwer et al, 2013). The Jeirud Formation in its type section (consists of sandstone, brachiopod-bearing dark shales, and phosphate horizons) diconformably covers the Mila Formation, and is continously underlain by the Mobarak Formation (Bozorgnia, 1973).

The Tuye-Darvar section location The Tuye-Darvar section is located Eastern Alborz Zone, adjacent to Darvar village (southwest of Damghan city) with base of the section: 36° 01' 27.31" N, 53° 53' 17.33" E; top of the section:36° 01' 19.32" N, 53° 53' 33.03" E.

Method of study:

After detailed field studies, 44 rock samples were collected to study the conodont fauna based on standard methods (Jeppson and Anehus, 1995). After sediment dissolution, washing and hand picking under binocular microscope, stub preparation and gluing conodonts on aluminum base, determining the color alternation index of conodonts with the help of standard tables, preparing SEM photos, naming and identifying conodonts and their biozones was performed based on global refrences (Sandberg et al, 1978; Ziegler et al, 1990; Hartenfels, 2011; Corradini et al, 2016; Spalletta et al, 2017).

Lithostratigraphy Jeirud Formation: The thickness of the Jeirud Formation in this section is 166 m, and includes the lower siliciclastic part with a thickness of 84 m and consists of 3 Lithostratigraphy units (included sandstone, conglomerate and shale) and the upper carbonate-siliciclastic part with a thickness of 82 m and consists of 3 Lithostratigraphy units (included sandstone, dolomites, microconglomerate, shale and limestone).Mobarak Formation: The Mobarak Formation disconformably covers the Jeirud Formation, with thickness 81.5 m thickness and underlies the vermiculite limestones of the Elika Formation (Triassic) through a fault surface. Based on the lithological characteristics, three stratigraphic units can be distinguished in this interval (including dark limestone and shale).

Conodont biostratigraphy:

Study on the conodonts in the mentioned section led to the discrimination 32 species within 10 genera: Bispathodus, Branmehla, Clydagnathus, Gnathodus, Polygnathus, Pseudopolygnathus, Palmatolepis, Protognathodus, Scaphygnathus, Siphonodella According to the age range of conodont species, 12 conodont zonation were identified, of which 9 biozones belong to the Late Devonian (Late Famennian) and 3 biozones belong to the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian).The Late Devonian biozones included: 1. Pseudopolygnathus granulosus Zone, 2. Polygnathus styriacus Zone, 3. Palmatolepis gracilis manca Zone, 4. Palmatolepis gracilis expansa Zone, 5. Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus Zone, 6. Bispathodus costatusZone, 7. Bispathodus ultimus Zone, 8. Siphonodella praesulcata Zone to ckI Zone, 9. Protognathodus kockeli Zone And the Late Carboniferous included: 10. Siphonodella sulcata Zone – L. Siphonodella crenulata Zone, 11. Siphonodella isosticha-U. Siphonodella crenulata Zone – Gnathodus typicus Zone, 12. Scalignathus anchoralis-Doliognathus latus Zone Sea level changes and the paleoenvironment of the Tuye-Darvar section With combination of the 2 biofacies models to the Late Devonian deposits according to Sandberg and Dreseen (1984) studies and to the Early Carboniferous deposits according to Sandberg and Gutschick (1984) studies, conodont biofacies in the studied section was studied in the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous, that according to that, dominant biofacies in Late Devonian included (Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Bispathodid and Bispathodid-polygnathid) and dominant biofacies in the Early Carboniferous included (Bispathodid-polygnathid, Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Gnathodid and Gnathodid- pseudopolygnathid).

The lithostratigraphy study of the Tuye-Darvar section in Eastern Alborz Zone due to identified 9 lithostratigraphy unit belong to Jeirud Formation with the Late Devonian period and the Mobarak Formation with the Early Carboniferous period. 32 number of species within 10 genera were recognize, that base on this, 12 biozones in the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous were separated. With study of biofacieces, in the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous, that according to that, dominant biofacies in Late Devonian included (Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Bispathodid and Bispathodid-polygnathid) and dominant biofacies in the Early Carboniferous included (Bispathodid-polygnathid, Polygnathid, Pseudopolygnathid, Gnathodid and Gnathodid- pseudopolygnathid).

One of the most essential approach for maintaining, promoting, and preventing any phenomenon is the continuous evaluation of that phenomenon and extracting existing problems and trying to solve them. Rahian Noor, as the most important soft technology for exploiting the great wealth of the Holy Defense, is no exception to this rule and needs to be evaluated and moved towards renewal every day. This research was done with the aim of evaluating and extracting the problem network of Rahian Noor collegian trip. So regarding to aim, this research is applicable and regarding to the type of data and how to analyze them,  this research is classified as mixed research. The statistical population of this research includes: the officials of Basij collegian camps in the provinces, the officials of the provincial and national institutions and camps related to the subject, and the officials of the convoys sent to the Rahian Noor collegian camps. A semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data and thematic analysis method was used to analyze the interviews. The results of the research showed that factors such as attitude and general view of the Rahian Noor collegian camp, executive planning before the camp, the vehicle, the route are the main issues facing the collegian Rahian Noor trips in the functional field, and issues such as weakness in leadership And the support of Rahian Noor Collegian Path and the weakness of the content components of Rahian Noor Collegian Path can be mentioned as the basic issues facing these trips at the discourse level.

This study was conducted to identify human security indicators affecting the development of Makran beaches (case study of Jask port).

A descriptive-analytical approach and survey method are used in the current research as a means to accomplish its objectives. also Initial indicators are extracted after reading the library's articles and resources. And Delphi has been used to obtain the final indicators. The approach will be performed by experts who have been working in Jask for at least the past 10 years. In two rounds, experts have been asked to complete a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale in each round. on the other hand, the internal correlation was examined through Cronbach's alpha and was found to be 0.95 and 0.97, respectively, indicating an excellent correlation.

The study identified a number of human security factors that influence the development of Makran beaches. However, research shows that indicators of supplying basic needs, primary health care, trafficking, population growth or decline, crime, and internal migration play the greatest role in contributing to the development of the southern coast.

Study results include the factors of human security affecting the development of the southern coasts, which ultimately identified 6 determining indicators out of the 20 considered at the beginning.

This article mentions a critical approach in methodological studies entitled “establishing a principle” (ta’sīs-i aṣl) and seeks to explain this practical method. The method of “establishing a principle” has been explained in an objective format with the participation of researchers in the field of humanities, and therefore, the researchers have reached specific results in four stages and by setting up a case study, the applicability of the structure and content of the method has been shown. Therefore, the current research has the qualification for a workshop and can be used in various other scales as well. Based on the consideration of the three relationships of ontology, epistemology, and methodology, the present research has placed its emphasis on the importance and creditable position of methodology in social and human sciences, therefore, the basis for explaining “establishing a principle” is the existence of necessity in response to the “quality” of criticism and toward realizing an atmosphere of “scientific critique” in the realm of humanities. Before describing and presenting this applied method in the field of critical studies, the epistemological roots and foundations, and the emergence of scientific criticism are stated so as to draw attention to the background of its rational support. Similarly, in the main part of the research and while paying attention to the “establishing a principle” method, the movement toward critical thinking has been dealt with as a fundamental introduction for entering critical research.

The present study is designed to optimize the process of issuing agricultural licenses in the field of heavy livestock. The statistical population of the research consists of two parts: applicants and experts. In the applicant’s section, 100 people who had applied for and obtained licenses in the provinces between 1997 and 1999 were selected, and in the expert’s section, 100 representatives of the key agencies involved were selected. Were. The research method for this study was the focus group. The work was based on group meetings and structured interviews. In this method, first, the current status of the process of issuing heavy livestock licenses, obstacles and problems from the applicants 'point of view, were identified, and then the favorable conditions from the experts' point of view were introduced, and finally solutions to the problems were counted. According to the results, the main problems were: 1) Issuance of licenses in different provinces does not have a fixed procedure 2) The registration process is done without a preliminary check to qualify. 3) The window system is not a smart unit. 4) There is no transparency in laws and regulations. 5) The institutions involved are not compatible with each other and with the single window system. 6) Expert visits are frequent and unnecessary. Some of the suggested solutions are: 1) Talent identification of different areas for agricultural activities before registering the application in the system. 2) Perform all steps in the intelligent system and in an integrated manner.

Amnesia is the lack of paying attention to what is in the mind, which is considered as a psychological phenomenon by scholars and has been discussed in the authoritative Islamic sources. The main question is whether amnesia affects the contract based on Islamic jurisprudence or not. In general, the jurists have studied the amnesia based on the “Hadith-e Raf‘”. It should be noted that there is disagreement among Islamic jurists in this regard; some jurists consider that the “Hadith-e Raf‘”, and therefore amnesia, are effective in contract and considered the validity of the contracts of the person suffering from amnesia. However, some jurists consider that “Hadith-e Raf‘” and amnesia are not effective in contract and in case of concluding a contract in the situation of amnesia, the contract is considered void. Also, some jurists have considered in details that if it affects the reason, it is considered void and if it affects the cause, it is considered as having no effect on the contract. However, what it seems is that if amnesia disrupts the foundations of the contract, it will be void due to the lack of intention of the contract. Otherwise, it will not affect the contract.

Capital markets are among the most important and popular financial markets in most countries. Due to its importance in the nation’s economy, capital market problems have always been considered. One of the problems faced by Iran’s capital market in recent years is the financial bubble. When investors are invested in a bubble form, irrational feelings and dreams are often used instead of rational analysis. There are also some changes in stock price without any fundamental reason from the unconscious and powerful emotions of capital (financial defense mechanisms and financial phantasy) so that investors in the capital market cannot bring back prices because of the high excitement created. In addition, due to recent events in the Iranian stock market, it is possible to research to understand the relationship between the unconscious processes (defense mechanisms and financial phantasies) with the financial bubble of investors. On the other hand, the subject is considered by researchers due to the new aspects of financial unconscious feelings (financial defense mechanisms and financial phantasy) and financial collapse of capital.

This research is a mixed type that is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive. For this purpose, 415 questionnaires (300 electronic questionnaires, 115 paper questionnaires) were distributed among investors, of which 288 questionnaires were accepted. Data analysis was performed using structural equations modeling (SEM) in Amos and using maximum likelihood estimation method. Also in this study, the bootstrap method was used to solidify the results. In addition, in order to evaluate the effect of unanswered questionnaires, the maximum likelihood method with complete information and Spss and Amos software were used. 

The results show that the proposed model has a good fit to express the relationship between financial unconscious feelings (financial defense and financial phantasy) and investor financial bubble. Also, financial defense mechanisms have a positive and significant relationship with the financial bubble of investors. In addition, financial phantasy has a positive and significant effect on the financial bubble of investors. 

Generally, it can be concluded that increasing the unconscious feelings caused by financial defense mechanisms and financial phantasy can raise the possibility of financial collapse. Therefore, the Iranian stock market is sensitive to the types of unconscious feelings, such as financial defense mechanisms and financial phantasy. The findings of this research can help capital market experts control the price volatility and prevent financial bubbles because by recognizing the roots of the formation of financial bubbles, they can provide the necessary warnings to educate and finance the transaction. However, it should not be noted that the effect of contagion on the stock market and the formation of financial bubbles should not be ignored. Therefore, the stock market planners and macro policymakers of the country are recommended to use all the capital market support levers to protect and protect the capital market and protect micro and macro and with intelligent management of the market before the occurrence of big disasters prevent capital flight and public confidence.

Devonian deposits of the Bahram Formation with a thickness of 458 m in the Bondar section 8 km east of Chatroud city in the structural zone of Central Iran were studied based on conodont fauna. According to 44 species and subspecies have been identified and based on their stratigraphic development, ten conodont biozones can be distinguished, which indicate the middle Givetian to upper Famennian age. The middle Givetian ansatus Zone and also the late Famennian Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus Zone determine the oldest and newest reported age and determine the widest sequence of Bahram Formation in Kerman region. The first occurrence of Ancyrodella rotundiloba pristina marks the Givetian/Frasnian boundary in Sample B11.

As the impact of culture, especially money belief, is greater than the rational analysis of the capital market in developing countries, the expansion of Iran’s capital market has led to an increased investment addiction. Since a few studies have been conducted in this area so far, this study investigates the impact of money beliefs on investment addiction. Thus, 415 questionnaires were distributed among investors, of which 346 were accepted. The data were analyzed using structural equations in AMOS software using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. The findings suggest that money worship and money status beliefs significantly affect investment addiction, whereas money avoidance belief does not affect investment addiction. In addition, the money vigilance belief has a significant negative impact on investment addiction. Given the effects of most money beliefs on investment addiction, policymakers and consultants of the capital market can readily safeguard traders from capital market dilemmas through effective money belief-building training.

Since the introduction of the first silicon solar cell, there have been steady improvements in its performance parameters such as light trapping, solar absorption, cell efficiency and manufacturing costs. In thin silicon cells, some of the light photons that are not absorbed by the semiconductor are always lose in various ways. The diffraction grating causes the photons to travel a longer light path due to the collision with this structure, which increases the length of the light path of the photons and cell absorption, that thus improving cell efficiency. In each of the mentioned structures, optimal materials and geometric properties have been used to achieve maximum efficiency of silicon cells. Intelligent optimization methods have been used to find the optimal geometric parameters for the structure. In choosing search methods from the two algorithms particle swarm optimization and genetics and creating a combination of the both, the positive feature of both algorithms was used to achieve the best answer. This combination has produced very positive results, which thereby, 23.293 efficiencies and 35.41 mA/cm2 short circuit current were obtained.

Pemphigus consists of a group of rare autoimmune blistering diseases involving the skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigus pathophysiology is mediated by autoantibodies against two desmosomal cadherins, namely, desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and (Dsg) 3 that are present in the skin and mucosal membranes. The involvement of coding and non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of pemphigus has been studied in the literature. MicroRNAs are small RNAs that could also be used as diagnostic biomarkers for some autoimmune diseases. The aim of this research was to explore the potential of this specification of some RNAs to be used as biomarkers for diagnosing pemphigus or its severity. This review discussed RNA expressions in patients with pemphigus.

A comprehensive search was performed on published studies from 1990 to May 2020 using different search engines including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.

In general, 335 articles were obtained according to search keywords. Then, 41 relevant studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. MiR-338-3p, miR-424-5p, and miR-584-5p were among the miRNAs that were reported to be increased in pemphigus. The C3 mRNA, mRNA of CD36, mRNA of CD163, mRNA of urokinase plasminogen activator (PA), IL23R mRNA, RORγt mRNA, and human leukocyte antigen G1 (HLA-G1) mRNA were coding RNAs that increased in pemphigus in addition to the activity of the mRNA of tissue-type PA while HLA-G2 mRNA decreased in pemphigus.

Overall, this study investigated the role of Mir-338-3p, miR-424-5p, MiR-127, miR-584-5p, and some mRNAs in pemphigus, and it was revealed that some RNAs may be impressive on pemphigus. More studies and clinical assessments need more information about the role of RNAs on pemphigus to obtain a better view of their mechanisms and use them as biomarkers for earlier diagnosis or probable treatment.

The Kuh-e-Bande-Abdol-Hossein section, which is located southeast of Anarak, was first mentioned by Reyer and Mohafez (1970) and later examined in more detail by Sharkovski et al. (1984) and Wendt et al. (2005). We re-examined this section because it is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks ranging from Ordovician to Permian age (Hairapetian et al. 2015; Lensch and Davoudzadeh 1982). Herein we focus on the Middle to Upper Devonian strata in order to establish the biostratigraphic framework of this section by means of conodonts. We also briefly discuss the conodont biofacies of the Kuh-e-Bande-Abdol-Hossein.

The measured profile is located approximately 32 km southeast of Anarak and 180 km northeast of Isfahan (E 53° 52′ 55″ and N 33° 10′ 90″ WGS coordinates). The entire section has a thickness of approximately 1200 m. In order to improve the biostratigraphy of the Kuh-e- Bande-Abdol-Hossein section, 78 conodont samples of roughly 2 to 3 kg each were taken from the 366m of carbonates and processed by conventional methods using 10% formic acid. Washed residues were sieved and separated into three fractions, and conodonts were handpicked utilizing a microscope. Depending on the depositional facies setting, the number of conodonts per sample is highly variable, e.g., in dolostones, no conodonts were found. In contrast, in shallow-water limestones, a good number of species occurred in separate beds. A total number of 1917 conodonts were obtained from the residues, which led to the identification of 41 species and subspecies within six genera.

Based on the revealed conodont data, six conodont zones were discriminated as follow: expansus zone, subterminus zone, Upper falsiovalis to transitans zones, transitans to lower rhenana zones,upper rhenana to linguiformis zones, triangularis to termini zones. Bahram Formation at the studied profile spans late Givetian (expansus zone) to Early Famennian (triangularis to termini zones. Biofacies interpretation and conodont frequency reveal the Icriodid-Polygnathis to Polygnathid-Icriodid biofacies due to the deepening of the depositional basin. CAI interpretation also shows the variation from CAI=1/5-2 to CAI=4-4/5. The studied interval is composed of an overall shallow-water, nearshore to open marine facies setting.

This study is undertaken at the Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan. The financial supports by the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology, University of Isfahan, was highly appreciated.