فهرست مطالب alireza sayibani

Currently, terrorism in cyberspace has become one of the major challenges for the legal systems, especially the penal system. Cyber terrorism, despite being emerging, is more dangerous than traditional and classical terrorism, and its threats to the national security of states have become a potential threat. Using the analytical-descriptive method, this paper seeks to further clarify the impact of cyberspace on terrorism and to explain the characteristics of cyber terrorism. The results of the research show that due to the capabilities and possibilities of cyberspace, terrorist crimes and the realization of the goals of the supporters of terrorism have gone out of physical form and have taken on a cyber character, which is easier, less expensive and more secretive. The most important benefit of terrorists from the World Wide Web is to internationalize their activities. Meanwhile, what seems necessary in the first place is to prevent cyber terrorism in order to protect its victims.

Nowadays, financial corruption is one of the major problems of society in state institutions and is a type of the problems that can weaken or even destroy a country's economy. One example of financial corruption is the crime of receiving commission fee in government transactions. Today, this crime has become wider and more complex with the expansion of the administrative and bureaucratic systems and the more complex personal and social relationships. Given the adverse effects of this practice, it is a crime in many legal systems, including Iranian and French legal systems. In this article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used and it deals with the issue of receiving commission fee in Iranian and French criminal law. The results show that in both countries the act of receiving commission fee by government officials is explained as financial corruption and is considered as a criminal act. In this regard, there is no gap in the Iranian criminal law in terms of laws and regulations and relatively severe penalties have been considered for it. However, it should be borne in mind that penal measures cannot be sufficiently deterrent and preventive and the role of civil society in this area has been ignored.

The emergence of restorative justice is the result of one of the developments in criminal justice attitudes and crime-oriented thinking over the past two decades. Restorative justice is a balanced and holistic approach to crime situations and by using means such as mediation, strives to not only provide for the benefit of all victims affected by the crime, but also to provide the grounds for rehabilitation and socialization of the offenders. Realizing the goals of restorative justice requires actors who, while being acquainted with the foundations and goals of restorative justice, also believe in its principles. Undoubtedly, the police, as one of the most important institutions responsible for responding to the criminal phenomenon and as the first institution to refer victims after the crime, play an important role in the implementation of restorative plans. In Community policing prevention of crime, the police, in addition to using the tools defined in the criminal justice system, uses the co-operation and participation of social and governmental institutions to control the perpetrators. The results indicate that the mediating role of the police will reduce the offender's re-tendency to commit crimes by a process-oriented approach and by utilizing the capacities of the local community, with the potential to influence his or her individual and social circumstances. In other words, the more process-oriented the tendency of the police to mediate, the more likely the crime will be prevented, and conversely, the more the police focus on the results and the size of the files, the more likely the crime will be prevented by the offender.