alireza estelaji

Considering the unbridled growth of urbanization in developing countries, poverty and deprivation are considered to be central and fundamental issues that cities are struggling with. The growth of the phenomenon of urban poverty and the deepening of the class gap in big cities has caused the formation of low-income groups in the form of local communities in specific geographical spaces, which are left out of the general development process and so-called marginalized.

In this research, ANP method and coding in MATLAB software are used for data analysis. The use of the ANP method ensures that due to the presence of acceptable mathematical analysis in this method, the selection of superior options is done in a logical and principled reasoning manner and is not simply the result of an individual's imagination and perception without support.

Findings based on different types of physical-social capacity including; Intra-group physical-social capacity, inter-group physical-social capacity, and communicative physical-social capacity are tested, analyzed and concluded.

The results of this research show that the amount of physical-social capacity within the group (which expresses the solidarity between similar people in similar situations such as family members, friends and neighbors) has a suitable level. The physical-social capacity within the group tends to prevent the penetration of others (outsiders) and wishes to maintain homogeneity. Therefore, this capital refers to relationships based on trust and cooperation among the members of a group that others are considered strangers to. This type of physical-social capacity, because it serves the interests of a certain group, causes discrimination and social inequality and hinders growth and development.

In today's world, empowerment has become one of the main concepts of sustainable development. Meanwhile, the role of villages in the process of economic, social, political and other aspects of development has provided reasons to pay attention to the development of rural areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of ecotourism in empowering rural women. According to its objectives, the current research is classified as applied research because it seeks to evaluate the relationship between the development of ecotourism and the empowerment of women in the local community, and its findings can be used to improve and develop ecotourism in the villages of Gilan province and other regions. According to how to obtain the data and information needed in this research, the perspective of the research is descriptive-correlation and it has been described. In this research, the Shivens model and its components have been considered to investigate the empowerment of women, which was used along with the indicators of ecotourism development consisting of protection, education and participation. The researcher-made questionnaire, which was prepared based on the background and theoretical foundations, was distributed among the statistical population, which includes the rural population of Gilan province. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using statistical methods. The results show that there is a positive and

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Sustainable security in the informal settlements of the cities of Tehran province is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive approach based on participation. These settlements, which are often formed on the outskirts of cities, face many problems, including lack of proper infrastructure, vulnerability to natural disasters, and social exclusion. Achieving sustainable security in these areas requires improving the quality of life of residents, reducing vulnerabilities, and creating a safe and stable environment. In this regard, this article has tried to identify and cluster the factors affecting sustainable security in the informal settlements of the cities of Tehran province using the structural-interpretive method. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to identify factors, content analysis method was used. The data collection tool is in the form of an interview and a two-way questionnaire. The relationships between factors affecting the sustainable security of informal settlements in the cities of Tehran province have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner using a new analytical methodology called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The results of this research show that the factors of urban infrastructure development, support for vulnerable groups and coordination between executive bodies act as the main factors affecting the stable security of informal settlements in the cities of Tehran province, which have the greatest influence (level It has the power of influence (10) and acts like the foundation stone of the model, and for the sustainable security of informal settlements in the cities of Tehran province and to improve the position of these factors in these cities, they should be emphasized in the first place. did

Housing has always been a fundamental issue in rural areas. It is the most important element of the physical structure of villages, playing a key role in shaping the spatial-physical structure and construction identity of rural communities. Housing reflects how people interact with their surroundings and is shaped by the specific historical, cultural, and socio-economic conditions of each region. It represents the various economic activities, social and cultural mindsets of rural residents, the development and use of technology, and ultimately, the income and livelihoods of the population. Rural housing naturally embodies the way of life of different groups, with its patterns and functions offering insight into the spatial-temporal dynamics and prevailing trends in rural life and activities. Ardakan is one of the counties in Yazd Province, located in the northern part of the province. Administratively, it comprises three districts (Markazi, Kharanaq, and Aqda), three cities (Ardakan, Ahmadabad, and Aqda), and five rural districts (Mohammadieh, Robat, Zarrin, Aqda, and Narestan). The county seat is the city of Ardakan. According to 2019 statistics, the population of Ardakan was 97,960, making it the third most populous county in Yazd. Approximately 84% of the population lives in urban areas, with the remainder residing in rural areas. The county has 478 villages, of which 143 are inhabited and 335 are uninhabited. In recent years, through the provision of bank loans, there has been significant improvement both in terms of quantity and in the qualitative-technical aspects (such as structural reinforcement) towards sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of rural housing improvement on the rural structure, including physical, economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects.

The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected through surveys. The reliability of the data was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population consists of residents of rural areas (6,378 people) where the rural housing improvement plan has been implemented. A simple random sampling method was employed. To determine the sample size, Bartlett and colleagues' table was used, resulting in a selection of 209 participants as the sample population. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation techniques, and multiple regression analysis.

The index of policies and programs for rural housing improvement has been analyzed based on 6 indicators. The overall mean score is 3.09, with a standard deviation of 0.728. Among the components of the index for housing improvement policies and programs, the highest average is related to the indicator of attention to rural cultural and architectural patterns (3.67), while the lowest average is related to the indicator of attention to energy consumption patterns (heating and cooling of homes) in the housing sector (2.87).The rural housing structure was analyzed across four dimensions as follows:Physical Dimension: This dimension includes 5 indicators, with an average score of 2.83. The scores range from a minimum of 2.61 for the indicator related to essential attention to water and electricity in housing to a maximum of 3.08 for the indicator concerning the selection of residential land with consideration of natural hazards (earthquakes and floods).

Economic Dimension: 

The 5 indicators selected for the economic dimension have an average rank of 2.74. Among these indicators, the highest average is for the indicator related to job creation for residents as labor in the construction process (average 3.04, standard deviation 0.979), while the lowest average is for the indicator related to access to financial and credit facilities for housing construction (e.g., obtaining loans) (average 2.57, standard deviation 1.03).

Environmental Dimension:

 For the environmental dimension, 5 indicators were used. The average rank for this dimension is 2.51. Among the indicators, the one concerning attention to productive spaces (e.g., weaving workshops, cooperatives) in housing construction has the lowest average, while the indicator related to changes in land use and encroachment on agricultural land for housing has the highest average.

Social Dimension:

 The average rank for the social dimension is 2.76. Among the 5 selected indicators, the highest average is for the indicator of life expectancy in rural areas (average 3.16, standard deviation 1.02), while the lowest average is for the indicator related to increasing motivation for staying in rural areas, thereby reducing rural-to-urban migration (average 2.39, standard deviation).

Today, housing is recognized as one of the fundamental challenges impacting rural structures. Housing is important from various dimensions, including physical, environmental, social, cultural, and economic aspects, and the effects it has on the life of rural communities. Undoubtedly, any change or development in the world quickly influences society, and one such development is the change in the type of housing. Since structures in any community serve different functions, these changes in housing structures must align with the economic, social, cultural, and environmental needs of rural communities. According to the study, among the dimensions of rural structure, the physical dimension has relatively better conditions. Pearson correlation tests revealed a significant relationship between housing improvement policies and programs and the dimensions of rural structure. This means that enhancing the quality of these policies and programs will lead to tangible improvements in the rural housing structure. The impact of the examined dimensions on the policies and programs for housing improvement is not uniform or unidirectional. There is a direct relationship between all physical, economic, environmental, and social dimensions of rural structure and the policies and programs for improvement. Among these dimensions, the physical dimension has a higher explanatory power and impact coefficient of 0.514 compared to the others in predicting policies and programs for improvement. The economic dimension ranks second with an impact coefficient of 0.160, showing greater explanatory power than other dimensions.The findings of this research are consistent with the study by Mikaniki et al. (2017) in the economic and physical dimensions, while differing in the social and environmental dimensions. Additionally, the results align with the research by Sartipipour et al. (2019) in the physical dimension. The findings also resemble the study by Giannetti et al. (2018) regarding the use of modern technologies in construction and attention to the heating and cooling of rural housing.

Public spaces of cities are among the most significant places for the formation of social interactions and the emergence of collective memories. Urban regeneration is one of the most important ways to revitalize or create new public spaces in urban contexts. This study uses comparative analysis of the public spaces created in the process of urban regeneration in Tehran and Paris. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, that uses a comparative analysis approach. In this research, data has been collected using library resources, documentary research and field observations method. TOPSIS technique has been used for data analysis. Findings suggest that the role of physical and activity related factors in improving the quality of public spaces (with a score of 0.186), stands out among other factors associated with urban regeneration. So that public spaces generated from urban regeneration in Paris are of higher quality than public spaces in Tehran. It seems necessary to have a specific plan for Tehran in this regard.

The occurrence of recent droughts in Iran and the severity of the damages indicate the continued vulnerability of urban and rural areas. Reducing the vulnerability of rural and urban residents by increasing the level of resilience and promoting flexibility against natural consequences such as drought can be one of the features of management, planning and development, which is possible by identifying factors influencing resilience. Since the goal of resilience is to control and reduce the effects and consequences of hazards and also to use these threats as opportunities, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing drought indicators in relation to local resilience in order to realize this issue. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature.
The statistical population of Qaleganj City of Kerman province is 74.495 people. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was randomly estimated as 453 people and was divided among them according to the population of each section. Two library and field methods were used to collect the required data.
In order to analyze the issue and prepare the questionnaire, a framework of drought indicators was selected and compiled in the form of 39 items and ten resilience indicators. The form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the group of specialists and experts, as well as the construct validity of the exploratory factor analysis. The total reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha as 0.89.
The results show that human capital and social capital have the greatest impact on resilience against drought. Various socio-economic and social indicators are considered to be among the influencing factors on the local resilience of Qaleganj City. Dimensions of resilience with a rate of 0.41 have an effect on sustainable development. The resilience of Qalaganj community has a favorable situation compared to the overall resilience. Therefore, it is necessary to address the various and basic aspects of drought in order to make the public more tolerant of these events.

The idea of a livable city in worn-out urban contexts mainly emphasizes the creation of sustainable neighborhoods and livability of these contexts. Livability plays a vital role in the growth and development of cities and the quality of life of citizens. Identifying and understanding the needs of the citizens and revitalizing these settlements will improve the quality of life and enhance the livability in these settlements.

The current research was conducted using the Vicor multi-criteria decision-making technique with the aim of evaluating the livability of the four districts of Tabriz metropolis. After extracting the factors involved in the livability at the district level by using the opinions of experts of the components in 5 dimensions, identifying and analyzing the information obtained from Shannon entropy techniques, Vicor and from Arc GIS software. Used.

The obtained results indicate that districts five and four are in a favorable condition in terms of social dimensions, services and urban and physical-spatial infrastructures. District 3 is located in a completely favorable situation only in the physical-spatial dimension and is in an unfavorable situation in other investigated indicators. Also, districts two and one are in a relatively unfavorable situation in most of the studied indicators.

The findings indicate that the five districts of the four metropolitan areas of Tabriz are above the average level of the average statistical population in terms of social, economic, services and urban infrastructure, physical-spatial and environmental conditions. In terms of livability, it is in a relatively favorable condition.

Today, urban development is more than anything influenced by the urban construction system, and in the meantime, the approved rules and regulations play an important role in regulating urban development. With the rapid development of urbanization and the increasing increase of construction in recent decades, we are witnessing fundamental changes in the urban landscape that the cities have become the manifestation of each building in height, color, type of materials, etc. in the continuous wall of the streets. In this construction process, city managers and officials have tried to control the unfavorable conditions of this period by approving and enforcing various laws and regulations. In this regard, in the urban communities of Iran, the rules and regulations defined in the field of urban development, unfortunately, have not been significantly effective and this has caused serious disruptions in urban development. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and field method and using a questionnaire tool, the sample size of 20 experts and experts of urban development projects in question in the field of strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for efficiency of these rules and regulations Included (Article 100, 5 and 55 commissions). Therefore, first, the factors of strength, weakness, threat and opportunity were collected through the Delphi method through the Delphi method, and then the components of the research were identified. . The results of this study show that a defensive strategy with a measured value of 4.078 is recognized as a superior strategy in the field of providing strategies to increase the efficiency of urban development plans, followed by an offensive strategy with a value of 3.895 as a complementary strategy. Which shows the effect of pairwise comparisons of the items in the SWOT model. 

Urban development in the era of the need to approve and implement urban development plans more than ever. In this regard, the problem that causes problems in large metropolises is the lack of accurate implementation and violations in the implementation of urban development plans. In this study, we intend to investigate the areas of occurrence of these problems and violations in the implementation of urban development plans. 

In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and field method and using a questionnaire tool, the sample size of 20 experts and experts of urban development projects in question in the field of strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for efficiency of these rules and regulations Included (Article 100, 5 and 55 commissions). Therefore, first, the factors of strength, weakness, threat and opportunity were collected through the Delphi method through the Delphi method, and then the components of the research were identified.

The results of this study show that the defensive strategy with a measured value of 4.078 is recognized as a superior strategy in the field of providing strategies to increase the efficiency of urban development plans, followed by an offensive strategy with a value of 3.895 as a complementary strategy. Which shows the effect of pairwise comparisons of the items in the SWOT model.

Based on the results, the most important strategies for implementing urban development plans are: resolving conflicts of law and developing transparency in determining crimes, developing specialized workshops in the field of spatial and physical development vision of the region with emphasis on the role of local institutions and Neighborhoods, resolving conflicts of law and developing transparency in determining severe punishments, paying attention to social justice by strengthening local institutions in the region and ... .

Currently, more than 56% of the world's people (4.4 billion people) live in urban areas, this majority is facing many economic problems in cities. One of the consequences of the lack of proper economic planning in cities is the creation of informal employment in cities. Hawking is one of the false and informal jobs that have arisen with the expansion of urbanization and the increase in the attractions of urbanization. In this theoretical research, by studying the records of research in the field of informal occupation and economy and city market, a connection has been established between peddling and environmental and physical quality of urban livability. In this research, information and materials were prepared through library studies, and the main method of research is combining theories in the field of economics, and concepts such as livability, environmental and physical quality, and informal jobs, especially peddling. One of the main results of this research is the unequivocal negative impact of informal businesses, especially peddling, on the physical and environmental quality of urban livability. In order to reduce this negative impact, moving towards cooperative views in the market is one of the appropriate treatment methods for cities.

In recent decades, with the increase in population and the change of different generations and cultures in metropolises and the change of lifestyle, security has become a very important challenge. Security is related to satisfaction, comfort of citizens and desirability of life in the form of sustainable human development and an indicator for quality of life. The feeling of insecurity threatens the presence of people in the urban space, disrupts vitality and health, and reduces public participation. Based on this, the current research has been carried out with the aim of analyzing the security of metropolises with an emphasis on the management of informal settlements in Tehran and determining the factors affecting the insecurity of the capital.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive and survey in nature and analytical in nature. Using the simple random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated to be 383 people, and to identify the security components and variables, a questionnaire tool was used in the form of 5 structural, managerial, content, legal and socio-economic components. has been studied.

The findings indicate that, in the first factor, the integrated attitude in security management and the lack of coalition between security experts, in the second factor, the traditionality of security planning and the multiplicity of political attitudes and views in the informal settlements of the capital, the third factor , the prevalence of the law-abiding culture, cultural differences and population density, the fourth factor, lack of security and safety in night travel, the fifth factor, the weakness of approved rules, plans and programs, and the sixth factor, the low transparency of laws that have the greatest impact on harm Acceptance of informal settlements are the capital.

Weakness of regulations, approved plans and programs and lack of budget and security equipment are among the variables that affect the security of informal settlements in the capital, and in this context it should be said that managerial, legal and structural vulnerability causes insecurity, lawlessness, cultural differences and lack of security. and the safety of informal settlements in Tehran metropolis.

will give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For this reason, geopolitical studies are particularly important. In addition to examining the relationship between geographical factors and the politics of a country, geopolitics also deals with the interpretation of eventsand predicts the future and determines the political policy of the country. Today, one of the most important issues that make countries face fundamental challenges is geopolitics versus security. The security of people in a geographical space is dependent on the security of governments, and the more powerful and stable the governments are, the more secure they can be. One of the issues that has a fundamental position in relation to the discussion of international security is the discussion of failed governments, which pose a danger not only to its subjects, but also to international security and can challenge international security and This basis in the current decade is among the countries that are among the failed governments; The country is Iraq.

Flood is one of the most destructive weather hazards in the world. The frequent occurrence of urban floods has affected public safety and limited the sustainable development of the social economy. The present study was conducted with the aim of preparing a flood intensity zoning map and analyzing its relationship with vegetation in Qirokarzin city in Fars province. For this purpose, after reviewing various sources, by introducing five effective criteria in the occurrence of floods, which were repeated in other researches in this field, the factors of height, slope, and distance from the river, topographic index and height of runoff were selected as effective factors. By using the method of network analysis process (ANP) in Super decision software, weighting and then using the simple weighted sum method, the final map has been obtained. In this regard, vegetation changes have been obtained using Landsat images in 2000 and 2021 and NDVI index. The results showed that the most effective criterion was the topographic index and Qirokarzin city was located in five zones of very low, low, medium, high and very high risk of flooding, among which 1849/6 square kilometer (54.8%) of Qirokarzin city were in the zone with the risk of flooding is very high. also, the analysis of vegetation changes showed that despite the development of agriculture and horticulture and the resulting relative improvement of the average values of the NDVI index, in the upper reaches of the watersheds of this city, the vegetation cover of forest and pasture lands has decreased significantly, and finally the effects of this problem lead to residential areas and agricultural and horticultural lands in 2021 compared to 2000 are located in areas with high flood potential with a higher percentage, this issue can confirm that the protection of land use in the upstream area is in accordance with to what extent can the policy of maintaining the existing cover and developing vegetation covers by using plants that have high soil protection value play a role in mitigating and suppressing the flooding of the downstream lands.

 Today, in most metropolises, we are confronted with a phenomenon known as informal settlements in peri-urban areas, which causes various problems in economic, social, physical, and other domains. This study aimed to identify solutions for empowering informal settlements' physical and social structures in the Koshtargah region and villages within its sphere of influence (Case Study: Urmia County).

This is an interpretive study in terms of its objective and a mixed research in terms of methodology. Data were analyzed using background theoretical models and structural equations. The statistical population in qualitative and quantitative phs consisted of professors, graduates, and individuals knowledgeable in the field of study (urban and rural organizations). Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling to the point of theoretical saturation. In total, 25 in-depth interviews were conducted.

Based on the background theory, practical strategies for social and physical empowerment of informal settlements and villages within the sphere of influence include social institutionalization, creating economic incentives, increasing social capital and participation, enhancing security through physical development, establishing necessary mechanisms in line with empowerment policies and challenges, upgrading sectoral empowerment programs through integrated management and decentralized development, stemming from meaningful units. According to the AMOS software, the most essential physical and social empowerment strategies are enhancing the effectiveness of empowerment programs through integrated management and decentralized development and creating economic incentives with coefficients of 0.93 and 0.88, respectively.Additionally, within these strategies, the highest impact relates to addressing managerial challenges and strengthening the household economy, with coefficients of 0.59 and 0.61, respectively.

The results indicated that sustainable empowerment in informal settlements' physical and social domains can be achieved by addressing technical and managerial challenges and utilizing a decentralized development approach through integrated management.

Urban spaces cannot be considered only as a natural structure in the framework of the historical growth and development of cities. Rather, these spaces are always organized and reproduced through various factors such as capital, politics, ideology and society. This is despite the fact that today, due to the dominance of capital-oriented policies on urban spaces, the social dimensions of space production have been neglected. In such a city, the rights of citizens in influencing the spaces of daily life have been marginalized. In contrast to this common thinking, critical urban theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the disclosure of the main factors that exclude citizens from urban spaces. Therefore, this article, with a fundamental approach and by adopting a descriptive-analytical method and by using qualitative and critical analyzes based on critical urban theories, by explaining the spatial dialectic in relation to the effects of politics, capital and society in the production of space, tries to reveal the roots of the deprivation of the contemporary urban society. By applying the concept of the right to the city, we argue that strategies based on the social will of city residents can be presented against these attitudes governing the urban space, and we also believe that urban praxis as a social action will play an effective role in the urban space by responding to the demands of an urban society in order to achieve the social benefits of citizens.

The present study has been done by examining the important options of economic and physical indicators of rural areas of Kermanshah city in order to analyze and evaluate the quality of life of villagers. The purpose of this article is the effect of quality of life indicators from the perspective of villagers with a modeling and structural equation approach. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational research in nature. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample of 350 heads of households was determined. These numbers were selected by simple random sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results obtained from the study show that the level of satisfaction with the quality of life of villagers in Kermanshah is not in good condition; Because according to economic indicators, the coefficient of having a suitable income, meeting the basic needs of life, the employment situation in rural areas has been unsuitable. Regarding the quality level of infrastructure, the ratio of electricity, telephone and radio and television antennas is in favorable condition and other indicators such as access to communication, access to safe drinking water, fuel distribution station and access to financial and credit services Poorly rated. And other indicators such as resistance to natural hazards, use of resistant materials, aesthetic shape and form, separation of livestock, waste collection methods, have not been favorable conditions.

Since the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This movement of capital from the production sector to space has caused the spatial structure of cities to undergo extensive changes in their spatial, physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The consequences of privatization and commercialization of the public spaces of cities in order to reproduce as much capital as possible and space competition and polarization of space can be considered as the result of applying such attitudes. In contrast to this prevailing thinking, urban critical theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the explanation of the root causes of problems and the consequences of these approaches on urban spaces. This research, with a fundamental approach and a descriptive, analytical method, and using documentary and library studies through qualitative analysis from the perspective of critical urban theories, explains the spatial structure of Tehran and the effects of capital rule on its spaces. And in the process of spatial data analysis, it uses a spatial model (GIS). The findings of this research show that the metropolis of Tehran, both in terms of urban development plans and urban management policies, has been significantly affected by these capital-oriented approaches. And it has faced challenges such as profit-oriented urban management, polarization of the physical and social structures of the 22 districts of the city, commodification of housing, exchange of land and real estate in the open market, change of use and privatization of space.

Today, urban development is influenced more than anything else by the urban construction system, and the approved rules and regulations play a significant role in regulating urban development. In the urban communities of Iran, the rules and regulations defined in the field of urban development, unfortunately, have not been significantly effective, and this has made urban development face serious disturbances.The rules related to construction also undoubtedly have an effective role in achieving the high goals of urban planning, providing health, well-being, beauty, peace, safety and security, and complying with them while providing the aforementioned goals, improves the quality and increases the useful life of buildings. turns Rules and regulations are the means of implementing plans and programs.

The current research has been done with descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources including documents, books and theses and articles in this field. Field survey and questionnaire data collection have also been used in this research. The statistical population in this research includes experts and university professors and urban management experts, and since this population does not have a specific number, the sample size was determined and estimated by the Cochran method (that is, the sample size is 389 people). In terms of validity, the questionnaire of this research has been met by the professors, and also in terms of reliability, using Cronbach's alpha analysis, a value of 0.88 has been obtained for it, which indicates high reliability. The collected data has been analyzed in the SPSS environment. This section included two areas of descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. In the descriptive analysis section, the characteristics of the respondents in terms of age, gender, education, etc. were discussed, and in the inferential section, t-tests, multivariate regression, and Friedman's test were used.

The results of these tests in terms of the efficiency of the criteria, which were checked using the one-sample t-test and regression, show that the value of the t-test for the components of Article 100 Commission (-18), Article 5 Commission (-15) and Article 55 Commission ( 7-) has been. Also, in the field of the commission component of Article 100, the value of the regression coefficient was 0.005, the commission of Article 5 was 0.001, and for the commission of Article 55, the value was 0.000.

In general, the results of these two tests indicate that the regulations and rules of urban planning in the field of the mentioned commissions have had the least efficiency in the existing constructions in the studied area.

Rapid urban expansion has always been one of the most important spatial-spatial phenomena It is considered in many countries of the world, including Iran and this issue has caused serious damage to the national, regional and urban space in Iran Islamshahr city is one of the areas around the metropolis of Tehran, which in recent decades due to the cheapness of land, housing, potential and regional position, has always been considered by immigrants and today, the phenomenon of urban creep in it has created many problems in various aspects Therefore, the present study with descriptive-analytical, applied and exploratory methods to the role of urban creep phenomenon in spatial-spatial developments of settlements in the metropolitan area of ​​Tehran (Case study: Islamshahr city and sphere of influence) The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts in the field of urban creep, with a sample size of 50 people In order to analyze the research findings, spss-excel and lisrer software were used to encode and analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires. The results of research on environmental - physical, economic - social and managerial factors have been the most important factors affecting urban creep in Islamshahr At the same time, urban creep has not affected the spatial development of Islamshahr city, but creep has affected the spatial development aspects of Islamshahr city.

Due to the fact that today's world has undergone changes and transformations in various fields, the growth and expansion of informal settlements and its consequences have also changed. Today the process of forming informal settlements has changed and this change itself necessitates the analysis of the factors influencing this phenomenon. Informal housing communities can be examined from two aspects, first, the unconventional structure of houses is in conflict with the rules of architecture and urban planning and do not have any of the appropriate housing standards, as a result, they are considered as an unconventional phenomenon in the urban system. Secondly, from organized and empowered aspect, the residents of these communities are people who do not own suitable housing compatible with human dignity and identity. From this point of view, demolition is not the final solution therefore urban planners are looking for solutions to organize these communities through empowering the residents in order to evoke a sense of participation in people. The aim of this research is to analyze the influencing factors on the formation of informal settlements in Tehran 19th district. Also, among the many approaches in order to organize the formation of these settlements, the empowerment approach has been chosen as the chosen research approach with emphasis on the three axes such as residents, management structure and upgrading neighborhoods. This research is an applied research and based on descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population was formed by the municipal experts of Tehran 19th district and the sample was distributed randomly. The data collection method is a library documented and all data was collected from questionnaire. TOPSIS model has been used to analyze the criteria influencing the formation of informal settlements. Based on the findings, it can be noticed that high migration to Tehran 19th district with a score of 0.504, has been able to be at the top of the examined criteria and reach the first place. In this regard, the criterion of high unemployment rate among the job seeking population, especially women, with a score of 0.484, took the second place, and the criterion that took the third place pointed out that the high population density is more than the average population density in the region, and finally, criteria such as the low participation of residents in the prepared development plans in the region, the existence of social anomalies in some localities, the existence of abandoned and unsafe spaces inside and around the urban context, etc. are in lower ranks. The informal urban settlement in the 19th district of Tehran has economic, social and physical characteristics specific to car settlements, whose formation is mainly due to migration to this area, lack of job opportunities…, and all stages of formation, including primary core has gone through the stages of transition and integration. Therefore, by emphasizing community-oriented planning and paying serious and deep attention to the stages of formation and special social, economic, cultural and political conditions in the creation of this settlement, an effective step can be taken in organizing the neighborhood and empowering its communities.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of rural ICT in the sustainable economic development of villages in Qazvin province with emphasis on SIMAC among rural users in Qazvin province. The research method in this study is a survey and a quantitative questionnaire that was used to collect information. The statistical sample included 400 users of rural information and communication technology offices (villagers of Qazvin province) who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a moderate and positive correlation between economic development and the performance of rural information and communication technology offices in Qazvin province (r = 0. 46). There is also a strong and positive relationship between the level of access of villagers to the services of rural information and communication technology offices and economic development (r = 0. 580). On the other hand, there is a weak and positive relationship between the launch of the SIMAC system and the reduction of inquiry violations and land grabbing (r = 0. 35). Also, there is a significant relationship between launching the SIMAC system and reducing the time to obtain construction permits and reducing organizational violations (r = 0. 421). In other words, the launch of the SIMAC system has led to a decrease in obtaining construction permits and a reduction in organizational violations in Qazvin province.

The regeneration of public spaces is an integral part of the urban regeneration process. By revitalizing existing public spaces or creating new ones, opportunities arise to enhance the quality of public spaces and strengthen the vitality and social life of cities. The aim of this research is to improve the quality of public spaces in Tehran's Velayat Park through an approach to urban regeneration. To achieve this goal, the most significant factors that contribute to urban regeneration have been identified, and a conceptual model has been presented. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique, employing AMOS software, was utilized to identify the factors affecting the recreation of public spaces and their communication and effectiveness. This study employed correlational research with library and survey information collection tools. According to the analysis results, among the physical dimension components, beauty had the highest factor coefficient (0.983); among the economic dimension components, justice had the highest factor load (0.964); among the socio-cultural dimension components, meaning and identity had the highest factor load (1.00); and finally, among the environmental dimension components, meaning and cleanliness had the highest factor load (0.671). Removing the comfort component from the other statistical values extracted from the model indicated good and suitable adaptation of the model. The selected components for measuring the regeneration of Velayat Park's public space in Tehran province were found to have adequate validity and could measure the research structure effectively.

One of the problems of every city is the existence of worn-out fabric in the city. Worn-out textures are more than collections of buildings, passages and street, they are biological and social complexes, and their formation is the product of various social, economic, cultural variables, etc. Deh Vanak neighborhood located in the 3rd district of Tehran has a worn-out and old- Fashioned texture with in sustainable houses, narrow alleys, and lot of pressure. In this neighborhood, people have built their houses without a plan, and without any constriction principles and standards. And it is because this principled and irregular con struction has created the worn texture of the neighborhood.

In the article, using SPSS software version 26 and sample t-test, with the aim of providing solutions to organize the worn-out fabric of the neighborhood, we have in vest gated the worn- out fabric of the neighborhood.

The finding of the research show that this neighborhood is in an unfavorable physical condition, among the recommend nations that are presented for the organization of the fabric, it can be briefly supported by government in situations such as providing financial facilities and other in centime policies in the matter of housing renovation.

Renovation and improvement of in structures, attraction of private sector investment, culture among the people of the neighborhood, elimination of the thermal deficiencies of the neighborhood, creation of popular organize tons for renovation and…

Currently, Iran has not been very successful in exploiting this advantage due to various reasons due to the great potential of tourism development. The type of attitude towards tourism, inappropriate tourism policies, negative advertisements of Iran's enemies, and lack of attention to tourism welfare services are among the main obstacles to the lack of tourism development, and in this research, one of these factors is the role of tourism policies in Iran. Iran's place in the geopolitical territory of Shamat has been analyzed in promoting the position of diplomacy.
Material and This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical and applied (practical) method of exploratory research. The statistical population of the research consists of all experts in the fields of tourism and geopolitics, whose sample size was estimated to be 35 people based on Cochran's model.
The present research using mean test, binomial test and Pearson's correlation coefficient in spss software to evaluate the variables of the success rate of tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran, evaluate the tourism policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the relationship between tourism policy and the success rate of tourism diplomacy. The Islamic Republic of Iran is in the geopolitical territory of Shamat.
Discussion and The results showed that tourism policies in Iran have a very weak relationship with structural and agency factors, tourism policies have no relationship with process factors, and these policies have an average relationship with contextual factors.

Urban creep can cause problems and changes in the area of large urban settlements and its area of influence. One of the most important problems of this phenomenon is land use change, which developers and developers use as an important tool in various national, regional and local levels. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of this occurrence of events. This paper examines the effects of urban creep on large settlements in Tehran (Islamshahr). In this research, the volume of 50 samples and the reliability coefficient of 0.73 was obtained, which showed the acceptable reliability. The validity of this study was confirmed through a penley of specialists and rural and urban experts and urban urban urban urban urban development. In the physical dimension, increasing the economic value of land and increasing the modalities has no effect and raising the level of transportation facilities in cities and villages in this field. In the economic and social dimension, improving economic welfare and social values of residents have the most influence and in management of change in management mechanisms and management processes and problems and problems of villages have the most impact on urban crawl. In order to have any relationship with each of the variables, Liser software, AGFI test model and Binomial order testing and Ratios testing are used. The results of the sig level in all variables, which is smaller than the alpha coefficient (0.05), concluded that environmental-physical, economic and social factors and management factors are the main factors affecting urban creep in Islamshahr.

In urban planning, safety and security is one of the important components in determining urban uses. Safety and security is one of the most basic principles for achieving urban comfort standards. Numerous factors are involved in the process of formation and occurrence of violent behaviors. One of the most important of these spaces is defenseless. They are among the spaces that have a high chance of crime and violence due to their physical and social characteristics. In this regard, in this study, the role of defenseless urban spaces with respect to key physical, social and psychological factors in District 9 of Tehran has been investigated. The research method was descriptive-analytical in three stages of ranking cities and their distribution in terms of population factor, studying the factors affecting population distribution in urban areas and weighting areas in terms of non-defense factors and using two entropy and VIKOR techniques. The statistical population included the whole region of Tehran 9, which based on Cochran's formula, 150 people were identified as the sample population. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and VIKOR model. Findings showed that among the research criteria, the social anomaly criterion with a weight of 0.2752 has gained the most weight, so it is more important than other criteria. Therefore, effective fields are effective in creating and strengthening the defenseless urban space in District 9 of Tehran.