مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 97 (خرداد 1403)

Mullah Abdullah Aref Chahabi is a contemporary Persian poets from Tkhar province of Afghanistan. Though researches have been done in the realm of introduction to his poetical themes and thoughts, but his poetry have not been studied from a stylistic perspective. The main objective of this research is to analyze the stylistic features of his lyric poetry, exploring them in five linguistic, rhetorical, and ideological layers, so that a bright image of his verbal art can be drawn to readers.

The present research is a theoretical study that was carried out using the literature review method and analytical-descriptive approach. The scope and community of study was Aref Chahabi’s poetical work which was published by Saadat Publications.

Aref has used artistic phonological structures to create musical proportion relevant to poetic themes and made concerted context and space to discourse content from recurrence of vowels and consonants, as he has applied language lexicon specially widespread frequency of identical and objective words effectively associable with meanings and senses and has drew colorful paintings of events and scenes. In Aref’s poems, phrases, clauses and sentences are used in appropriate norms of formal language and its poetic applications to explain thought and ideology. He has utilized figures of speech and rhetoric metaphors to create imaginary poetic pictures, make attractive features and draw dramatic scenes for discourse.

The stylistic study of Aref’s lyric poetry reveals that the poet has functioned skillfully in linguistic (phonetic, lexical and syntactic), rhetorical, and ideological layers. Most of his lyric poems are composed in the Hazaj and Ramal meters, often being compound verses. The poet"s emphasis on verbal devices such as repetition and refrain is substantial. Esthetic and colloquial lexicon has higher frequency in his poetry. Use of simple sentences and declarative mode, proceeding verb from other parts of the sentence are syntactic characteristics of his lyric poems. In rhetorical layer, artistic phrases and constructions are full of similes, metaphors, allusions and ironies that have increased attraction of his poetical images. The most basic themes that have reflected in his poetry are love, description of nature and social life.

In their poems, Sanaei and Saadi have repeatedly talked about Shariah and jurisprudential issues and have explained part of their approaches in various fields by relying on these issues and their broad semantic dimensions. Based on this, in the forward research, the aim is to deal with the two sharia categories of theft and drinking alcohol and related rulings in the poetry of these poets, and finally, examine Islamic jurisprudence from a new perspective and with a poetic attitude. put The main question of the research is, what concepts have Sanai and Saadi explained and made available to the audience by using the mentioned jurisprudential terms?

This research was done based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

The words of Sana"i and Saadi are full of direct and indirect references to Shari"a boundaries, and they have used every expression, including Shari"a terms, to express their opinions. As a result, all the examples used in their poems, which contain concepts related to theft and drinking alcohol, do not have a jurisprudential function and have a multifaceted aspect.

The mentioned poets have tried to provide their mystical and moral messages to their audience by using the capacities of the concepts and terms related to the Shariah limits, and therefore, their poems in most cases are not through the gate of jurisprudence. It can be analyzed and analyzed from a literary and mystical perspective.

In their poems, Sanaei and Saadi have repeatedly talked about Shariah and jurisprudential issues and have explained part of their approaches in various fields by relying on these issues and their broad semantic dimensions. Based on this, in the forward research, the aim is to deal with the two sharia categories of theft and drinking alcohol and related rulings in the poetry of these poets, and finally, examine Islamic jurisprudence from a new perspective and with a poetic attitude. put The main question of the research is, what concepts have Sanai and Saadi explained and made available to the audience by using the mentioned jurisprudential terms?

This research was done based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

The words of Sana"i and Saadi are full of direct and indirect references to Shari"a boundaries, and they have used every expression, including Shari"a terms, to express their opinions. As a result, all the examples used in their poems, which contain concepts related to theft and drinking alcohol, do not have a jurisprudential function and have a multifaceted aspect.

The mentioned poets have tried to provide their mystical and moral messages to their audience by using the capacities of the concepts and terms related to the Shariah limits, and therefore, their poems in most cases are not through the gate of jurisprudence. It can be analyzed and analyzed from a literary and mystical perspective.

The musical element is one of the important factors of beauty in classical poetry. Side and external music is one of the important elements of musical elements. And the poet can contribute to the beauty of his poetry with his skill and timely use of these two elements. Outer and side music appears in weight, rhyme and row respectively.

In this research, using the method of gathering information (library), evidence, appropriate samples related to musical elements were collected and analyzed based on the descriptive-analytical method. It should be noted that the version that is the basis of this research is the version of Saadi"s Ghazliat edited by Mohammad Ali Foroughi published in 1995.

Saadi"s poetry is famous for its simplicity and musical qualities. He has used widely used and common verbs such as ramel, mujtath and subjunctive. Saadi has also used the brook weights, which have a quiet and gentle resonance with a high frequency compared to the curved weights. In the analysis of Kanari"s music, he is more inclined to write poems without rows, and in his Mirdaf sonnets, current rows have a higher frequency. All kinds of rhyming defects in his rhymed poems are also noticeable.

Saadi"s poetry can be classified as balanced poetry due to the appropriate use of musical elements.

The war imposed by Iraq against Iran is one of the influential events and incidents in the political history of contemporary Iran, which affected various aspects of the individual and social life of the Iranian people, including artists, poets and writers. Literature, especially Persian poetry, as one of the areas that reflect human thoughts and ideas, has depicted these changes and transformations. With the beginning of the war imposed by Iraq against Iran, the poets of the field of literature of stability and sacred defense tried to use the help of various religious and national myths in the poetry of this field, the lost identity and ancient values in order to strengthen the national, patriotic and spiritual spirit of the Iranian nation. Warriors revive. The purpose of the upcoming research is to investigate national, ritual and religious myths in the poetry of the poets of the holy defense and the literature of sustainability.

This research is a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies and the sand analysis method, which, using the knowledge of mythology, tries to explain the elements of national and religious myths in the poems of Qaisar Aminpour, Seyed Hassan Hosseini, Nasrullah Mardani and Salman Herati.

The findings of this research indicate that the poets of Persian language and literature in various fields and fields, including sustainable literature, have still maintained their intellectual connection with the mysterious and sacred sources of ancient Iranian and religious myths; The use of myth in the poetry of these poets is more aimed at stimulating and motivating the audience.

The results of this research, by examining the works, show that the aforementioned poets have paid more attention to the sacred role and function of religious legends, in order to thereby compare the bravery of martyrs, warriors, sacrificers and heroes of the battlefield in comparison to the heroes of religious legends, including Draw Imam Hussain (a.s.) In addition to using religious myths, national and ancient myths such as the myth of Ruyin Teni Esfandiar, Rostam, Passing Haft Khwan, Simorgh (Anqa) and Dhahhak have also been significantly used.

Realism is a language process based on escaping from reality, which is often manifested in literary works, especially poetry. In traditional Persian rhetorical books, there is no mention of realism; However, one of its dimensions, that is, magnification, has been discussed in detail under the headings such as exaggeration, exaggeration, and exaggeration.

The method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on library studies. The statistical population of the research is the collection of poems "A Child Named Happiness".

Examples of evasion of reality in Shafi"i-Kadkani"s poetry can be seen with magnification at the linguistic and literary levels. On the linguistic level, by using adjectives, adverbs, pseudo-sentences, and on the literary level, by using simile, metaphor, irony, contrast, contradiction, repetition in expressing concepts such as description of phenomenon, description of grief, it has been magnified. The most important stylistic feature of his poetry is that he has achieved a poetic fusion by combining the linguistic and literary levels.

Reality avoidance in Shafii-Kadkani"s poems is often reflected in the aspect of exaggeration. Exaggerations in Shafi"i-Kadkani"s poetry have occurred with the help of nouns and adjectives, pseudo-clauses and special adverbs in the intersection with expressive and original arrays, and their intermingling with each other has caused more imagination, deeper artistic taste, more concentrated emotions and feelings and double beauty in the reader.

Description is a type of linguistic action that can be present and manifested in many discourses, including poetry. The external features and characteristics of the description provide the possibility that the poet can use the descriptive sentences well in his poem. The main goal of this essay is to show the types of grammatical and rhetorical descriptions in the poems of Amiri Firouzkohi.

This essay is a report of a fundamental, theoretical and documentary analysis of a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies. In this research, an effort has been made to cite and analyze sufficient evidence and examples of Amiri Firouzkohi"s poems.

In the poems of Amiri Firouzkohi, we are faced with various descriptions of the conditions of the surrounding society, social situation, poet"s mood, description of friends and relatives, along with descriptive rhetorical and grammatical sentences. The poet has used such descriptions not only to decorate words, but also to make them artistic.

Among the types of descriptive statements, Amiri Firouzkohi has paid more attention to the description of abstract things such as grief, sorrow, pain and pain of illness, the death of loved ones, the memory of friends and companions and their loss, rather than the description of nature. Among descriptive matters of the grammatical type, the use of adjectives, relative clauses and adverbs in the position of description is of interest to the poet, and among the two main rhetorical functions of simile and metaphor, the poet pays more attention to detailed, emphatic, eloquent simile and tangible to tangible simile. Metaphor is not an important characteristic of the poet"s poems.

This research investigates the themes and motifs of Ezri"s love in the story of Shirin, Farhad, Laili, and Majnoon. Its main issue is the answer to the question that the concepts and characteristics of excused love are similar in these two stories. In this way, they deserve to be reviewed and analyzed with each other.

In this essay, the writer aims to show the important components and characteristics of love for excuses by describing and analyzing these two love stories, and for this purpose he has used the descriptive-analytical method.

The results of the research show that Nizami was well familiar with the themes and motifs of Excuse Love and used its features to organize these two stories.

Based on this, the most important common romantic themes between the two stories are based on the characteristics of love for an excuse: the height of love in childhood and youth, scandal, attempts to connect, obstacles to connecting and inhibiting factors, travel and travel incidents, the lover"s reaction, The meeting of the lover and the beloved, the death of the lovers and the belief in connection in the other world is the end of the story and the construction of a dome for the lover and the beloved.

Style is the way of paying a literary text whose branches have blossomed on the body of the language. The language of a text is the words that sit together and create sentences and phrases, and this language expresses the thoughts, feelings, views and beliefs of the author of the text and his personality. Stylistic studies include three linguistic, literary and intellectual axes. In this research, the linguistic features of Abbas Maroufi"s novels have been analyzed in syntactic, lexical and phonetic layers.

This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, on the basis of library studies and by mentioning examples equal to stylistic components.

Abbas Maroufi, a contemporary writer, has a special writing style. The findings of the research show that Meroumi uses language and linguistic elements according to the structure, content, space and characters of the stories. The fictional language of Abbas Maroufi, both in the field of words and in the context of the words, is a living and literary language that shows well the layers of thought, feeling and emotion of himself and the society. All language elements in famous stories have a coherent system, which puts him in the ranks of writers with style.

The main and most important linguistic highlights in Abbas Maarouf"s novels, which distinguish his writing style from other writers, are the appropriateness of the language of the characters in the stories with their personality types, the use of adjectives and simile elements after the verb, the use of vau at the beginning of sentences and clauses, the abundant use of verbs Prefixing is bringing consecutive verbs, having special linguistic motifs, repeating a word or sentence throughout the stories according to the narrative space, selecting and arranging words according to their emotional load and the story space.

Linguistic archaism or archaism is one of the types of language deviation which is the factor of distinguishing and highlighting the language of poetry. Even though contemporary poetry is trying to get closer to the language of speech and the living language of the day, with all these different causes and reasons such as the influence of tradition, musical necessity, rhyming, verbal and spiritual originality, etc. Archaism in the language of contemporary poetry. Bahman Salehi is also one of the poets who chooses the language of time in his poetry and has a contemporary language, however, his poetry is not devoid of linguistic archaism, and in the poetry of this contemporary poet, there are reasons such as the influence of the language of traditional poetry, musical, rhetorical and semantic factors, the necessity of rhyme., verbal and spiritual originality and some other factors of linguistic archaism.

The current research is a basic and applied research. The work method is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting information is library.

The result of the present research shows that Salehi used linguistic archaism for various reasons and that linguistic archaism in his poetry has diverse and multiple origins. He has identified the language of his poetry by using linguistic archaism, and archaism has become the linguistic highlight of his poetry. The influence of tradition, especially the tradition of lyric poetry, is one of the factors that causes archaism in his poetry.

The result of the research shows that factors such as the influence of the tradition, especially the tradition of lyric poetry, the requirement of rhyme and music, rhetorical and original verbal and spiritual causes, the meaning and semantic-phonetic characteristics of some archaic words and their preference over contemporary words. The presence of these words in Salehi"s poetry has been the reason.

Likoff and Johnson"s research in the field of metaphor proved that the uses of metaphor are not limited to the field of literary studies. They believe that metaphor is rooted in thinking and one of its manifestations is language. Therefore, conceptual metaphor is a term in linguistics that refers to understanding an idea or a conceptual field based on another idea or conceptual field. . Based on this theory of contemporary metaphor, the functions of the metaphor of noor and image clusters related to it, i.e. vision and hearing, knowledge, noor, God, etc., were expressed and discussed in Masnavi. The purpose of this research was to find out how the conceptual metaphor of noor in the Masnavi can have a purposeful semantic correspondence with the contemporary theory of linguistics.

Therefore, in this research, the conceptual metaphor of noor based on the theory of Likoff and Johnson in the first book of the Masnavi has been investigated with a descriptive analytical method.

Rumi has used the conceptual metaphor of noor in Masnavi as a linguistic tool to expand the meanings and epistemic concepts. For this reason, the writers have analyzed the first book of the Masnavi to get the conceptual metaphor of noor along with the semantic mediators and they have found that knowledge in the first book of the Masnavi is an epistemological category and Rumi is in agreement with this conceptual idea that the universe is light. He considered pure noor as vision, hearing, noor, existence, etc., as well as a means to explain the category of annihilation and survival.

In this regard, significant results have been achieved. Several meanings have been obtained, including noor as a perfect human being, as the sun, moon, food, etc. And the general result is that the assumptions of conceptual metaphor are suitable for analyzing and explaining the abstract categories considered by Molavi Bastari.

The examination of the works of poets and literary and mystical writers of this land shows that storytelling, which is the process of using reality and narrative, to communicate with the audience, is used in a very subtle way. Sheikh Attar and Maulana are two poets who have benefited from storytelling and allegory in explaining mystical points and sending their messages many times. But despite the difference in the time period of these two poets, there are significant points of commonality and difference in their common stories and anecdotes, which require to be explored from a literary point of view.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, the data of which is collected from two Masnavas of Attar (Palehannameh, Elahinamah) with Masnavas of Rumi, during twenty common stories of these poets, by documentary and library method and by taking a survey.

In this study, the influence of Rumi on Attar was completely revealed and it was concluded that, despite similarities in terms of story characters, time, place of occurrence and the style of presenting the stories, there are also differences in terms of the literary style and the way of presenting them. And from the point of view of the morphology of Molavi"s stories and the analysis of his fictional actions, it shows a more logical order that governs his stories. Therefore, in terms of innovation, Molavi"s mind is more attractive in creating expressions and concepts.

The subject of storytelling and allegory in Persian literature, especially the poems of Attar and Rumi have been of special importance, who have chosen this type of artistic format to convey ideas and remind their audience. Although Attar has a great influence on Rumi in defining his line of thought and mystical approach and teaching its teachings, Maulavi has a higher position in the art of developing stories and drawing conclusions from them, and despite the similarities in terms of the structure and content of the common stories, there are significant differences with Attar"s stories.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the factors preventing a person from promoting and growing spiritual intelligence according to Rumi and Sana"i based on the two works of Masnavi and Hadiqeh. Therefore, an attempt has been made to first examine spiritual intelligence as one of the inner and sublime skills in order to find spiritual and valuable life issues from the point of view of prominent thinkers in this field, then the obstacles of each of the components and propositions of this type of intelligence that It is abbreviated as SQ. Let"s analyze it from the mystical point of view of Rumi and Sanai.

The present research has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies and the Sandekavi method. The statistical community of the research includes Masnavi Manavi and Hadiqeh Sanai. In order to achieve the goals of the research, examples and samples will be analyzed and analyzed based on the components of spiritual intelligence psychologists such as Gardner, Zohar and Marshall.

The findings of the research indicate that in the two works under review, Rumi and Sana"i paid attention to the factors, veils and obstacles that prevent the soul from transcending and reaching high levels of spirituality in the form of various components and propositions. Seekers of the path of tariqat have been warned against getting trapped.

The results of this research show that Rumi and Sanai are in line with the modern psychology of spiritual intelligent components, including having critical and creative thinking, attention to the sacred and sublime, trust, avoiding imitation, patience, raising They have considered the threshold of tolerance, the social mission of the individual as a member of the society, etc., and for each of these propositions, they have well analyzed and explained the obstacles and roadblocks in order to improve the capacity of intelligent spiritual excellence.

Reality is what we experience in our daily life, which can include personal or social issues. Social realism in ancient works can affect us in today"s life by the rituals and customs of the past. Therefore, in this research, by examining the social realism that has been carried out in the stories of the Shahnameh, we will achieve this important goal, which links the author of the Shahnameh, Ferdowsi, established between myths and reality, because on the surface, the cause of the events and actions is supernatural and unreal. It is said that while most of the narratives of the Shahnameh are based on the facts of life, the author in this research also examined the social events from the perspective of social, religious, political and cultural life in the Shahnameh.

The present research is a theoretical study that was conducted as a library research. The main scope and society of the study was Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh, works and websites related to the research contents, after studying these works, the analysis and comments of the authors were included.

In this research, we find that the foundation of most literary works is based on the reality of life, and the connection and similarity of the real manifestations contained in the Shahnameh corresponds to the social reality of our lives. Although the most artistic part of the Shahnameh is the mention of superhuman adventures, and apparently, at first glance, it does not fit with the reality and logic of our human life.

It is hard to believe the acceptance of many stories of the Shahnameh in concrete human life. Although Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh has a mythical and unreal appearance; But in its heart it has preserved the roots of reality. It can be said that the Shahnameh is based on the facts of life, and not only the facts of the life of the Iranian community, but the facts of human life.

The issue of women"s language, which was raised in the last few decades and with the efforts of many linguistic theorists and based on the issue of gender, is based on the fact that the basis of women"s writing is fundamentally different from men"s language, for this reason, a style called women"s style It was especially noticed with the feminist approach. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the stylistics of feminine language in the poems of Jale Qaim Maggi and Forough Farrokhzad.

The study method in this research is descriptive-analytical, based on library studies and document analysis and reference to reliable scientific databases.

The research findings indicate that according to the theory of linguists such as Likoff and Mills, gender affects women"s language. This effect can be seen in lexical levels, color of words, detailing, simplicity, use of rhetorical arrays such as irony, repetition, etc.

The results of the research show that both Jale Qaim Maggi and Forough Farrokhzad are among the poets who, especially the feminist ideology and their support for women"s rights and the fight against patriarchy and oppression against women in their words by using feminine words, syntax Simplicity, questioning, attention to doubt and repetition, cover-up and detailing have been shown. The use of feminine language in Jaleh and Forough"s poetry is more in line with strengthening the feminist ideas of both poets.