ali mandegar

The war imposed by Iraq against Iran is one of the influential events and incidents in the political history of contemporary Iran, which affected various aspects of the individual and social life of the Iranian people, including artists, poets and writers. Literature, especially Persian poetry, as one of the areas that reflect human thoughts and ideas, has depicted these changes and transformations. With the beginning of the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, the poets of the field of literature of stability and sacred defense tried to use the help of various religious and national myths in the poetry of this field, the lost identity and ancient values in order to strengthen the national, patriotic and spiritual spirit of the Iranian nation. Warriors revive. The purpose of the upcoming research is to investigate national, ritual and religious myths in the poetry of the poets of the holy defense and the literature of sustainability.

This research is a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies and the sand analysis method, which, using the knowledge of mythology, tries to explain the elements of national and religious myths in the poems of Qaisar Aminpour, Seyed Hassan Hosseini, Nasrullah Mardani and Salman Herati.

The findings of this research indicate that the poets of Persian language and literature in various fields and fields, including sustainable literature, have still maintained their intellectual connection with the mysterious and sacred sources of ancient Iranian and religious myths; The use of myth in the poetry of these poets is more aimed at stimulating and motivating the audience.

The results of this research, by examining the works, show that the aforementioned poets have paid more attention to the sacred role and function of religious legends, in order to thereby compare the bravery of martyrs, warriors, sacrificers and heroes of the battlefield in comparison to the heroes of religious legends, including Draw Imam Hussain (a.s.) In addition to using religious myths, national and ancient myths such as the myth of Ruyin Teni Esfandiar, Rostam, Passing Haft Khwan, Simorgh (Anqa) and Dhahhak have also been significantly used.

Language can be studied from various perspectives. One of the methods for studying linguistic variations in society is examining cultural sources such as stories, novels, musical productions, poems, and ancient myths. Among the topics that have received significant attention in the media and have an important place in the representations is the concept “gender”, particularly the representation of masculinity or femininity. The representation of patriarchy has various positive and negative aspects and varies across different cultures. The portrayal of a powerful and influential man is influenced by the components of a culture and its role and position within that context. This study aimed to explore the representation of patriarchy in a positive form in ancient Persian poetry from the perspective of social linguistics. To achieve this, verses that have a clear connection with the subject matter of the research, that is, gender-based linguistic interaction, were selected. Using Barthes’ three-level semiotic analysis method, the representation of the male character and specifically the father, as well as the linguistic position of the father compared to other roles, were analyzed from the perspective of social linguistics. The results on that the ancient poetry showed the representation of male linguistic control, linguistic dominance of the father over other roles, the absence of dialogue, and the establishment of a framework for making requests from the central male figure (father), as well as gendered language in linguistic interactions. This representation is based on the ideology and patriarchy discourse in society, and although it has been considered positive in society and culture, it does not hold the same position and role in contemporary society.

The war imposed by the aggressive regime of Iraq against Iran prepared the ground for very influential events in the intellectual, cultural, political and social history of Iran. Various aspects of this issue have been represented in poetry and literature, inspiring poets and revolutionary artists to write poems and create seminal works. The purpose of the research is to analyze the intellectual and internal connection of national and religious myths in the poetry of the poets of the first generation of the Revolution. The method of this research, which is a descriptive-analytical one, is based on library sources, where a collection of poets of the first generation of the Islamic Revolution were studied. The findings of the research indicate that revolutionary poets, especially after the outbreak of the war imposed by Iraq, adopted a mythological approach to sacred defense and used national and religious mythical symbols such as Rostam, Arash, Kaveh, Dahhak and also paid attention to the uprising of Imam Hussein and Ashura, the love sacrifice of Ishmael, the story of Khyber and the myth of Imam Ali, Hazrat-e Abbas, etc. to persuade, encourage and praise the heroes and brave men in the battle against wrongdoers. The connection of these myths in their poetry, in addition to its aesthetic function, has been a very suitable tool for explaining the ideal goals and the mission of poetry in attracting, persuading and motivating the audience, hence creating a suitable context for the representation of national and religious heroes.

Sufism. According to excerpts from the works of Sufis during the fourth to eighth centuries AH (Orad al-Habab: Bakhrezi, Kashf al-Mahjoub: Hujviri, Asrar al-Tawhid: Mohammad ibn Munawwar, Qut al-Qulub: Abu Taleb Makki, Moravvej of religion Lahiji, Adab al-Sufiyyah: Najm al-Din al-Kubra, Qashiriyyah treatise: Abu al-Qasim al-Qashiri, Tazkerat alAwliya: Attar, Awaref al-Ma'arif: Abu Omar Suhrawardi : The etiquette of the dead: Abu Najib Suhrawardi, Al-lam in the description: Abu Nasr Siraj, Anis Al-Taybeen: Ahmad Jam and Mursad Al-Ebad: Najmuddin Razi)There are various mystical beliefs about the old. With the passage of time and the rise of Sufism, the work reached a point where these unconventional and subsequent beliefs and behaviors created room for corruption in some Sufi groups and led to the apparent encroachment on people's lives and property. Let the community understand that day.

The authors of mysticism used the allegory element in different way to indicate their thoughts and ideas. It is necessary to mention that many concepts, which are seen in Sufi’s proses, originated from abstract concepts and mystical experiences. The mystic need to make them sensory and tangible to facilitate their understandings and acceptance. In result, allegory is a kind of narration. Najm-e-al-din Rāzī in Mirṣād al-ʻibād narrated a verse or Hadith regarding to discussed subject in start of each season. He tried to use allegory and story from common subject proportional to its subject. His style in writing was completely simple and expressive. Nature and Human nature, among other elements, were the most common elements that he used in explanation and edition of his religious research. In this study, the authors tried to follow this case using documentary and analytical methods and analyzed the effective and efficient allegories.

North Middle East is a geopolitical concept that emerged with new developments in an area of the Middle East. Network theory and its models; provide the possibility of this new structuring. This study is an attempt to examine the communicational indicators of this area (cluster) with Central Asia in comparison with the other areas of the Middle East, and drawing communicational intensity of internal networking and extra network of it, in the Middle East. therefore, in answer to the question of how security and economic communications of the North Middle East (Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan) with Central Asia , this assumption suggests this new cluster offers the largest intra network communications in the Middle East. Most regional communication of this cluster within the region, at primary, is with Central Asia and then, the Persian GCC. Also, extra regional communications for networking has with China and South Asia. The communication are classified in the form of geopolitical and geoeconomical (the intensity of business communication between the clusters, legal-economic agreements, foreign investment, energy, transit communications)) intra network’s elements. The aim is showing the importance of changes in looking at structures of Middle East for foreign policy of our country.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century، great powers through new approach and great concern began a competition for economic interests in strategic regions of the world. This approach is formed through integration of geography، power، and economic factors. It also studies the the relationship between geography and economics، and the interaction of these three elements in order to help the countries gain power. In this era، the attention of the powers is shifting towards economy-political trends in the sensitive areas of the world rather than military-political attitudes. In this century، the energy، especially oil and gas as the main component of Geo-economics، plays important roles in development process، the security، and regional and international conflicts. Persian Gulf is one of the most strategic and Geo-economic areas where is the center of conflicts and Geo-energic competitions in the 21st century. In terms of geopolitical and Geo-strategic theories، Persian Gulf is the international area where due to energy resources، provide a geo-economic space for actors (regional and trans-regional) to play role in the form of cooperation، competition and conflict. With development in traditional discourse of ego-strategic and evolution of modern matching discourse between geoeconomic and geo-strategic territories in the last decades and the prorioty of economic issues relative to militaray issues، oil as the essence of modern industry is the most important raw material in industrial civilization of the world in comparison with the factors of power. At this stage، energy especially oil and gas is not listed as an economic commodity، but as valuable strategic commodity has greater power. The geo-politic area of Persian Gulf، because of having two thirds of strategic resources of oil and gas in the world، has turned into a geo-economic area and has become a place for trans-regional powers rivals since the 1900s. In the prtesent study، the authors have tried to investigate the issues such as geo-economy، strategic importance of the region oil and gas resources، competition between regional powers such as America، Europian Union countries، Russia، China and Japan to meet their energy needs، export products، to invest، and to compete with each others. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the last decade of the twentieth century has made great changes in the knowledge and cognition of scientific areas. One of the new concepts which have been frequently used in international relations and geopolitics to analyze the strategic and international problems is geoeconomic approach. This is also used as the theoretical framework of the present study. In 1990، Edward N. Lvtvak introduced and made use of geoeconomic paradigm in international relations، geopolitics، and other issues. He believes that conflicts in the 20th and 21st centuries are resulted from the past and each conflict is rooted from an economic factor. The logic of economy، which has been long ignored because of the west and the east powers and the equality of deterrent forces، plays the most important role in the analysis of human relations and the geopolitics. The emergence of the new concept of geoeconomics within which the relations with human are developed has motivated some politicians to interpret this concept as economic war. In this way they emphasize on the role of economy in the analysis of the state policy. It seems that the sources of energy are the most important geopolitic variables in the present political system of the world in international interactions among the countries and migration from areas with no energy or in need of energy. These resources have changed the control of production resources، transportation routes، means of production، as well asprocessing and transport of energy as means for world dominance. They are challenging for international competitions in an important geopolitic issue. With changes in the traditional discourses، geostrategic and geoeconomic fields have become important desiplines. Accordingly، constant presence of powers and international actors has placed Persian Gulf at the center of global importance and international acts. That is why، this area is considered as one of the most important and sensitive areas from the strategic and geopolitics perspectives. Due to the deep international changes، wars and conflicts in the last decades، it could be claimed that Persian Gulf will become the most important center of strategic calculations and attitudes in the 21st century. From classical geopolitics points of views، it is hearthland or special living space. That is why the experts in strategic issues argue that if the USA does not dominate Persian Gulf، it power in key areas in the other parts of the world will greatly decrease and will lose the game against the other alternatives such as Europian Union، Russia and China. Based on the findings of the present study، with the advent of the geoeconomics in the last decade of the twentieth century، energy centers have attracted the attention of consumer countries and regional and global powers more than the past. From this perspective، Persian Gulf region as the world largest energy storage will be the center of attention. Europe stragey in Persian Gulf is to cooperate with the USA، buy oil and gas، sell weapons، and have military cooperation، and agree with these countries to establish military bases. The strategy of Russia is to have a soft balancing with America، to try to find marks for its arms، have economic cooperation، and have security and nuclear cooperation with Iran، and invest in the region، particularly Iran''s oil and gas resources. China has also the same strategy. This can also be concluded that due to the West and East industrial economy needs for energy resources and great decrease in energy resources of the world، the conflict and competition among the powers seems possible just in this geoeconomic region.

The ideal order which is based on the unity of Islamic nation is basically opposed to present geographical order that is based on the traditional and westfally order. It seems that basic dishormony of Islam ideological order can be analayzed with westfally، in the following dimension: Isalm concentrates on the ideological borders، the national branch base and the rejecting the national gevernment. Another difference is related to the source of fixing and regulating laws among Action and humaniterain grouping. Islamic global order tries to put away the geographical، national، cultural، racial differences in order to achive some kind of unity and a power in the balance of power. The forth approach is related to a third world for which Iran is supposed to be responsible. to achive the above goals we need to move in a certain direction. Inspite of global challenges with the global order; Iran is trying to actually achive the above factors in the field of international scenes.