فهرست مطالب aliasghar asgharnejad farid

The present research was conducted with the aim of developing a structural model of students' happiness based on resilience, self-esteem and school satisfaction with the mediation of self-efficacy. 

The method of the current research was descriptive-correlation type, which was carried out in the form of path analysis model. The statistical population of this research was made up of female students of the second level of high school in areas 2 and 5 of Tehran, who were studying in different fields of study in the academic year of 2022-2023. To determine the sample size, the principles of determining the sample size in structural equation modeling were used and 400 people were selected as a sample, which was selected using a multi-stage cluster random method. Data collection was based on Oxford happiness questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resilience scale, Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire, Morris adolescent self-efficacy questionnaire, and school satisfaction subscale related to the multidimensional scale of students' life satisfaction, which was Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The scores of the questionnaires were 0.93, 0.91, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively, and their face and content validity was confirmed using experts' opinions. Data analysis was done with SPSS and AMOS software. 

The results of the path analysis showed that the main research model fits the collected data and all the goodness of fit indices were excellent (CFI=1, RMSEA=0.000, X2=0). 

Based on the results obtained, there is a direct and indirect relationship between all three exogenous variables in the model (resilience, self-esteem and school satisfaction) with the main endogenous variable (happiness). And self-efficacy variable mediates the relationship between these variables.

The current study aims to report the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy-based intervention (MST-BI), an intensive family focused and community-based therapy, in treating conduct disorder (CD) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in male adolescent with CD. 

The case was a 17-year-old boy who met the DSM-IV criteria for CD and NSSI behaviors. A 4-week baseline and repeated measure design (a 5-month intervention and 3-month follow-up) were used. The rule-breaking and aggression constructs of Achenbach systems empirically based assessment (ASEBA) as well as the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS) were used for assessment at baseline, during treatment and at the follow-up phase. 

MST-BI reduced rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors. Also, it reduced NSSI behaviors. These outcomes were maintained for 3 months.

MST-BI has the potential to treat CD symptoms and NSSI behaviors in male adolescents with CD.

Identifying the effective factors in teachers' life satisfaction as an effective index in education has attracted the attention of education administrators and researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of hope and resilience in predicting life satisfaction in teachers.

The method of the current research was descriptive and correlational. The research population included married middle school teachers in Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023, and 120 qualified people were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. And Omid Schneider et al. (1991), Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience, and Diener et al. (1985) life satisfaction questionnaires answered. To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions were used using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the relationship between hope (r=0.589) and resilience (r=0.761) with teachers' life satisfaction was positive and significant (p<0.01). And the components of hope 34.7 and resilience 58.9 percent predict the variance of teachers' life satisfaction.

Those involved in the educational system should pay special attention to the role of factors such as hope and resilience in making policies and planning related to the promotion of teachers' life satisfaction.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of existential psychotherapy with treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychosomatic symptoms and tolerance of emotional distress in women with marital conflicts.

This research was a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all women with marital conflict referring to Parham Counseling and Psychotherapy Service Center in Tehran in 2022-2023, out of which 45 subjects met the criteria for entering the research. They randomly assigned in three groups (15 people in each group). Each of the two intervention approaches were implemented during 8 sessions for the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection was done using the Lacourt Psychosomatic Symptoms Questionnaire and the Simmons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures

The results showed that both therapeutic interventions were effective in reducing psychosomatic symptoms and increasing distress tolerance of the test group subjects (P<0.05). The results of Benferroni's post hoc test also showed that there is no significant difference between the effect of two treatment approaches on psychosomatic symptoms, but the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on increasing distress tolerance is greater than existential therapy (P<0.05).

Considering the effectiveness of two intervention approaches in women with marital conflict, psychologists and counselors working in this field are recommended to use these educational and therapeutic methods to improve the psychological performance of their clients.

The student period is an exciting and challenging time for students. During this period, due to facing more stress-inducing factors and the necessity for appropriate adaptation, all students must have greater mental health and self-reliance to achieve greater success in their studies and, ultimately, in their profession. This research aims to investigate the impact of motivational interviewing on social anxiety and academic procrastination among students of the Islamic Azad University, Saravan branch.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes all students of the Islamic Azad University, Saravan branch. Forty individuals suffering from social anxiety and academic procrastination were selected via convenience sampling method and introduced as the statistical sample, randomly divided into two groups (each group containing 20 participants) for motivational interviewing and control. The experimental group received concepts and strategies of motivational interviewing by Rollnick and Miller (2002) in eight 70-minute sessions. Solomon and Rothblum's (1984) Academic Procrastination Questionnaire and Connor's (2000) Social Anxiety Questionnaire were used to collect data. Covariance analysis with pre-test statistical control was used to examine the hypotheses of this research.

Based on the results, motivational interviewing explains 63.9% of the variance in post-test scores in the academic procrastination variable and 30.1% of the variance in post-test scores in the social anxiety variable.

Therefore, it can be concluded that motivational interviewing was effective on social anxiety and academic procrastination among students.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of education based on positive psychology with education based on cognitive-behavioral method on the resilience of students of gifted schools. The research method was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population included all the students of gifted schools, studying in the first secondary level in the academic year 2016-2017 (about 12000 people), from which a sample of 45 people was selected using cluster random sampling method. and randomly placed in two experimental groups and one control group. Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaire was used to collect data. The experimental groups were trained for 14 sessions of 90 minutes based on positive psychology (Seligman and Rashid, 2006) and cognitive-behavioral method (Beck et all, 1988), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The findings showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups is significant in both approaches, and education based on positive psychology and cognitive-behavioral education had the greatest impact on the resilience of gifted school students, respectively (P=0.001). ). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that people can achieve more resilience by learning techniques based on positive psychology and cognitive-behavioral methods, but education based on positive psychology is more successful than cognitive-behavioral methods. have.

Identifying the factors related to teachers' life satisfaction is necessary for the education planners and authorities to improve this index. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of lifestyle in predicting life satisfaction of married teachers through the mediation of hope.

The method used in the current research was descriptive correlational involving the use of structural equational modeling. The research community included first and second high school teachers in Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023, and 300 qualified people were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect data, the lifestyle questionnaires of Laali et al., Schneider et al.'s hope and Diener et al.'s life satisfaction questionnaires were used. The research model and relationships between the variables were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and Amos Software. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results showed that lifestyle (P<0.01, β=0.649) has a direct and positive effect on hope. Lifestyle affects life satisfaction both directly (P<0.01, β=0.306) and indirectly through the mediation of hope (P<0.05, β=0.339). Hope has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction (P<0.01, β=0.522).

In order to increase life satisfaction in the teachers, the role of lifestyle and hope should be considered in planning by those involved in the educational system; It is also possible to deal with this problem through educational and therapeutic interventions in schools.

Depression is the fourth major cause of disease burden in the world, which alone accounts for the largest share of non-fatal disease burden. The present study was done to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between attachment styles and the severity of depression symptoms.

The current research design was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study was all people in the age range of 18 to 47 years in Tehran in 2022. The research sample consisted of 212 people who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Beck’s Depression Questionnaire, Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Tangeni et al.’s Shame Questionnaire, and Thompson, and Zaroff’s Critical Levels Questionnaire were used. For the statistical analysis of the data, structural equation modeling using Lisrel 8/8 software was used.

The results of data analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment styles (r=0.62; p<0.01) and anxious-ambivalent (r=0.51; p<0.01) and the severity of depression symptoms, shame and the severity of depression (r=0.75; p<0.01), and self-criticism and the severity of depression (r=0.45; p<0.01). Also, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of shame, with standard coefficients of 0.30 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level. In addition, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of self-criticism, with standard coefficients of 0.22 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level.

According to the results of the present study, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment, shame, and self-criticism are the underlying factors of depression, and paying attention to the mentioned variables helps researchers and therapists in the prevention and designing of more appropriate treatments.

 Depression symptoms are among the most common psychological problems in students. Short-term treatments are important in preventing depression from turning into a disorder.

 The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interpersonal counseling (IPC) in depression symptoms, emotional expression, and social skills of students in comparison to interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT).

 A pretest and posttest design with follow-up was used in this study, with two experimental groups and a control group conducted in Mashhad, Iran, in 2021. A total of 51 subjects who scored 14 or higher on the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Finally, the information obtained from 41 subjects was analyzed. The experimental groups underwent 7 sessions of 45 minutes of IPC and 12 sessions of 90 minutes of IPT every week. At the beginning of the study, after the end of the intervention, and after one- and three-month follow-up periods, all the subjects were evaluated with the BDI-II, emotional expressiveness, and social skills questionnaires. The findings were analyzed using the repeated measurement method and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. All the analyses were carried out with SPSS software (version 23).

 Both IPC and IPT treatments were effective in depression symptoms (M: 31.76, 20.41, 22.94, and 24), emotional expression (M: 32.94, 40.26, 38.47, and 37.23), and social skills (M: 224.9, 265.2, 254.4, and 253.7) (P < 0.05). The comparison of the two treatments showed no significant difference in the variables (P > 0.05).

 The findings of the present study can be considered a useful step in the field of short-term and effective interventions.

One of the methods of addiction treatment and reduce its related high risk behaviors is maintenance treatment with agonist drugs. It is necessary to determine the economic evaluation related to this method due to the concern about the cost of services. Accordingly, this study aimed to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of maintenance treatment centers in Tehran.

This cost-effectiveness study was a longitudinal study before and after receiving treatment with agonist drugs in private centers. In this study, the reduction of high risk behaviors was regarded as the effectiveness index. Totally, 300 people referred to the maintenance treatment centers in Tehran between 2017 and 2018 were selected using cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and sensitivity analysis.

A six months survey showed that of all the high-risk behaviors with the possibility of contracting HIV/AIDS; It has decreased from 160 (before going to the maintenance treatment centers) to 42. Also, the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio showed that the intervention is cost effective.

This study showed that maintenance treatment centers have higher effectiveness than their costs in reducing high risk behaviors.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of designed psychological intervention using Islamic attitude on symptoms of migraine and stress in women patients with migraine headache. In this study a quasi-experimental design with pretest- posttest with experimental and control group was used. The data gathering instrument was Ahvaz Migraine headache Questionnaire (AMQ) and (PSS-14) Questionnaire. The population of this research included women patients who were diagnosed by a neurologist with migraine. By snowball sampling 26 women patients with migraine headache were determined and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. Then the experimental group was received 10 weekly sessions (90 minutes) of intervention. The results of covariance analysis have shown that the differences between experimental and control groups in stress score and symptoms of migraine were significant; and so the intervention had decreased the level of migraine`s symptoms and stress in women patients with migraine headache. Results have shown that designed psychological intervention using Islamic attitude is an effective therapy for decreasing the level of migraine`s symptoms and stress in women patients with migraine headache.

As a measure for providing and protecting human health , healthcare services meet all of their persistent needs, so these services are important issues that will be effective in meeting people’s needs ifcombined with ethics. Hence, it is essential to study ethics in healthcare services.

This is a contractual-qualitative content analysis has used semi-structured in-depth interviewsto collect the sample size among experts. Eighteen subjects were selected using a purposive sampling method. After implementing interviews, the data were analyzed based on the contractual content analysis and Landman and Granheim method.

After analysis, 68 primary codes, 12 sub-categories, and three main categories, including the expert’s point of view, individual barriers, and fundamental barriers were identified.

Concidering the identified individual and non-individual obstacles to converting moral attitudes into moral action in this study, it would be possible to remove these obstacles to promote ethics at personal and organizational levels.

In the field of family counseling and psychology, various approaches have been developed to reduce conflicts and communication disorders between couples. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McMaster and Nichols family counseling approaches on problem solving ability. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a quasi-experimental study in terms of method with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The study population consisted of all couples referring to counseling centers in Boroujerd in 2020- 2021, from which 36 couples with marital incompatibility were selected as a sample. The tools of the present study included the Family Problem Solving Questionnaire (FPS) (1989). McMaster family therapy intervention was performed in 10 sessions of 1.5 hours and Nickels family therapy in 12 sessions of 1.5 hours each one week; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance (with repeated measures). Findings showed that McMaster's family therapy and Nichols's family therapy are effective on problem solving ability in couples (P <0.05). The results also showed that there was no difference between the effectiveness of McMaster's family therapy and Nichols family therapy interventions in adaptation (p <0.05). It can be concluded that McMaster's family therapy and Nichols's family therapy are effective in adapting the couple.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as annoying and unpleasant thoughts or images (obsession) associated with repetitive and unwanted actions (compulsion). This study aims to compare emotional schema therapy augmented exposure and response prevention (ESTERP) with exposure and response prevention (ERP) and pharmacotherapy in improving the symptoms of OCD patients.

This was a randomized clinical trial study. The participants included all patients with OCD who were referred to hospitals and clinics in Tehran City, Iran. A total of 45 patients with OCD were selected through purposeful sampling, of which 15 patients were randomly assigned to the ESTERP group, 15 to the ERP group, and 15 to the pharmacotherapy group. After randomly placing the patients in the three groups, all patients completed the Yale-Brown obsessive–compulsive scale second edition (Y-BOCS-II), the four systems anxiety questionnaire (FSAQ), and the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) before, in the end, and 2 months after the treatment. Then, the data were analyzed using nonparametric tests and the reliable change index.

There was a significant difference between the treatment of ESTERP with ERP and pharmacotherapy in the symptoms and severity of OCD and anxiety (except for the depression variable) in patients with OCD. In addition, the findings of the clinical significance of ESTERP compared to the other two treatments showed more significant changes in symptoms and severity of OCD and depression (except for the anxiety variable).

Both ESTERP and ERP treatments are effective in patients with OCD and both lead to more improvements in patients’ symptoms than pharmacotherapy.

In the field of counseling and family psychology, various approaches have been developed with the aim of reducing conflicts and communication disorders between couples. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McMaster and Nichols family counseling approaches on couples' adaptability. The present study is a part of applied research in terms of purpose and a quasi-experimental study in terms of the method with pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. The study population consisted of all couples referring to counseling centers in Boroujerd in 2020- 2021, from which 36 couples with marital incompatibility were selected as a sample. The instruments of the present study included the Olson et al Adaptability Questionnaire (FACES-III) (1985). McMaster's family therapy intervention was performed in 10 sessions of 1.5 hours once a week and Nichols's family therapy was performed in 12 sessions of 1.5 hours once a week, But the control group did not receive any intervention. Research data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance (repeated measures). Findings showed that McMaster's family therapy and Nichols's family therapy are effective in adaptability in couples (P <0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of McMaster's family therapy interventions and Nichols's family therapy in adaptation (p <0.05). It can be concluded that the use of the McMaster and Nickels model to further study the performance and structure of the family and consequently treatment planning and review the results of family therapy interventions for families is applied on a case-by-case basis.

The aging process is associated with a gradual decline in the function of the body systems of a healthy and matured adult to a vulnerable individual with a decrease in physiological capacity. Therefore, nowadays, paying attention to the components of health in healthy people has gained especial importance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life with the mediating role of psychological well-being in the elderly in Tehran, Iran. This was a descriptive study, of correlational type with structural equations modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all the elderly (60 years and older) living in Tehran, among whom 200 people were selected using convenience sampling. Participants responded to the Ryff’s psychological well-being, Sherer's general self-efficacy and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaires. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM were used to analyse data in SPSS and AMOS software. The results of SEM illustrated that the hypothetical model of this study has a good fit in the study sample. Thus, self-efficacy had a direct positive relationship with psychological well-being and also with quality of life. Besides, psychological well-being had a direct positive relationship with quality of life. It was also found that psychological well-being is indirectly related to quality of life through self-efficacy. The results indicate the importance of improving the living conditions of the elderly based on mental health and the degree of feeling comfortable when dealing with difficult situations.

The aim of this study was to identify the role of cultural attitudes in the psychosocial security of martyr and self-sacrificing families. The method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study was all families of martyrs, martyrs, veterans and freedmen who referred to the Martyr Foundation in Districts 1, 2 and 3 of Tehran in 1400 and 250 people were selected using the available sampling method. The required data were collected using the Maslow (2004) Mental Security Questionnaire, Engelhart Social Security (2016) and Hofstede (2000) Cultural Attitudes, and the data were analyzed using Pearson test. Analysis of variance and multiple regression were performed. Based on the results of statistical calculations, it was determined; Cultural attitude affects the psychological and social security of martyr and self-sacrificing families, in other words, the results showed; Dimensions of cultural attitude are able to predict changes in psychological and social security of martyr and self-sacrificing families. Be. Therefore, one of the factors affecting the feeling of social security is the socio-cultural base of society. So one of the ways to increase the sense of social security is to strengthen and benefit the socio-cultural bases. If conditions are provided so that individuals from all walks of life and groups have the capacity and interest to be attracted to social bases; In this case, we can expect an improvement in the sense of social security in society.

The role of the wives in caring for the veterans and dealing with their issues and prob - lems, as well as playing different roles in the family, including being a wife, mother, and raising children put a lot of pressure on them. This can threaten their safety and mental health and have adverse effects on their families. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investi - gate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on security and mental health of veterans’ wives.

This research is a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all the wives of veterans hospital - ized in Niayesh Hospital in Tehran, Iran. 30 people were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The Maslow Psycho - logical Security Questionnaire (1992) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (2008) were used for collecting data. In the Mental Health Questionnaire, a lower score indicates high - er mental health. Data analysis was performed by the statistical method of analysis of covari - ance in SPSS 25 software.

For 30 veterans’ wives, the research data were analyzed in experimental and con - trol groups with a mean age of 48.5±4.61. In the pre-test, the mean scores of psychosocial and social security and mental health in the control and experimental groups were not much different from each other, but in the post-test for the experimental group were respectively 33.05±4.24 and 54.05±4.54, and for the control group 29.95±3.31 and 57.30±4.65 were ob - tained. The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy affected psychosocial and social security and mental health of veterans’ wives with statistical power above 0.999 (p<0.01) and increased psychological and social security and decreased scores of mental health in veterans’ wives.

Acceptance and commitment therapy increases the psychosocial and social se - curity and mental health of veterans’ wives.

Objective (s):

 Internet addiction as a new phenomenon in the young generation, especially in students, has led to a lack of attention to physical and mental health, reduced quality of life, sleep and educational problems. Also, self-efficacy as a personality trait that can play a role in Internet addiction. The purpose of this study was to compare self-efficacy, quality of life and sleep quality of medical students with and without internet addiction.           

The present study was a cross-sectional study. The study population was all students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in academic year 2019-2020. Using the stratified random sampling method, 300 students (115 men and 185 women) were selected as the samples.  The Young internet addiction questionnaire, the short form health survey (SF-36), the Sherer self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality questionnaire were used to collect data Multivariate analysis of variance used to analyze the data.

In all 300 medical and dental students aged 18 to 39 years participated in the study. Multivariate analysis of variance, showed that there was a significant difference between quality of life (P< 0/001), self-efficacy (P< 0/001) and sleep quality (P< 0/001) of among students with and without internet addiction.

The findings confirmed that the internet addicted users had lower quality of life, lower sleep quality and lower self-efficacy, than regular users.

Depression disorders are prevalent and cause considerable suffering and disease burden. According to the World Health Organization, more than three–quarters of people in the developing world who have mental disorders (such as depression) do not receive any treatment because of limited geographical access to trained professionals, a therapist, expensive treatment sessions, and cultural problems. One solution is telemental health or using digital technology to provide long–distance mental health care, especially with the expansion of the Internet and smartphones in the last two decades. The ease and convenience of scheduling a therapy appointment online and chatting with a therapist from the privacy of one's own home—or wherever one may want—is a huge draw for consumers, many of whom are seeking therapy for the first time in their lives. It helps normalize mental health care, especially among generations who are so accustomed to interacting with people using technology, and eliminates so many barriers. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online text messenger–based cognitive–behavior therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) with in–person cognitive–behavioral therapy on persistent depression.

This is a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study population included all 18– to 55–year–old people referring to four counseling and psychology clinics in the west of Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. After observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and implementing the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 (SCID–5–CV) (First et al., 2016), and Diagnosis by a psychiatrist and psychologist, 30 patients with persistent depression were selected as the study samples. They were chosen by convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups: online text messenger–based cognitive–behavior therapy (by WhatsApp), individual in–person cognitive–behavior therapy, and controls. All study subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996) before and after the treatment. The members of two experimental groups received cognitive–behavior therapy in 8 sessions, but the controls received no treatment. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one–way analysis of variance and Chi–square tests to compare the age and gender of the groups, analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's post hoc test) in SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The findings showed that both interventions, i.e., online text messenger–based cognitive–behavioral therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) and individual in–person cognitive–behavior therapy, significantly (both p<0.001) decreased persistent depression in patients compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two mentioned methods (p=0.690).

According to the findings, persistent depression (mild and moderate) can be improved after using psychological interventions such as individual in–person cognitive–behavioral therapy and online text messenger–based cognitive–behavioral therapy (by WhatsApp messenger). None of the methods was more effective than the other in reducing persistent depression, and both are equally effective.

The purpose of this study was to predict hhappiness among members an academic center in Tehran, Iran. Based on Self-efficacy and Quality of Life by mediating of Psychological Well-being.

This was a cross sectional study among a sample of members of an academic center in Tehran in 2019.  To collect data we used Oxford Happiness Inventory, SF-36, Sherer self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire and Ryff’s Psychological well-being questionnaire. To explore the relationship between happiness, quality of life and psychological wellbeing path analysis was performed.
 

In all 382 respondents (213 men and 169 women) completed the questionnaires. The results showed that self-efficacy and quality of life had a positive and significant causal direct effect on happiness with a standard coefficient of 0.09 and 0.44, respectively. The higher self-efficacy and quality of life, predicted higher happiness. Also, the path of self-efficacy toward happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being with standard coefficient of 0.045 and the path of quality of life toward happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being with standard coefficient of 0.289 were significant.

According to the findings of the present study, self-efficacy and quality of life can be predictive of happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being.

Women, as half of human resources in societies, are an effective factor in advancing the goals of society and the family. Studies show that women are more vulnerable than men to discrimination and reduced social security, which is one of the most fundamental aspects of life in today's society. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between social health, communication skills and life skills with women's social security. The method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study was all women referring to the affairs of martyrs and martyrs. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table, 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. The required data were collected using the questionnaires of social security sense of Sahabi (2010), social health of Keys (1998), communication skills of lawyer and colleagues (2012) and deductive life skills and data analysis using Analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results showed; Social health dimensions are able to predict changes in women's social security. In addition, the variable of social participation has a greater effect on social security. Also, the dimensions of communication skills are able to predict changes in social security and the variable of interpretation and clarity of the audience's speech has a greater effect on social security. Women, as half of human resources in societies, are an effective factor in advancing the goals of society and the family. Studies show that women are more vulnerable than men to discrimination and reduced social security, which is one of the most fundamental aspects of life in today's society. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between social health, communication skills and life skills with women's social security. The method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study was all women referring to the affairs of martyrs and martyrs. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table, 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. The required data were collected using the questionnaires of social security sense of Sahabi (2010), social health of Keys (1998), communication skills of lawyer and colleagues (2012) and deductive life skills and data analysis using Analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results showed; Social health dimensions are able to predict changes in women's social security. In addition, the variable of social participation has a greater effect on social security. Also, the dimensions of communication skills are able to predict changes in social security and the variable of interpretation and clarity of the audience's speech has a greater effect on social security.

Depression is one of the frequent psychological disorders. In developing countries due to the high cost of the therapy, lack of access to a professional psychiatrist or psychologist and cultural misunderstanding, and other barriers many people can not get any treatment. Mass utilization of Telephones and Smartphones in the world provides an opportunity to bring help to those in need where it is not easy/able to get professional support treatment. The goal of this research is to compare the effects of online text messenger-based therapy and Telephone-based Cognitive-behavior therapy on Persistent Depression. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The study population included all 18– to 55– year–olds referring to four counseling and psychology clinics in the west of Tehran city, Iran, in the year 2019. 30  Persistent depressed patients were randomly selected as the study samples. The research tools were: The BDI-2 Beck et al. (1988) the Beck Depression Inventory with 21 questions and the SCID-5-CV First et al. (2016) the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software using covariance analysis(ANCOVA). According to the findings of the study, that both cognitive-behavior therapy interventions (by Telephone and by WhatsApp) significantly decreased persistent depression in patients (p< 0.01). However, There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of these two interventions on these variables. Both of the methods (telephone and Online Text Messenger-Based cognitive-behavior) were effective to decrease the symptoms of depression.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training based metaphors of Molavi's Masnavi on components of psychological capital among depressed female students. In this study, to extract the metaphors of Molavi's Masnavi, directional qualitative content analysis and quantitative content analysis were used with MAXQDA software. The identified codes were validated by coders' reliability method by 5 psychologists who were approved with a degree of agreement of 0.85% and were replaced in the mindfulness protocol. In terms of data collection techniques, the research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with a control group and one-month follow-up. The statistical population included 195 female students who were psychology students of Chalous branch in 2019-2020 academic year. Forty students were selected through purposive sampling method that achieved high scores in Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The content of mindfulness therapy sessions based on metaphors of Molavi's Masnavi was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 software and mixed analysis of variance method. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the mean components of psychological capital (self-efficacy, resiliency, hope and optimism) in the experimental and control groups and also maintained its status in a one-month follow-up. Thus, it can be concluded that mindfulness therapy- based metaphors of Molavi's Masnavi improves the psychological capital of depressed female students.

 Difficulty in emotional regulation is an important component in the pathology of different types of addiction and its evaluation can be helpful in understanding and treating these difficulties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate emotional regulation in people with opioid dependence (heroin and opium), food addiction, and internet addiction compared to normal people.

 This is a causal- comparative study. Participants were 120 eligible male addicts selected using a purposive sampling method and divided into four groups of 30 including drug addiction, food addiction, internet addiction, and control. Semi-structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, Yale Food Addiction Scale, and Young’s Internet Addiction Test were used to diagnose the addictions. Then the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) was completed. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the collected data.

 Overall DERS score and the score of its subscales were higher in all three addiction groups compared to the control group, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the three addiction groups in subscales of “unwillingness to accept certain emotional responses” and “difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior”, but a significant difference between the three addiction groups was observed in subscales of “difficulty controlling impulse”, “lack of emotional awareness”, “lack of access to strategies”, “lack of emotional clarity”, and overall DERS score (P<0.05).

 Men with opioid dependence, internet addiction and food addiction have more difficulties in emotional regulation compared to their normal peers. Emotional regulation ability in men with internet addiction is greater than in those with food and opioid addictions.