فهرست مطالب ali rezaian

The above research was carried out with the aim of presenting an integrated economic model for outsourcing projects in the gas industry, which in terms of purpose and result is developmental-applied; Based on the data collection, it was explanatory-descriptive and based on the type of data, it was quantitative-qualitative. The statistical population included all senior managers, middle managers and active experts in Lorestan Gas Company, who somehow participated in the decision-making of outsourcing activities. In the qualitative part of the research, a targeted non-probability sampling method was used, and after conducting 21 interviews and achieving the theoretical saturation of the data, the interviewing process was stopped. In the quantitative part, the statistical population census method was used to collect quantitative data, and as a result, the size of the statistical sample of the research in the quantitative phase was equal to the size of the statistical population, equal to 83 people. In the above research, qualitative and quantitative data were collected during two separate stages. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis method, as a result of which 188 basic codes were organized in the form of 4 main categories and 24 subcategories. Quantitative data in the above research were analyzed in two stages; In the first stage, by using the failure factor analysis (FMEA) method, an action was taken to calculate the priority number of each risk (RPN), by removing safe risks from the analysis process, the economic model for outsourcing projects in the gas industry using It was designed using fuzzy interpretive structural method (FISM)

Planning is one of the important functions of managers in the organization. This concept has a special place in the management history of Imam Hossein, whose roots should be found in the teachings of the Quran. This research aims to present a Quranic analysis of Imam Hossein's planning using the ijtihad method (inferential analysis). This research will use the library documentation method (note taking in descriptive analytical form) with ijtihad method to collect information. In this research, planning as one of the duties of management will be examined and explained first, then the managerial life of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) will be expressed in planning, and then the Quranic documents and foundations of that Prophet's life will be examined in the Quran.Planning in the management of Imam Hossein has two aspects of material and spiritual planning. This planning has principles and bases that can be interpreted and analyzed based on the verses of the Qur'an, which started from the thought of the Imam and extends to the field of execution. Another achievement of this research is a new perspective that will be created on the Ashura movement and the Quran, and this approach will be very inspiring and effective for managers.

The purpose of this study is the bibliographic analysis of global studies in the field of women's leadership on the Web of Science based on research from five continents and comparing them with each other. This Scientometrics study is a descriptive-analytical research using bibliometric and illustration techniques such as coword analysis and social network analysis. The research population is 3207 records in the field of women's leadership in the period 1975-2021 on the Web of Science database, which were retrieved in August 2021. Histcite, BibExcel and Excel are used to analyze the data and VOS software is used to draw maps. The results show that the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa contributed to 1575, 1005, 486, 227 and 172 scientific productions, respectively. The United States was the most influential country, and Stanford, Northwestern, and Harvard universities were the most productive, influential, and most cooperative, respectively. The area of business economics has had the most participation in studies. The keywords gender, leadership, and women were the most frequently used keywords in the study of continents. Coword pairs of Gender-Leadership, Leadership-Women, and Gender-Women were the most frequently used keywords pairs on five continents. In the American Studies “Gender, Women's Leadership, Performance, Organizations, and Behavior”, in the European Studies “Gender, Women, Stereotypes, Education, Employment, and Risk”, in the Asian Studies “Gender, Women, Management, Employment, Work, and Culture”, in Oceanic studies "Gender, Women, Stereotypes, Power, and Management", and in African studies “Gender, Leadership, Women, Management, Employment and Education”, were hot topics. American researchers focuse on leadership performance and behavior/women leaders in general, European researchers focuse on women leadership in education, Asian, Oceanic and African researchers focuse on women management in careers and education. Identifying hot topics paves the way for more investment in women's growth and development for leadership positions in governments and organizations.

Tolerance of ambiguity is one of the important competencies of leaders that plays a significant role in the effectiveness of their decisions in ambiguous conditions. This study aimed at identifying the situational factors affecting the competency of leaders' ambiguity tolerance, developing a comprehensive model of these factors, and also provide solutions to improve this competency based on these factors. The statistical population of this study, which is conducted using qualitative research of thematic analysis, comprised academic and executive experts of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum who were experienced in decision-making and management in ambiguities. Sampling of this study was done purposefully by snowball method. The data were collected through interviews with 19 experts and analyzed via three-step coding process and thematic network analysis. The reliability of the research was also confirmed via calculation of the kappa coefficient. The findings were given to three academic experts and were approved. The situational factors affecting the leaders' ambiguity tolerance were categorized into two comrehenstive themes of internal organizational factors (job characteristics and organizational characteristics) and external organizational factors (industry characteristics, cultural factors, and social factors). The findings of this study showed that internal and external organizational factors affect the leaders' ambiguity tolerance.

Universities are facing increasing challenges in the third millennium AD, solving such challenges requires leaders. Now, if in any way, leadership in universities is neglected or faced with imprudence, it will directly have a destructive effect on the quality of working life of employees. The aim of the research is to present a leadership model with an approach to the quality of working life of employees of Isfahan Islamic Azad Universities.

The research method is qualitative, applied study, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The data collection tool is an unstructured interview with 30 experts who were selected through purposive sampling.

Based on data analysis, leadership style (721 examples, 32 sub-themes, 14 main themes) and work life quality (273 examples, 23 sub-themes, 17 main themes) were presented. The obtained results led to the presentation of 6 leadership styles and 8 components of the quality of work life as a general axis, based on the number of general axes, a conceptual model of university leadership with an approach to the quality of work life of employees was presented, which was approved by management experts.

It can be concluded that the leadership style improves the quality and empowerment of employees with regard to the quality of work life

The employment and self-sufficiency of the clients supported in the aid committee as an organization that works in the direction of social entrepreneurship depend on various factors.the purpose of this research and validation is to design an organizational social entrepreneurship model.The research is an exploratory type of research.The mixed research approach has been based on foundational data theory and structural equation quantitative method.The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview with15senior and middle managers and experts of the Relief Committee and active experts in the field of corporate social entrepreneurship, who were selected by purposive sampling.Then, in the quantitative part of the research, research hypotheses were formulated and for their testing, a questionnaire was designed and provided information by320people from all managers, deputies and employment and support experts in the Relief Committee and data analysis and hypothesis testing with methods Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis models were performed using SPSS and Amos software.The codes and components of organizational social entrepreneurship(257key concepts,72sub-categories,30main categories) were counted from the interviews and compiled in the form of the foundation's data conceptual model. The central category is self-sufficiency and employment, which in five dimensions of creating jobs with stable income, suitable jobs, economic empowerment, sustainable jobs and promoting and institutionalizing entrepreneurial culture and considering the causal, contextual, intervening factors, strategies, and results, compiled and The final model was presented.Quantitative results showed that the path analysis model and relationships in the model were confirmed with appropriate effect coefficients and were consistent with the qualitative part.

 The present study aims to identify the consequences of leaders' ambiguity tolerance and design a comprehensive model of these consequences.

Design/ methodology/ approach: 

  This research has been done with a qualitative approach which is the content analysis method. The statistical population of study includes academic experts and executive experts of the Ministry of Petroleum who have experience in decision making and management in the condition of uncertainty. The statistical sample of study was nineteen people. The sampling was purposeful and performed by snowball method. Data were collected through interviews with experts. For data analysis, three-step Attride-Stirling coding and theme network analysis method were used.

 After analyzing the data, the consequences of leaders' ambiguity tolerance were categorized into two comprehensive themes, individual and organizational consequences. Findings showed that individual consequences (cognitive, psychological and functional) along with organizational consequences (human resources, process, market and finance) provide a strong incentive for organizations to pay serious attention to the leaders' ambiguity tolerance and their attempt to improve it.

Limitations & Consequences:  

The study has been done in the Petroleum industry that has specific characteristics. So the generalization of results to other areas is challenging.

Practical Consequences: 

 The model of leaders' Ambiguity Tolerance helps to better explain the importance and necessity of leaders' ambiguity tolerance.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

what this article adds to the research in this field is identifying the consequences of leaders' Ambiguity Tolerance and providing a model of them.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model to identify the factors affecting the entrepreneurial government. The current study is a mixed method and exploratory mixed research design. In the qualitative phase, by reviewing and evaluating the studies conducted on the subject and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial government, the necessary information was collected, and by using the grounded theory analysis method, coding and categorization were done and conceptual models were presented. The quantitative part of the study was based on the structural equation modeling method, for this purpose, the data collected from the researcher-made questionnaire based on the model derived from the qualitative phase of the study was evaluated using Lisrel software. The results of grounded theory showed that the pattern of factors affecting the entrepreneurial government includes 144 open codes, 25 central codes, and 6 selective codes. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 78 items was provided to 320 senior educational managers and prominent professors in the field of management. The results of structural equation modeling showed that there is a significant relationship between the main variables of contextual factors, causal factors, strategies and intervening conditions with the central category of entrepreneurial government and also between the central category of entrepreneurial government and government performance at the 95% confidence level.

Aim and Despite the significant progress made in recent years in the field of education and women's social participation in our country, women have not been able to obtain a decent share of senior organizational positions and the number of women in senior positions in There are very few public agencies in our society. Preliminary comparisons between statistics show that men working in specialized occupations have been 4 times more likely to grow and advance than women! Leadership is a term that has many different definitions. The most common definition is leadership is the ability to inspire and motivate a group to achieve a vision or a goal. Researchers' interest in recognizing leadership is not limited to providing different definitions and perceptions, and there is a great tendency to explain gender differences in playing leadership roles in organizations. Of course, some believe that the study of gender differences is not necessary, because men and women when playing the role of leader should only emphasize the norms and requirements of their official role set by the organization, so it does not matter what gender leads, but in the opinion of others They believe that just as people are differentiated by gender, they also act differently in leadership roles. They believe that women have a feminine style that is quite different from the masculine and task-oriented leadership style of men.
In this study, since the variables have not been identified, the qualitative research method is used; Therefore , in this study, a semi-structured interview was used to interview 12 experts who were aware of the subject. Targeted non-random sampling river and snowball were used to select the interviewees. The interview process continued until Ashba Nazari was obtained. By studying the data and information obtained, in the first stage, by studying the desired text and reflecting on it, labels and basic themes were extracted from the texts. Coding at this stage is done with the focus on the researcher, which is the most important and time-consuming part of content analysis. Then all the extracted code was discussed. This discussion has led to the "discovery of new and richer themes from the data studied and analyzed" and the "correction of discovered codes".
  189 basic concepts or basic themes were identified. These themes and concepts were obtained from the interviews and then the researcher categorized them into 18 separate categories. In axial coding, the data foundation method, the researcher selects a category from the open coding stage, places it at the center of the process under study (as a central phenomenon), and then relates the other categories to it. These other categories are: "causal conditions", "strategies", "contextual and intervening conditions" and "consequences". This step involves drawing a diagram called a "coding pattern". To ensure the validity of the research and the accuracy of the findings in the research of the 1- Review by members 2- Peer review and for the reliability of the research, the coding method was used. Finally, a model for educating women for management and leadership in public organizations was presented.
Discussion and According to the main subject of the interview and the subject under study, the central phenomenon or category of this research is individual education and organizational culture. Causal conditions are categories that affect the central phenomenon. In this study, four categories including individual competencies, communication-social competencies, professional competencies and structure are factors that are among the infrastructure and requirements for developing women's managerial capabilities to lead public organizations and are codified in causal terms. Women's managerial model, women's leadership style, women's empowerment and women's credibility are the three categories that have been selected as the main strategies. Gender insights and social culture are two categories that influence strategies as intervenors. Contextual contexts are a set of conditions that provide the context for the phenomenon in question and affect behaviors and actions, as well as the central category and the results that result from it.
Government support, organizational support, effective family support, and effective communication as the underlying categories affect the development of women's resilience in public organizations.
The consequences are the output of employment and the use of appropriate strategies in the upbringing of women. In this study, the categories of organizational efficiency, improving community health, improving employee health, are among the consequences of using appropriate strategies for educating women. In the final review of the model, it can be stated that the information obtained from the literature of the subject and the opinions of the interviewees indicate the existence of a direct relationship between contextual factors and the central phenomenon; Interfering and central phenomenon; Axis and strategy phenomenon; There are strategies and consequences. Also, bedding factors indirectly affect causal factors; Interventional and strategic are also related and this relationship needs to be examined in other research.
In this study, since the variables have not been identified, the qualitative research method is used; Therefore , in this study, a semi-structured interview was used to interview 12 experts who were aware of the subject. Targeted non-random sampling river and snowball were used to select the interviewees. The interview process continued until Ashba Nazari was obtained. By studying the data and information obtained, in the first stage, by studying the desired text and reflecting on it, labels and basic themes were extracted from the texts. Coding at this stage is done with the focus on the researcher, which is the most important and time-consuming part of content analysis. Then all the extracted code was discussed. This discussion has led to the "discovery of new and richer themes from the data studied and analyzed" and the "correction of discovered codes". 189 basic concepts or basic themes were identified. These themes and concepts were obtained from the interviews and then the researcher categorized them into 18 separate categories. In axial coding, the data foundation method, the researcher selects a category from the open coding stage, places it at the center of the process under study (as a central phenomenon), and then relates the other categories to it. These other categories are: "causal conditions", "strategies", "contextual and intervening conditions" and "consequences". This step involves drawing a diagram called a "coding pattern". To ensure the validity of the research and the accuracy of the findings in the research of the 1- Review by members 2- Peer review and for the reliability of the research, the coding method was used. Finally, a model for educating women for management and leadership in government organizations was presented.Discussion and Conclotion : According to the main subject of the interview and the subject under study, the central phenomenon or category of this research is individual education and organizational culture. Causal conditions are categories that affect the central phenomenon. In this study, four categories including individual competencies, communication-social competencies, professional competencies and structure are factors that are among the infrastructure and requirements for developing women's managerial capabilities to lead government organizations and are codified in causal terms. Women's managerial model, women's leadership style, women's empowerment and women's credibility are the three categories that have been selected as the main strategies. Gender insights and social culture are two categories that influence strategies as intervenors. Contextual contexts are a set of conditions that provide the context for the phenomenon in question and affect behaviors and actions, as well as the central category and the results that result from it.Government support, organizational support, effective family support, and effective communication as the underlying categories affect the development of women's resilience in government organizations.The consequences are the output of employment and the use of appropriate strategies in the upbringing of women. In this study, the categories of organizational efficiency, improving community health, improving employee health, are among the consequences of using appropriate strategies for educating women. In the final review of the model, it can be stated that the information obtained from the literature of the subject and the opinions of the interviewees indicate the existence of a direct relationship between contextual factors and the central phenomenon; Interfering and central phenomenon; Axis and strategy phenomenon; There are strategies and consequences. Also, bedding factors indirectly affect causal factors; Interventional and strategic are also related and this relationship needs to be examined in other research.Keywords: developing women, managerial capabilities, government organizations, Foundation data analysis

The purpose of this study is to present a model of Employee Engagement based on the Five-factor personality model. Methodologically, this research regarding to purpose is applied research and regarding to implementation method, it is a qualitative research method Thematic analysis. Through purposeful judgmental sampling, 20 interviews with organizational experts were conducted. According to the interview coding process and the use of Max-QDA software, the employee Engagement model with 17 dimensions and 51 components was finalized and presented. These 17 dimensions are: managers' roles, meritocracy, job attractiveness, performance management, strategies, staff honors, human resource development, structure and organization, organizational communication, positive organizational image, staff expertise, Employee character, Learning organization, participation system, individuals organizational knowledge, service compensation system and employee vitality, The highest priority is related to meritocracy and human resource development. Findings show that the five personality factors have a positive and direct effect on the dimensions of "organizational communication, employee vitality, employee character, human resource development and job attractiveness".

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of business intelligence on financial performance with the mediating role of brand value and creativity of private banks in Khuzestan province. The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population in this study consists of all employees of private banks in Khuzestan province that 1000 employees were considered as the statistical population and the sample size was selected using the Cochran's formula of 287 employees; And is simple using the random method; And standard financial performance questionnaires of Qaranfleh et al. (2010), Popovij et al. (2020) business intelligence questionnaire, Sin and Verma brand sharpening questionnaire (2017) and Doriji et al. (2001) creativity questionnaire were performed on them; Using Cronbach's alpha test, the reliability of financial performance questionnaire (0.86), business intelligence questionnaire (0.85), brand equity questionnaire (0.85) and creativity questionnaire (0.86) were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and from descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and for structural equations from AMOS software, the results showed. Business intelligence affects the financial performance of private banks. Also, business intelligence with the mediating role of brand equity and creativity has a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of private banks in Khuzestan province.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social customer relationship management on financial performance with the mediating role of customer commitment and customer satisfaction (case study of a private bank in Khuzestan province). The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population in this study was all employees of private banks in Khuzestan province and 100 employees. The sample size was selected using the Cochran's formula of 80 employees; And the sampling method is simple using random method; And standard financial performance questionnaires of (Qaranfleh et al, 2010); Customer Relationship Management (Alavi Shad, 2010); Lee and (Cunningham, 2001) and (Wang, 2018) customer satisfaction were fulfilled; Using Cronbach's alpha test, the reliability of Financial Performance Questionnaire (0.85), Social Customer Relationship Management Questionnaire (0.86), Customer Commitment Questionnaire (0.88) and Customer Satisfaction Questionnaire (0.87) were obtained. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and for structural equations from AMOS software, the results showed; Social customer relationship management with the role of mediating customer commitment and customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of private banks in Khuzestan province.

An integrated Model has not been proposed on how to shape employee's entrepreneurial behavior in the export businesses in Iran, yet. The main purpose of this research is to design an integrated model of employee's entrepreneurial behavior in electricity and electronics export businesses in order to developing export markets. In this study, which was conducted in 2019, at first, research background was reviewed, afterwards 65 effective variables in the model of Employee Entrepreneurial Behavior were identified, at the end 13 main variables of this model through focus group holding with eighteen experts in export business in the field of electricity and electronics was finalized. Finally five levels model of employees entrepreneurial behavior by using interpretive structural modeling is presented. The research results show that the entrepreneurial personality as the fifth level variable is an important and fundamental variable in the process of employee entrepreneurial behavior. Financing new business activities and legal and technological infrastructure as fourth level variable are the next important variable in the process of employee entrepreneurial behavior. The final results of this model are ideation (creating ideas), identifying entrepreneurial opportunities, and utilizing of entrepreneurial opportunities.

THE TORQUE COMPARISON OF THE EXTREME DISTRIBUTION MODELS AND THE DIFFERENCE IN THE RATIO OF FAILURE PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT TIME MODELS OF TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGEExtreme risk assessment and the use of more efficient risk estimation models in today's financial world are of secondary importance. In this paper, appropriate partial statistical model and the optimal time pattern for estimating a constant and variable periodic risk index in time were selected using the new method of L-Moment torque index for positive and negative extreme values of Tehran Stock Exchange index (maximum block approach) and Estimation of the conditional Extreme risk in different time patterns. The results of the torque study of Extreme distribution models in both positive and negative (minimum and maximum) series showed that the optimal matching model with logarithm of return efficiency of Tehran Stock Exchange are often the GEV model and sometimes the GL model and from among the different time patterns, the daily and weekly pattern at a 90% confidence level, have less estimated errors.Key words: Torque modeling, Extreme risk models, Error Ratio, Block maximum.

Although research has been conducted on the impact of employee voices on organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, burnout, and quitting, few studies have examined the impact of other variables on the relationship between these variables. Given the high impact of employee voices on organizational outcomes, it is important to recognize such variables. Therefore, the present study investigates the moderating role of leader-member exchange in the relationship between employee voices and organizational outcomes.

The statistical population includes all managers and non-managers of Central Bank of Saderat Bank with 2063 employees. The sample size at the level of 0.05 error was estimated to be 330 and the statistical sample members were selected by stratified random sampling. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 23 items whose content and structure validity were confirmed with reliability of 0.947. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with the help of SmartLess software.

Findings showed that leader-member exchange increased the positive effect of employee voices on organizational commitment and job satisfaction and its negative impact on organizational exit and organizational burnout. Also, employees 'voices have a positive effect on organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and a negative impact on leaving the organization and analyzing the employees' psychological burnout.

This research demonstrates the need for employee voices and their impact on organizational outcomes through improving the relationships between leaders and employees reinforces.

Although research has been conducted on the impact of voice of employees on organizational consequences, few studies have investigated the impact of other variables on the relationship between these variables. Therefore, given the high impact of voice of employees on organizational consequences, it is important to recognize such variables. Therefore, the present study investigates the moderating roles of organizational culture and leader-member exchange in this regard. The population consisted of 2063 employees of Central Bank of Saderat. The data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and the hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Modeling with the help of Smart PLS software. It can be concluded that populist culture and improved relationships between leaders and employees reinforce the positive effects of voice of employees on organizational consequences. Also, four strategies of voice of employees are explained based on these two variables.

Study of the Extreme behavior of the Stock Market and the correct pattern of the distribution of returns has an important role in the management of market risk. The current study, based on BMM approach, examines the distribution pattern of return in Tehran Stock Exchange in different time intervals. In order to choose the appropriate model in different time series, L-Moment ratio diagram was used. Then, by using the calculation of parameters of the selected models based on the approach of Maximum likelihood, the conformity and selection of appropriate model in each time interval was performed based on AD test. To model the distribution of patterns of total market returns, the total stock index data of 2004-2016 was used and the basis of the performed calculation has the log of daily return of Tehran stock exchange. The results indicated that among the examined model, GL model in annual time interval and in minimum series, and GEV model in other time intervals of minimum and maximum series had a better performance.

In the literature on entrepreneurship, unlike financial, human, and social capital, no attention has been paid to the role of psychological capital in new venture creation. In fact, the lack of a link between the theory of psychological capital and the study of entrepreneurship has led to the lack of attention to the concept of entrepreneurial psychological capital. Moreover, given that entrepreneurial intention is a good predictor of entrepreneurial behavior (NVC), there is still insufficient understanding of the relationship between intent-behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the role of entrepreneurial psychological capital on new venture creation by mediating role of entrepreneurial intent. The data of this research were collected from a sample of 204 founders and cofounders of businesses in the medical equipment industry. Our sampling method was stratified random. Then we used structural equation modeling with the LISREL software to test our data. The main tool used in this research for data collection is a questionnaire. The content validity and validity of the construct were used to investigate the validity of the instrument and to evaluate its reliability; Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability were applied. Research findings showed that entrepreneurial psychological capital has a direct and positive impact on new venture creation. In addition, entrepreneurial psychological capital through the mediator variable of entrepreneurial intention indirectly affects the new venture creation.

With the emergence of social networks، the relationships among people found a new horizon. Nowadays، a large number of users sign up in social networks with different goals and they get involved in different activities. On the other hand they affect on one another while their roles and effects are not the same. Some of these users have more effects on the others according to their job status، educational backgrounds and their attractive notes. These users، whom we call the power nodes، can change the perspective of many users and move them to specific directions. The aim of this research is the identification of the power nodes in Tebyan، as a social network، and such aim was fulfilled through a discovery of the concealed models in the characteristics of the users. This research has followed the standard methodology of CRISP-DM. To reach this end، after the identification of the power nodes، according to the attained sum scores، from three parameters: central relativity، the page rank، and the users activities، a classification was provided from an algorithm tree. The achieved results have shown that the most significant features in determination of a user''s power in a social network are education، age and gender.

Encountering with complex problems, understanding and criticizing the managerial theories are essential factors to train the effective managers. Managers training is depended on knowing factors increase the Effectiveness of Management Discipline.In this article, by interviewing with management experts, there were realized 30 components related to Effectiveness of Management Discipline. Then, there were analyzed 4 observed variables, 1 latent variable and 24 indexes. In the next step, 250 questionnaires gathered from professors and Ph.D students in management discipline of Tehran Universities.Data analisies, there were analyzed the relation between dependent and independent variables, as well as testing research hypothesis through CFA and PA methods. Analysis Results confirms positive and significant relation between four independent variables and Effectiveness of Management Discipline as independent variable.

Management has been defined in several ways and this has led to a certain ambiguity in its concept. This paper selects 10 definitions that are more comprehensive and examines and evaluates them in terms of the logic and culture of management.

The compound verb “daq didan” (literally comprised of two words daq meaning noun “brand” or adjective “very hot” with reference to water and metal, and didan meaning “to see”) in the present Persian language means “to be afflicted with or suffer from calamity or a tragic event” and it specially implies the bereavement of loved ones. According to some literary and historical sources such as Tarikh-e bayhaqi and Tarikh al-wuzara of abu 1-raja qumi, the given compound in the past meant “to see the brand”. More specifically, “daq didan” was a simple verb with “daq” being the object of the verb “didan”. It was from the eleventh century onwards that the meaning of this verb changed into its present and currently used signification.

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of personality (type A and type B) and environment (Virtual and Real [Face to Face]) on decision making processes (decision making speed and satisfaction) in work team acting in state hospital of Fars province. 116 member of work team participated in the study. They were classified in 6 experimental groups of two members according to personality types of A, B, and AB. Half of them completed a decision making task in virtual and half of them in face to face environments. The amount of time spent to make decision and the level of satisfaction were measured. The data, then, was analyzed through t test, one-way Anova, Regression and Multivariate Analysis Of Variance (MANOVA). The results show that personality influences on the speed of decision making but the environment of decision making influences on speed of decision making and the satisfaction of decision making process.

By psychological contract، as opposed to formal contract، we mean individual beliefs about terms of agreement exchanged between the individual and his/her organization. These contracts explain the real relation between people and their organizations. Exploring and identifying the content of psychological contract enable organization leaders to manage their organizational human capitals. The objective here is to explore the psychological contract content in academic staff in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. To do this a mixed method، with the priority given to quality over quantity stage، has been used. At qualitative stage، the data was gathered through forty semi- structured interviews with academics، analyzed by thematic technique. At quantitative stage، the previously found content was validated through questionnaires submitted to a large representative sample of 305 academics. The findings show that fairness in interactions with، job security and support for academic staff are the main university promises. Meanwhile، improving the university status، engaging in extra activity and upgrading the educational level of the university are the faculty''s main academic promises in psychological contracts.

The present paper is aimed to develop and validate a model for testing the relationships between Intellectual capital, strategic entrepreneurship and organizational performance. A researcher designed questionnaire was used for collecting data from 322 managers in 129 small and medium firms. Structural modeling techniques were applied for data analysis. The results show that intellectual capital and strategic entrepreneurship have considerable effect on competitive advantages and organizational performance. This study can help to understand the factors which influence organizational performance especially in dynamic and turbulent environments.