فهرست مطالب ali bahraminasab

The Company’s ability to earn Income from its business and management resources and fulfill future obligations can be defined as financial competence, in other words, financial competence means the ability of an insurance company to fulfill short-term and long-term financial obligations, if the insurance companies lose their financial competence, in the first stage, they lose the ability to create profitability and obtain appropriate returns in the next stage, they will be exposed to financial insolvency, Considering the lack of a specific framework for determining the financial worthiness of Iranian insurance companies and the main attention of the supervisory body to the ratio of financial prosperity, in the present study, an attempt has been made to present a systematic framework for determining the financial worthiness of insurance companies in Iran. In terms of its purpose, the current research is one of the developmental researches, and to conduct the research, the qualitative research method was used, and among the qualitative research methods, the meta-composite method was used. In order to achieve the goals of the research, 337 articles were reviewed in the period of 30 years (1994 to 2023) and finally 76 articles were analyzed using the metacombination method of Sandelowski and Barroso. The findings of the research presented 58 indicators, 15 components and 5 dimensions to determine the financial competence of insurance companies. In the end, by using Shannon's entropy method, the amount of support of the previous research findings from the current research findings has been determined.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of political connections on financial constraints and financial distress risk, as well as the effect of political connections on the relationship between financial constraint and financial distress risk with the abnormal return of accepted firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample includes 162 accepted firms in Tehran Stock Exchange between 1391-1397. In this study, a multivariate linear regression model is used. The results show that political connections have a negative and significant effect on financial constraints and financial distress risk. Also, it amplifies the intensity of the negative relationship between the financial constraint and the abnormal return. The firms that are suffering from a financial constraint, and at the same time, benefit from political connections have less abnormal returns than non-politically connected firms which are suffering from a financial constraint. Furthermore, it changes the direction of the relationship between financial distress risk and abnormal return from negative to positive. In other words, firms that are suffering from financial distress with political connections have more abnormal returns than non-politically connected firms which are suffering from financial distress.

In economic systems based on relationships, political communication is one of the most important sources of value for companies with these relationships. One of the solutions for the government to control the country's economy is to influence the enterprises. Government influence in economic units is created through the relations of politicians or state ownership. Establishing and maintaining relationships between companies and government is usually accompanied by competitive advantages, companies with more political relationships are more likely to access capital resources and other benefits through their communications, which rely heavily on high-quality financial reporting. The goal of some corporate executives to communicate is to eliminate financial constraints with the least cost. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the political relations of Tehran Stock Exchange companies on the conservatism of profit and loss and the cost of debt. The method of this research is correlation and based on multivariate regression. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 102 companies was used during the five-year period from 2013 to 2017. The findings of the research show that the political relations in companies have a negative and significant effect on the conservatism of profit and loss. Political relationships also have a negative and significant impact on corporate debt costs.

Due to the necessity of identifying the possibility of fraud in financial reporting for the purpose of helping the market and information users to optimize the allocation of financial resources, and because of the key role of fraud in losing credit, increasing ambiguity, reducing stock liquidity, and reducing the fair allocation process in the market, which in itself widens the gap between shareholders, investors, the users of financial information, and managers, this study seeks to examine the effect of the probability of fraud on information asymmetry criteria in accepted banks in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample includes 15 accepted banks in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018 which would totally add up to 105 year-banks. This research adopts a multivariate linear regression model. The variables used as the information asymmetry criterion in this study include price gap and price impact. The findings uncover a meaningful and positive correlation between fraud, price gap, and price impact which by and of itself results in cultivating a positive and meaningful correlation between fraud and information asymmetry. In other words, as fraud probability increases, the information asymmetry increases too. The impact of fraud disclosure on information asymmetry undermines the company’s credibility and leads to growing uncertainty. Investors, in such conditions, doubt the dependability of investigation in the capital market, and constantly raise their required rate of return.

Usually, a set or combination of investments is maintained in a company along with investors in the financial markets often considering a reduction in the diversion of investment efficiency. In view of the factors affecting diversion of investment efficiency along with the use of linear and non-linear models (linear fractional, linear plus linear fractional), the relationship between product market competition and control variables with diversion from investment efficiency has been investigated to help reduce diversion of the investment efficiency. To achieve this objective, the data of 110 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2015 was used. The results obtained revealed that the non-linear models (linear plus linear fractional) provides a more precise explanation of the impact of the product market competition on the diversion of investment efficiency.

The aim of this research is to determine interactive effect of the auditor's size on the relationship between political connections, financial crisis and agency costs. Auditors can affect the selection of accounting methods by management and undesirable effects of ownership separation of and management can be diluted by reducing information asymmetry between consumers and suppliers. Top executives and administrators are often considered powerful because they can benefit from a set of benefits. A strong increase in financial confidence can lead to the bankruptcy of a large financial or non - financial institution. It is directly related to mistrust of the government's future policies. The statistical sample of this research consists of 90 companies in the time period of 1388 to 1396. The inferential statistic is based on logit regression, in which the combined data analysis and integration is used. The results of the first hypothesis showed that audit quality has a significant negative effect on the financial crisis of companies. The results of the second hypothesis showed that the effect of mediating the audit quality on the relationship between political connections and agency costs has a significant negative effect. The results of the third hypothesis showed that the effect of the mediating effect of audit quality on the relationship between political connections and financial crisis has no significant effect.

This study aimed to examine the effects of Political connections on accounting conservatism, investment efficiency and cost of financing in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2013 to 2017.

Data was collected using document mining method and referring to the databases, and data analysis method was inferential. Eviews software was used to provide estimates for the concerning variables. The panel data model was used to test the research hypotheses.

The findings of the research indicated that political connections in the the companies have negative and significant effects on accounting conservatism, and have negative and significant effects on cost of financing. Also, according to the research findings, company's political connections do not have significant impacts on capital efficiency.

As the debt ratio of corporation increases, the level of conservatism decreases. This means that companies that have political connections are less conservative than other companies.

Fraud is one of the most important issues in financial statements accounting and auditing. The main purpose of the research is to identify the factors influencing the probability of fraud occurrence in financial statements reporting. This study considers earnings quality as a factor effective on identifying a fraud risk and measures it using three indexes of conservatism, earnings smoothing and accruals quality. The probability of fraudulent reporting is measured using the Benish (1999) model. This study examines financial information of 174 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2010 to 2015, that is 1044 observations. The research data are analyzed by panel data technique with fixed effects and its hypothesis test is through the multiple regression model. Findings indicate that conservatism has a significant and negative effect on the fraud probability and arbitrary accruals have significant positive effect on the fraud probability. Finally, the research findings could not approve a significant relationship between earning smoothing and fraud probability in financial reporting.

The companies which getting in to financial crisis, deals with earning decrease and as a result, share value decrease. Company managers' may increase accruals' uses to be able to manage the earning and to prevent the more decrease on company profit. Or maybe managers come to know that using the accruals will not take out the company from crisis conditions and make possible the profit identification. Therefore, in such conditions, managers' motivation to utilize the accruals and earning management will decrease and possibility of fraudulent reporting will decrease. While managers' making various decisions in financial crisis conditions regarding earning management and fraudulent activity. The main purpose of the present research is determining the impact of financial crisis on probability of fraudulent reporting and stock value. The research findings by multivariate regression method and panel data fixed effect approach for 174 stock market listed companies during 1389–1394 indicates that financial crisis has negative and significant effect on all three variables including probability of fraudulent, earning management and stock value.

The financial distress of banks is a serious problem in economic environment of the country.  Personal expenses and social costs of financial crisis leads to survey studies in the impact of financial crisis on commercial firms' performance. This research examines the effect of the financial crisis on banks' performance based on the CAMEL model during 2009-2015, to respond the question of whether financial crises had any effect on banks performance. By approving this, did banks turned to non-operational activities to improve their performance and getting out of the financial crisis? The research sample is 9 selected commercial banks, which fulfil the research conditions. The financial crisis of bank measure as follow: three consecutive years of losses (operating loss, net loss or retained), reduction in distributed dividends of each year relative to the last year by more than 40 percent and included article 141 of the commercial law for every company. Research results by multivariate regression model indicated that, at the 95% confidence, the financial crisis have a negative and significant effect on profitability and other performance indicators reveal no significant relationship. Also, the sixth hypothesis test of the research showed that banks will not go through non-operating activities as the financial crisis increases.

This paper deals with the effect of type of auditor's opinion on the stability of dividend and free cash flow. The statistical sample included 102 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange(TSE) during the years 2012-2016. The required data have been collected from Compact CD of Rah Avard Novin and Codal. Data analysis has been performed using Eviews9 software. In the study, a multivariate regression model and panel data method were used. The type of auditor's opinion has been considered as independent variable and stability of dividend and free cash flow as dependent variables. In order to study the relationship between mentioned variables, two hypotheses were developed. The results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between the type of auditor's opinion and the stability of dividends, and there is a positive and significant relationship between the type of auditor's opinion and free cash flow.

Managers of companies that are facing financial crisis, have high incentives to use discretionary accruals and earnings because of declining profitability and the resulting stock price decline his bonus, such acts lead to a reduction in earnings quality and reduce the quality of financial information, So the financial crisis has weakened the trust of investors in financial reporting system and the quality of its accounting is of great importance. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of financial crisis on quality of financial reporting. In this study we use a sample of 90 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2002 to 2015. The results of multiple regression model and panel data with fixed and random effects, showed that financial crisis has significant negative effect on the earning smoothing, value relevance and conditional conservatism, but it was not found significant correlation between the financial crisis with unconditional conservatism.

Directors of public companies have short-term horizons decisions, so they are try to use every possible means, including manipulation and earnings management, to improve their current performance and therefore increase their reward. In addition relations and political connections influence not only on the financial position of economic firms, but it also affects manager's motivation in relation to earnings management. Finally, it is expected that this situation creates significant differences in tax policy and the quality of corporate reporting; the aim of this study was to determine the effect of governmental ownership and political connections on financial reporting quality and tax avoidance. In this study, the data from 106 company listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2010 to 2015 were used, the results of multivariate regression model shows that governmental ownership and political connections have negative and significant effect on the quality of financial reporting and when the percentage of governmental ownership or political connections rise, leads to reduced quality of corporate reporting. The results also showed that Governmental ownership companies have no significant effect on tax avoidance, but political connections have a significant positive effect on corporate tax avoidance.

The main purpose of current research is to determine the effect of financial crisis on earnings quality. In this study, earnings quality was measured by using three earnings persistence, earnings predictability and accruals quality. The measure of financial crisis in a company is to have at least one of three criteria: three consecutive years of losses (operating loss, net loss or retained), reduction in distributed dividends of each year relative to the previous year by more than 40 percent, and article 141 of the commercial code be applicable to studied companies study. In current study, we use a sample of 97 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2002 to 2015. The results of multiple regression model and panel data with fixed effects, showed that in 95 percent of confidence level, financial crisis has a significant negative effect on the earnings persistence and a significant positive effect on the earnings predictability. Also, there was not found a significant relationship between financial crisis and discretionary.

The goal of this paper is to examine the association between product market competition and corporate investment decisions on particularly, over investment and low investment. The managers have different incentives to keep cash in firms. Product market competition is another powerful mechanism ensuring that management does not waste resources. When competition exists, shareholders can observe performance in other firms and use this information as a benchmark to evaluate managers. The aim of this research is to investigate impact of product market competition and Interactive relationship between product market competition and free cash flow on over- investment and low- investment in free cash flow. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index was used as measures of competitiveness. The sample consisted of 110 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 10 different industries over the period 2010 to 2015. Research findings indicate that there is no significant positive relationship between Herfindahl- Hirschman with the low_ investment and over_ investment. The interactive effect of product market competition on a negative free cash flow has significant relationship with low investment.

The current paper intends to analyze the effects of accountings quality on the amount of information asymmetry, considering the life cycle of accepted companies in in Tehran stock exchange. In this regard, between 1388 and 1391, 117 companies were chosen as samples. Based on the provided model by Anthony and Ramesh and by the use of three variables; the sales growth, the ratio of dividend earnings and the capital expenditure, the members of the sample were divided into three stages; growth, maturity and decline. In this research, the quality of accountings information is considered synonymous with the quality of earning. The modulus of errors caused by the estimation of accruals by Regression line provided by Dechow and Dichev model as a parameter to assess the quality of earnings. In order to test the hypothesis, the multivariate regression technique by Cross-sectional data was applied. At first, the companies are tested in general and the evidence show that there is a significant positive correlation between earnings quality and information asymmetry. Then, the research model is tested separately for each one of the life cycle stages and the findings indicate a significant positive correlation in the growth stage. But there is no significant relationship between earnings quality and information asymmetry in maturity and decline stages.

Risk taking is one of the most important factors in investment and analyzing the companies. Therefore investors concern about the factors which lead to greater investment risks. Information asymmetry is one of those important factors and has a deep connection with agency theory and investment management. It is believed that the information asymmetry leads to market inefficiency and eventually increases the investment risk. The purpose of this studies to evaluate the impact of information asymmetry on the investment risk in Tehran Stock Exchange companies. Eighty companies has been analyzed in a 4 year period. To measure information asymmetry, a gap between buy and sell orders has been measured. Panel data and generalized least squares (GLS) has been applied to assess the fit of the regression model. Results indicate that the information asymmetry has a significant and positive effect on the investment risk. Therefore, by increasing information asymmetry, investment risk increases; thus, investors should be aware of companies’ level of information asymmetry to decrease their investment risk

Among the agencies problems grappled with is free cash flow in projects with negative net present value which causes losses for investors. The creditors are also concerned about financing those projects because of the lack of information asymmetry. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between free cash flow risk with different types of earnings management. To do so, the financial information of 107 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2014 was investigated. Multiple regression with pooled data was used to analyze the way free cash flow risk associates with different kinds of earnings management. The results show that there is a positive relationship between free cash flow risk with earnings management based on accruals and a negative one between free cash flow risk with real earnings management. There is also another positive relationship found in free cash flow risk with overall level of earnings management.