فهرست مطالب amin babaei pouya

Mental workload (MW) and occupational fatigue (OF) are among the harmful factors in the working environment of the emergency nursing profession, which can be related to the quality of care provided and job stress (JS) in emergency nurses. Accordingly, this study investigates the relationship between MW, MF and JS in emergency nurses in 2023 in Ardabil, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted by measuring OF, JS and MW of emergency nurses in hospitals of Ardabil Province, Iran. Information was collected through a checklist that recorded the demographic information in addition to the NASA task load index, JS by Orly and Giordano and the Swedish OF inventory questionnaires. The statistical analysis was conducted by the SPSS software, version 22.

The mean mental state of the participants was 16.7±3.6. Meanwhile, 40% of nurses had a high mental load. The mean condition of the OF was high (49.02±4.2; 23.2%). Regarding JS, 45.5%, 25.9% and 28.6% were the high, medium, and low levels, respectively. A direct and significant relationship was detected between MW, JS and OF (P<0.05).

The mean MW, JS and OF among emergency nurses were high. Almost half and about a quarter of the emergency nurses are under JS and OF, respectively. Therefore, to improve emergency nurses’ health conations, and productivity, and create safe conditions in emergencies, the control and management of this harmful occupational factor should be under continuous monitoring.

Critical risks are one of the most important problems in industries, which have high costs for the industry. This study aimed to assess critical safety and health risks through job safety analysis and analytic hierarchy process in industrial printing.

The present study was conducted as a descriptive and analytical in one of the printing industries in Iran, in 2020. Critical risks were collected by visiting and observing the job safety analysis checklist. Then, critical risk prioritization was performed by an analytic hierarchy process using Expert Choice software, version 11.

A total of 23 hazards were identified. Mechanical hazards (61%) and chemical hazards (9%) had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. The identified safety and health hazards included musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the upper and lower back, respiratory and skin exposure to chemicals, the risk of electric shock, and mechanical hazards (hand entrapment, hand amputation, and falling objects).

The highest priority of critical risk was related to MSDs of the upper and lower back. The next priority of critical risk was related to chemical agents, respiratory exposure to organic solvents, and dermal exposure to organic solvents.

Productivity and safety of night shift workers are affected by sleepiness during work. Therefore, interventions to reduce sleepiness are very important. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of light on sleepiness and mouth temperature of hospital night shift workers.

This clinical trial study was conducted using light intensity intervention in 140 hospital night shift workers in 2018 with targeted sampling. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) was used to determine the sleepiness score. This scale was completed one hour after light interventions at 23 and 1, 3 and 5 in the morning. Also, mouth temperature was measured one hour after starting work at 23, 1, 3, 2, and 4. Finally, the data before and after the intervention were compared and the results were analyzed.

The average sleepiness and mouth temperature were 1.04±2.67 and 36.56±0.13, respectively. The effect of the intervention on sleepiness was significant (P-value <0.001). The correlation between mouth temperature and sleep was significant (0.033, r = 0.22, P-value). The trend of changes in employees' oral temperature was also significant (P-value < 0.001).

The results showed that the light intensity had a significant effect on sleepiness. But there was no significant effect of light intensity on the mouth temperature of employees and there was a significant inverse relationship between sleepiness and mouth temperature.

People’s participation in more efficient control of the disease and public awareness about the risk of COVID-19 affect their preventive behavior. This study examines the level of fear of COVID-19 infection in Iranian society after returning to social activities and business reopening.

This Cross-Sectional study consisted of urban dwellers in Iran, and the data gathering tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire. To design the instrument, the authors interviewed experts and ordinary people to determine the key questions . Then, the questions were modified and finalized based on the experts’ feedback and a reexamination by the experts after two weeks. An online version of the questionnaire was disseminated using social networks. 168 people were included in the study by the available sampling method. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Quantitative data as mean and standard deviation were reported, and the qualitative data were reported as numbers. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between questions related to COVID-19 infection fear and demographic variables. Data analyses were done in SPSS 20.

The study was carried out on 168 participants, and 78 of them were employees of different offices. The participants believed that among the ways of spreading the disease, kissing and hugging (n=142, 84.5%), shaking hands (n=127, 75.6%), contact with the saliva of an infected person (n=116, 69.0%), and spread through the air (n=60, 35.7%) had the highest frequencies.

Fear of COVID-19 infection in the participants was at moderate and above moderate levels. The participants also hoped that the vaccine would be found and made available to the public. Policy-makers in the health sector can use the results.

Coronavirus is a viral disease with fast spreading rate. It has become a pandemic and afflicted all countries. One of the ways to prevent the COVID-19 infection is to motivate public participation and to respect for health protocols. The level of adherence to the protocols depends on one’s risk perception. To measure the level of risk perception, a valid and reliable measurement tool is needed.

The present study is an attempt to Psychometric Properties of Coronavirus infection risk perception Questionnaire with a working life approach.

The article concentrated on the generation, translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric risk perception questionnaire. In this cross-sectional study, we generated an item pool extracted from the literature relating to risk perception in COVID-19 disease. A sample of 228 participated in the study. The initial scale consisted 41 Items were produced from literature. A scale containing 26 Items appeared as a result of an exploratory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the internal consistency. Data analysis was conducted at 95% confidence level. The data analyzed using the SPSS statistical version (V. 21). 

Exploratory factor analysis of the scale explained 45.3% of the variance observed. In addition to analyses indicated satisfactory results for internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.76 to 0.84) and intra-class correlation (ranging from 0.79 to 0.94). 

This study generated the Persian-language version of the coronavirus infection risk perception in Iranian individuals through psychometric testing to measure risk perception. Based on the results of this study, this questionnaire is reliable for measuring people's risk perception.

The outbreak of coronavirus is a global crisis that has greatly affected the daily activities of individuals and has caused many deaths and injuries in the world. Because observing the preventive behaviors of the general public is one of the main ways to break the chain of transmission of the disease and get rid of this crisis. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of prevention of coronavirus disease in lifestyle and home-based jobs in Iranian society.

In this validation and methodological study, after reviewing the opinions of experts, basic and effective questions were collected to evaluate the extent of preventive behaviors against coronavirus. Formal and content validity in quantitative and qualitative methods were used to validate the instrument. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal reliability of the instrument. Questions with a face validity index greater than 1.5, a CVI index greater than 0.79, and a CVR index greater than 0.62 were considered appropriate. If Cronbach's alpha coefficient is greater than 0.7, the internal reliability of the instrument is established.

The face validity of all questions was more than 1.5 and the face validity of all questions was confirmed. The value of the CVI index in the 5 questions of the questionnaire was less than 0.79. Also, the value of the CVR index in the same 5 questions was less than 0.62. After removing the above 5 questions, the final questionnaire of 16 questions was introduced as a tool. Also, the internal reliability of the instrument was (α = 0.71).

The results of this study showed that the proposed questionnaire is suitable for measuring the level of preventive behaviors against coronavirus in lifestyle and home-based businesses and has good validity and reliability as a useable tool.

The World Health Organization (WHO) called for taking preventive measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Preventive behaviors are required when the risk is perceived. The present study aimed to investigate individuals’ preventative behaviors towards understanding and worrying about COVID-19 in the Iranian society.

This descriptive study was conducted on 342 respondents in the spring of 2021 using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of three sections of demographic questions about awareness and basic issues. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. In addition, the chi-square test and the Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to examine the association between questions and demographic variables.

The findings showed that 209 (61.1%) respondents wore masks outdoors at a very high level. Only 40 (11.7%) respondents observed social distance requirements (at least more than 1.5 meters) at a very low level. Besides, 309 (90.4%) respondents washed their hands properly thoroughly at moderate to very high levels.

COVID-19 Preventive behaviors among respondents was associated to their perception of and concerns over COVID-19 contraction, raising their awareness of the disease as well as promoting concerns over it in the society.

The quality of life (QOL) is essential in all different stages of life; however, It is more important for older people as it can be effective in promoting their health. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the literature on the QOL in the Iranian elderly population.

The study was carried out as a systematic review. For this purpose, all databases were searched in March 2021. The keywords used for the search were “quality of life, elderly, older adults, aging, seniors, and Iran” along with the Persian equivalents. PRISMA protocol was used to screen articles. After removing duplicate and irrelevant items, two evaluators appraised the articles separately based on a researcher‑made checklist derived from the SBEM and STROBE Statement standard checklists.

The initial search yielded 3734 studies on the QOL in the Iranian elderly population. After screening and assessing the studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles remained in the study. Most of the studies (cross‑sectional) were conducted in Tehran using a 36‑item Short‑Form Health Survey to assess the QOL. The studies investigated sociodemographic determinants, physical and health‑related behaviors, and spirituality and psychological determinants of the QOL. The sociodemographic determinants were the most common factors under study. The results showed that the role of gender and socioeconomic status was the strongest among the sociodemographic characteristics. A significant association was found between the QOL in the Iranian elderly population and factors such as depression and religious confrontation.

In addition to chronic diseases, diseases of the oral and dental, as well as an unhealthy diet, should be considered in the elderly. Therefore, attention should be paid to all social, physical, and psychological variables that affect the QOL of older people.

Labor is one of the most important wards of hospital, where human error is high. Midwifery errors in the maternity ward and in the delivery can be a serious threat to the health of the mother and the infant, resulting in increased treatment costs. Factors affecting human error are diversity in work, high workload, and fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the midwifery errors in the maternity ward using the systematic human error reduction and prediction approach (SHERPA) technique.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019, during which different midwifery tasks were determined in four stages of admitting, pre-labor, delivery, and postpartum. Tasks and sub-tasks were identified using the hierarchical task analysis (HTA) technique and human error was evaluated using the SHERPA technique.

The results of the HTA technique identified 19 main tasks, 52 sub-tasks, and 114 activities. After assessing human error risk with the SHERPA technique, the performance was the most frequent type of  error and the highest frequency was related to the undesirable risk level.

The errors of the midwifery profession in the hospital’s labor are high-risk and largely critical. Factors such as high workload, time pressure, and fatigue influence the incidence of human error. In order to reduce human error in this area, strategies such as reducing staff workload, developing standard checklists and guidelines are essential to reduce human error in this ward.

Ergonomics of schools and school furniture is one of the main issues in students’ education. The proportion of school furniture to the anthropometric dimensions of students is one of the main ergonomic challenges in schools that affect students’ health. This systematic review study aimed to examine the match between anthropometric measures and school furniture dimensions among Iranian students. A systematic review was carried out using databases to Google Scholar, SID, IRANDOC, PubMed, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect and specific keywords to find papers published before March 2020. The references of seminal studies were also used to extend the search scope. Totally, 11 studies entered the review. The results showed that there was no proportion between classroom furniture and students in schools under study. This lack of proportion was evident at different grades in both boys’ and girls’ schools. The results showed a lack of proportion between classroom furniture and Iranian students. There is a need to design and procure furniture based on the anthropometric dimensions of the society that will help to health promotion of students. An updated national anthropometric databank of Iranian students can be a step to solve the problem.

Work-related accidents are one of the most important factors in the loss of human lives. With technology and industrial progress, the consequences of accidents due to hazards become more severe and may even stop the work of power plants. This study aimed to identify and assess the risk of hazards in a combined cycle power plant.

The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk of a combined cycle power plant using the FMEA method. Having studied various documentation and records, holding different meetings, and brainstorming, the risk priority number was calculated and corrective suggestions have been presented.

Out of a total of 74 identified risks, 34 (45.94%) were at high risk, and 40 (54.05%) were of medium risk. 85% of the risks had the highest severity levels that could cause explosions and fires, injuries, and burns.

It can be mentioned that the risks associated with industries such as power plants were high and preventive measures in such places are very important. Identifying hazards and risk assessments with a standard method such as FMEA was a useful way to prevent accidents and human and financial losses.

Nurses are the main staff of the hospital. The large number of clients, the high volume of work and the shortage of staff increase the mental workload of nurses. On the other hand, reducing the control of the work process leads to mental stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of job control and explaining the relationship between job satisfaction and mental workload in nurses.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 188 nurses of educational hospitals in Shushtar and Ardabil cities, Iran, in 2019. Research tools included demographic information questionnaire, NASA-TLX questionnaire, Job description index (JDI) questionnaire, and job control questionnaire. For Data analysis the correlation coefficient and regression analysis with SPSS-18 and AMOS-18 software were used.

Based on the results, the final model had good fitness (GFI=0.859, CFI=0.921, RMSEA=0.067). The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between mental workload and job satisfaction (P<0.001, r=-0.33) and this relationship has increased with the presence of job control (P<0.001, r=-0.42).

High levels of job control are associated with increased job satisfaction and reduced workload. As a result, in order to reduce the mental workload and increase job satisfaction, job control of nurses can be increased to improve working conditions.

MusculoSkeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the most common and most costly occupational injuries and one of the main causes of work-related disability and disability among workers. The aim of this study was musculoskeletal disorders evaluation of glass factory workers using the discomfort survey questionnaire and Assessment Repetitive Tasks (ART)

Method and Instruments: This study was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by census of active workers in the two main production halls. The MSDs data among 40 workers were collected using the discomfort survey questionnaire. Four types of activity were evaluated by ART method. The study data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

The results obtained from the questionnaire and evaluation of ART method were consistent. According to the results obtained from the left and right were as different levels of risk and the right to 42.17% of the average risk level, 28.14 percent and 28.14 percent of high-risk but low level of risk to low risk level and 85.42% of the left 85.42 percent average risk and 28.14% of the high - risk level is obtained.

For most tasks sides of the body with moderate risk level. By providing simple and low-cost solutions, as well as management of these disorders can be prevented to some extent.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders usually engage the lower back, cervical spine and upper extremities (shoulder, elbow, wrists, hands and fingers). According to reports from around the world, work- related musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational disorders and diseases. There is no accurate estimate of the prevalence of these disorders in Iran, but studies have reported a high prevalence. These disorders are the most important cause of absenteeism among workers. They also play a significant role in the premature disablement of workers. Disorders also induce economic losses in human societies due to the loss of working days, the cost of treatment and rehabilitation, reduction of quality of life of affected people and their families.  These disorders affect the individual, organization, and society. Studies have shown that musculoskeletal disorders are very costly, in such a way that they induce the highest suffering for the patient and among them, back pain has the highest rank. Many of these disorders are due to the failure to observe the ergonomic principles and the unfavorable and non-standard conditions governing the work environment and how to perform the job.  It can be clearly stated that the range of ergonomic problems in work environments is not limited to musculoskeletal injuries, but also include loss of productivity and efficiency, increased errors, fatigue, discomfort and environmental stress.  The risk factors for these disorders are multifactorial, and they are still not fully understood in some respects. The most important factors include occupational ones such as unfavorable work environment, manual work, heavy lifting, repetitive and heavy work. Agriculture, like mining and construction, is recognized as one of the three highly hazardous and high-risk industries in terms of health. National and international studies show that the physical needs of farming occupation can be a cause of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Dairy plants is one of the subsectors of the agriculture and food. Dairy plants, and especially milking the cows, affects the musculoskeletal system of the workers in the industry due to physical needs, poor working posture and repetitive movements and tasks. Musculoskeletal disorders in the areas of waist, shoulders, hands, wrists and knees are one of the common problems in this industry. Cow-milking is one of the most hazardous sectors in terms of ergonomic risk factors in the livestock industry. According to studies, about one-third of workers in the milking sector often experience symptoms of pain in the shoulders and necks. Increased work time, milking more cows per hour, high physical activity and repetitive tasks are among the potential risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in this industry. This study aims at investigating the effects of ergonomic engineering interventions and management decisions on reducing the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders and improving work postures among milking workers in dairy plants.

This is an interventional study performed in a dairy plants with 240 personnel working in different parts of Isfahan. In the primary health and safety investigations in this industry, the hazardous milking sector was selected as the research environment because it produces the highest number of physical complaints by personnel, the highest number of occupational accidents and back injuries. All 48 workers of the milking sector were investigated. The purpose of the study and the methodology was fully explained to the participants in the study. They were assured that, firstly, their information would be completely confidential to the researchers. Secondly, participation in this study was entirely voluntary and if they were not willing to participate in the study, there were no consequences for them. After explaining the study, in case they were willing, the consent form was completed by the participants and the presence of the individual was confirmed. The procedure was carried out in 4 steps as follows. 1. Evaluation of the occupation of milking and determining the frequency of disorders among the workers. 2. Implementing intervention programs. 3. Re-evaluation of the occupation of milking and determining the frequency of disorders after completing the intervention program. 4. Comparing the results before and after the interventions. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders, the Persian version of Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was completed by the participants. The questionnaire analyzes the frequency of discomfort, severity of discomfort and its impact on work power in the last week in twelve parts of the body. The CMDQ is a suitable tool for the evaluation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The ergonomic evaluation uses a quick exposure check (QEC) posture analysis method. This methodology allows assessing worker exposure to a wide range of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. In this method, part of the work is completed by the observer and the other part by the operator. The QEC methodology is used to assess a range of occupations including: manual handling, repetitive tasks, dynamic tasks, tasks involving sitting and standing. In the QEC posture analysis, psychosocial risk factors are considered in addition to physical risk factors. This method is also an appropriate method for evaluating interventional operations, because immediately and after intervention programs, the impact of interventions can be assessed by re-evaluating the work environment.After the analysis, the results were discussed with the top management of the organization and officials from other sectors to determine intervention measures. At the end of the meeting, decisions were made to improve the ergonomic situation of the milking personnel, which include the engineering interventions, management interventions and implementation of educational programs. The time required for the implementation of the interventions and the authority responsible for their implementation was determined. After completing the intervention, the frequency of musculoskeletal discomfort among the participants and the ergonomic status of the milking occupation were re-evaluated using the CMDQ and QEC posture analysis. In the end, in order to investigate the effect of these interventions on decreasing musculoskeletal discomfort and improving personnel postures, the scores before and after the evaluation compared by use of paired t-test and their significance was examined.

All participants in this study were men. 56.26% of the research population was under 30 years old and 66.66% had a work experience of under 4 years of age, indicating the low age and low experience of the population studied. The highest score of the CMDQ in terms of the frequency of discomfort was related to the lower back (364.5 before and 187.5 after intervention), shoulder (190.25 before intervention and 114 after intervention) and neck (164.5% before and 85.5 after intervention), respectively. Paired t-test showed that the scores of the CMDQ were significantly decreased after intervention in the three parts of frequency of discomfort, severity of discomfort, and its impact on work (p-value <0.05). There was no significant difference between the scores of the questionnaire in three areas: upper arms, hips/ buttocks and legs before and after the intervention (p-value> 0.05) but in other areas (neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back , forearm, wrist, thigh, knee and leg) (p-value <0.05). The final score of analysis of the work environment using the QEC posture analysis methodology has significantly decreased after completion of the interventions.

The results of this study showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the lower back, neck and shoulders, is high among cow-milking workers, and corrective ergonomic measures are needed to prevent the disorders. Also, a careful examination of the milking occupation showed that the most important risk factors for the milking workers included: awkward postures, static position for long periods of time, high work hours, uniformity of duties due to the nature of the job and failure to observe the principles of occupational ergonomics at the work environment. Therefore, corrective measures to improve the ergonomic status of milking workers should be elimination of the risk factors identified. Findings of this study showed that the implementation of ergonomic training programs included the selection of the best physical condition with the lowest pressure on the body during milking operations, correct and ergonomic principles of manual handling, improving posture and reducing the risk of disorders (decreasing the score of QEC posture analysis). Also, the results of this study showed that the simultaneous implementation of ergonomic engineering interventions, management plans and training programs will result in a reduction in the frequency of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the improvement of work posture. Considering that milking activity in dairy plants has the same procedures and equipment, corrective measures of this research are also useful for other dairy plants. One of the limitations of this study was that there is no control group and it is recommended that in future studies, taking into account the control group, the roles of each intervention should be separately reported and compared. For example, the role of ergonomic engineering interventions should be compared with training and management plans and the effectiveness of each one in the reduction of disorders is analyzed so that the measures are prioritized according to their impact. This prioritization can help managers who cannot implement all interventions simultaneously to select the most effective actions.

Cement production processes are associated with different hazards, such as health and safety hazards and environmental pollution. The current study was conducted to evaluate and determine the safety, health, and environmental risks of using FMEA and AHP techniques in the cement factories while providing certain suggestions for controlling them.

The study was conducted as a case in one cement factory in 2019. The checklists for FMEA and AHP techniques were filled out by the evaluation team. The risks were identified and prioritized. Controlled approaches were suggested for the identified risks.

In this study, 101 risk cases were evaluated and categorized in various units of the factory, such as manufacturing and service units. The results of FMEA technique showed that crushing, crushing monitoring, milling, filtration, and pre-heater sections had the highest degree of health and safety risks. The results of AHP technique also showed that the environmental pollution caused by the removal of electro filter from the circuit, electro fan burning caused by over current, the failure of the equipment and process, and the defect in the filtration system were all prioritized.

Through taking technical-engineering measures, adopting comprehensive HSE management solutions, such as changes in the work process, making replacements in parts and used machinery, installing recyclable systems, repairing and maintaining the system of air pollution protection, installing a warning and responsive system, mechanizing activities, shielding, implementing instructions and regular curriculum can greatly reduce the risk level.

Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common complaints among staff doing static or repetitious tasks using the upper limbs and individuals who work with computer for hours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of MSDs among computer users in the office department of Healthcare Network of Iran.

This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 105 computer users in the Healthcare Network who were selected through census sampling method in 2018. The data collecting tools included the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) and the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) checklist. To investigate the relationship between demographic variables and the final ROSA score, Analysis of Variance ANOVA and T-test were used.

Totally, 105 computer users with mean age of 38.7 ± 7.1 years and mean work experience 7.4 ± 14.7 years were assessed. Discomfort and musculoskeletal pain in the neck and hip were more common than the other parts. The results of the ROSA method showed that the final mean ROSA score was 5.38 ± 1.07. About 37.1% of the cases need just notification and 62.9% of them need ergonomic intervention. Moreover, gender and work experience had a significant effect on the final ROSA score (P<0.001).

A high prevalence of MSDs was observed in the neck and hip regions of computer users. Given the ROSA score, which was at notification area, a series of ergonomic and managerial measures are needed to improve the conditions of the workstations and reduce the prevalence of MSDs.

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a critical unit in terms of nursing care with a high risk of error incidence. This research aimed at determining the type of nursing task mistake, the risk level of the nurse’s duties, and assessing the probability of human error in the duties of the nurse. This research was a case study. The location of NICU research was Alavi and Bouali Hospitals in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The study was performed using HTA, SHERPA and SPAR-H methods. Having analyzed the occupational hierarchy, 17 main tasks and 35 subtasks were identified and studied in NICUs. Among 156 error cases, 43.59% were action errors (highest frequency) and 8.97% were selection errors (lowest frequency). The most common errors in terms of the type of task and probability of errors were “air and respiratory ventilation”, “thermal and respiratory monitoring”, “examination, evaluation and control of the newborn’s pain”, and “administering drugs”. The factors affecting performance such as time, psychological and physical stress, workload, work complexity, mental effort, experience and education, instruction, ergonomics principles, work planning, safety culture, management policy, and organizational support had the greatest impact on the probability of nurse errors.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the main cause of occupational disorders and  disabilities in the developing countries. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of  the MSDs in steel Industry workers using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and  its relationship with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) results.  The present research was a descriptive-analytic study conducted  on the Iranian steel industry in 2018. A total of 17 workstations were randomly selected and  NMQ was used to explore the prevalence of the symptoms of Work-related Musculoskeletal  Disorders (WMSDs). Afterwards, the workers’ postures were assessed via RULA. Finally,  the results were analyzed in SPSS 22 through the chi-square test, independent t-test, and  analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. This study showed the significant relationship between the results from the  Nordic assessment of the back, knee, and neck within the past 12 months and profession type  (p<0.05). However, the final assessment scores, corrective measures priority, and Nordic  assessments of the back, neck, and knee of the workers showed no significant relationship  with work experience (p>0.05). The findings of this study revealed that in order to considerably reduce the  musculoskeletal disorders in the steel industry workers, immediate measures must be taken  to correct the back and neck postures especially in the scrap shear operators, welders, ingot  shear operators, electrical technician, tower operator, and guillotine operators.

Occupational burnout is determined by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between shift work and burnout in different parts of a teaching hospital in Ahvaz city in 2016.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 180 shift nurses. Stratified sampling was used to collect samples and Maslach and Jackson's burnout questionnaires were applied to collect data. Data were then analyzed using SPSS18 software.
Analysis of the results of this study showed that "emotional exhaustion" and "depersonalization" with respective frequencies of 77.2 % and 92.8 % are severe in nurses. On the other hand, the "reduced personal performance" has been reported at a rate of 90.6 %.
High levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the one hand and low level of reduced personal performance among the studied nurses is an alert for managers in the field of health. In the case of not considering appropriate management measures to improve the burnout dimensions, psychological and physical damages can be caused by shift work on employees of the health sector.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the assessment methods of human errors and compare the results of these techniques in order to introduce the precise method of human error assessment, and recognize the factors affecting the occurrence of these errors. 

 This case study was done at three workstation control room of a cement industry in 2014. After determining the responsibilities and critical jobs by hierarchical task analysis, cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) and human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) were used in order to analyze the human errors. 

 The results showed that in the CREAM method, the highest probability of error occurrence is related to monitoring and control (operator) with a probability of 0.207, and that of in the HEART method, is related to control signs (operator) with a probability of 0.416. The number of errors detected by CREAM and HEART method were 85 and 80, respectively. Time and cost of applying the CREAM methods were 235 h and 1175($), while those in the HEART techniques were 215 h and 1075($). 

 We concluded that the highest probability of calculated errors relates to "monitoring and control (operator)," "controlling warning signs (operators)," and "cooperation in solving the problem (supervisor)" for both techniques. By considering the time and cost factors, HEART has superiority, while CREAM is better due to its extensive evaluation and the number of detected errors.