amin hajivand

Today, it is accepted in the international community that environmental threats also endanger international peace and security. The United Nations, as the most important global organization responsible for international peace and security, has begun to draw up an internationalized criminal policy by approving binding documents, guidance documents, etc. In the realm of global criminal policy, one of the areas that can be studied scientifically is the role of "education" towards the environment. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, has reached the important result that the education of activists and legal system professionals in the field of the environment holds a higher position than education aimed only at raising awareness and instilling morality in societies. The green international criminal policy is a set of measures and actions taken by the United Nations as the most important international actor towards environmental protection. In the internationalized criminal policy, which can be categorized into two approaches—proactive and reactive—there is a need for training both citizens to manage preventive proactive criminal policy (using social prevention methods and green media tools, making environmental law lessons compulsory for all disciplines) and the judicial system to manage the reactive criminal system (employing green-trained officers, increasing the number of special officers, providing continuous specialized training for them, and maximizing the use of judges with postgraduate education in environmental law, energy law, etc.). Iran's legal system also faces serious challenges in some of these areas, which, by addressing these education-oriented challenges, can help to confront and combat anti-green criminals.

This introduction to this special issue discusses artificial intelligence (AI), commonly defined as “a system’s ability to interpret external data correctly, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.” It summarizes seven articles published in this special issue that present a wide variety of perspectives on AI, authored by several of the world’s leading experts and specialists in AI. It concludes by offering a comprehensive outlook on the future of AI, drawing on minor, and macro-perspectives.

This essay adopts an interdisciplinary approach to consider the meaning of ‘eco-crime’ in the aquatic environment and draws on marine science, the study of criminal law and environmental law, and the criminology of environmental harms. It reviews examples of actions and behaviors of concern, such as offences committed by transnational organized crime and the legal and illegal over-exploitation of marine resources, and it discusses responses related to protection, prosecution and punishment, including proposals for an internationally accepted and enforced law of ecocide. One key element of the policy and practice of ending ecocide is the call to priorities the adoption of technologies that are benign and renewable. Our study ends with a description of almadarba fishing method (a complex and ancient technique for trapping and catching Atlantic Bluefin tuna, which was originally used by the Phoenicians and developed into its current form in the Islamic period in southeastern Iberia). To showing that there are ways in which sustainable and renewable principles can be applied in an ethical and fair way in modern aquaculture.

An overview of green criminology (GC) is provided. That substantial literature is not easily summarized, and here, some core issues are reviewed: defining green crimes, the scope of GC, measuring green crimes, and empirical studies of green crimes. Special attention is paid to political economic approaches to GC, which was the foundation for GC. Connections are made to environmental sociology, theories of metabolic rift and unequal ecological exchange, and scientific evidence on planetary boundaries and ecological footprints. Examples of widespread human and nonhuman being green victimization are reviewed. In an era of anthropogenicdriven global ecological collapse, academic disciplines must pay increased attention to ecological disorganization, ecosystem destruction, and excessive production/consumption, which is the proper subject matter of GC.

Criminal description is one of the most important types of description that a method should be used to regulate it. Modeling and modeling is the best way to systematize specific criminal description. This study introduces the modeling of specific criminal law with emphasis on the description of regular criminal law and has modeled it in a crime against security (crime of moharebeh). Descriptive and data collection was done by reviewing documents and taking notes. In the proposed model of the present study, each crime consists of three parts or components, the first of which is the criminal title, which is the same as the accusatory title in the applied stage of the prosecution. Criminal titles can be divided into two categories: explicit and implicit, which can almost be said that previous studies have not examined this model and have considered the first component as a legal element. Regarding the second and third parts of this model, which is the material and psychological element, a special organization has been done which has been described in detail in the research; But the point that is more visible in this research is that the description components are regularized and by using this model, it is possible to easily identify complex crimes such as cyber-crimes and crimes against security, etc.

By studying the historical evolvement of criminal laws, it becomes evident that different societies implement a rather extreme penal system to prevent crime and defend the values governing over society; of which the most recent systemic implementations strives towards by the use of preventive programs and approaches. Preventive measures to pre-empt crime is of great importance in criminal policy due to having a non-violent and an obstructive nature towards punishments, and while serving as a strategy to deal with crime, it is also considered a valued ideology and approach; hence it has been  the subject of various studies from both a theoretical and a practical perspective. Furthermore, an understanding of Islam’s criminal policy based on the viewpoint of Imam Ali (as) is crucial; therefore, with a thorough examination of this matter, the current research concludes that crime prevention policies are based on a series of priniciples from Imam Ali’s point of view. These principles include: the importance and necessity of crime prevention, methods’ legitimacy, observance of justice and respect for human dignity. In addition to emphasizing the significance of these principles in preventive measures, Imam Ali (as) has also provided solutions for social and situational prevention of crime of which its most notable constituents are: tackling ignorance, striving toward promotion of moral virtues, taking necessary measures to meet human needs, respecting citizen’s rights, monitoring the performance of government officials, improving social correspondences and enjoining good and forbidding evil.

Criminological findings acknowledge that if serious attention is paid to the role and position of the victim, it has a significant impact on solving the criminal problem and even in many cases, it will prevent the victim from becoming a second victim. Since victimization is an important discussion in the field of criminology, one of the types of victimization for which the least preventive solution has been provided is the victimization of the second immigrants. The issue of foreigners as an important minority that includes a large population under different names such as: refugees, immigrants, tourists, political agents, etc.; Less attention has been paid to the victimization of this second group of society. Since foreigners (immigrants) are among the vulnerable sections of the society for various reasons; It is more likely to be victimized, especially the second victim. The present research has been conducted with the aim of studying and investigating the problems of migrant victims in the criminal proceedings or the secondary victimization of migrants in the criminal proceedings, and it has been tried to explain the effect of the type of behavior of the institutions dealing with the victim and its role in the secondary victimization of migrants. In the current study, with a qualitative descriptive-analytical method (interview and face-to-face observation), the causes of the formation of victims of the second immigrants are issues such as: the immigrants' fear of returning to their country, the

Injustice and denial of rights of indigenous peoples are part of the long legacy of colonialism. Parallel processes of exploitation and injustice can be identified in relation to non-human species and/or aspects of the natural environment. International law can address some extreme examples of the crimes and harms of colonialism through the idea and legal definition of genocide, but the intimately related notion of ecocide that applies to nature and the environment is not yet formally accepted within the body of international law. In the context of this special issue reflecting on the development of green criminology, the article argues that the concept of ecocide provides a powerful tool. To illustrate this, the article explores connections between ecocide, genocide, capitalism and colonialism and discusses impacts on indigenous peoples and on local and global (glocal) ecosystems.

One of the prominent and important components in dealing with the issue of terrorism is to examine gender so that the experiences and goals of women in joining these groups become more prominent. The increase in the presence and activity of women in terrorist acts, especially with the formation of the Islamic State of ISIS, made attention to the issue of gender in research and research related to terrorism more prominent The mission and goal of terrorist groups in attracting women shows that this group promises each of the women who want to join it exactly an ideal and a goal that is felt as a lack and limitation in the normal life of people; In other words, from the point of view of ISIS, women are no longer pitiable and victimized members of society, but as important and strategically important members who can assume the important and main roles of leadership and command of the organization. This research will investigate the participation of women in terrorist groups with a descriptive-analytical method.

It is clear that the right to life is the most important human right. The right to health is one of the fundamental rights of human beings, which is raised in order to guarantee the right to life. One of the important and basic rights that is mentioned under the right to health and is recognized as one of the most important rights in order to achieve the right to health is the right to access medicine. The purpose of this study is to examine the criminal responsibility of the heads of state in the field of violation of the right to access to medicine.

This research is descriptive-analytical and library information collection.

Ethical Considerations:

 Scientific trustworthiness has been observed in all stages of the research.

In international human rights documents, the right to access medicine is not explicitly mentioned as a fundamental right; But the right to health, which is one of the fundamental rights, also includes the right to access medicine. The right to access medicine (in the form of a more general right to medical care) is considered a fundamental human right. This right has been supported both independently and implicitly, in the form of the right to medical care, in various international documents. The criminal responsibility of the heads of state can be examined in this context, and the analytical examination of international documents is the way forward.

Deliberately placing a group in an inappropriate biological situation that leads to their total or partial deterioration is one of the material elements of genocide. In fact, the indirect destruction of a group by placing its members in harsh living conditions that sooner or later will lead to their destruction. Among the examples of this action, we can mention poor nutritional status, systematic expulsion from the place of residence and reduction of essential medical services. One of the heinous international crimes based on Article 7 of the Constitution is crimes against humanity, which is one of the examples of crimes against humanity if the heads of governments deliberately deprive a population of medicine in order to destroy them. Unlike crimes against humanity, any serious violation of international humanitarian law is considered a war crime as stated in Article 8 of the Statute. In this regard, omission such as not providing necessary medical care can be included in war crimes. The spiritual element of this crime can be intentional or negligent; Therefore, the conviction of the heads of state for committing these crimes regarding the lack of supply of medicine to civilians and the injured is likely. Causing great pain and suffering or serious injuries to the body or health is one of the actions leading to a gross violation of the Geneva Conventions, which is in the category of war crimes. Depriving civilians as a method of war by depriving them of the property that is necessary for their survival (such as medicine) is also a war crime and has become a customary rule in the practice of governments.

One of the most important techniques for legislation is to write general Sections in criminal law. The concept of general materials is that the provisions of these Sections have a general scope and can be extended to the general public; Because general Sections are the norm and they want to be applied to specific Sections. In the Iranian legal system, the Islamic Penal Code provides for the first time four types of general articles, indicating the attention of the Iranian legislature to the discussion of general articles. Philosophy and the necessity of predicting general articles in criminal law have strong foundations, which include the reflection of the general principles of criminal law, the community of commonalities, and the certainty of certain criteria and the guarantee of measured criminal policy. With a critical approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study looks at the writing of the book Generalities and General Sections of the four books of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 2013 and examines and analyzes the inconsistencies with the basis and requirements of generalities and general materials and provides appropriate solutions. It deals with this.

Concerning the importance of the guarantee of right on the safe environment as a part of the solidarity rights subdivision, sometimes we face with the violation of this right by the governments themselves in neoliberal societies. Acting damaging environmental behaviours by governments and citizens in some societies, specifically in neoliberal societies, have been increased. Governments in these societies, to guarantee the profits of capitalism, may normalise the damaging behaviours. One of the results of this process is the violating of right on the safe environment. One of the fields which consider the effects of the culture-building of the damaging environmental behaviours, is the green cultural criminology as one of the branches of the critical criminology. The aforementioned criminology by merging cultural and green criminology has taken important steps in green studies. This research, using a descriptive-analysis method, has come to this conclusion that the medium which is at the disposal of the capitalism, by prescribing the consumer culture and the fashionism, have a very important role in the extension of these kinds of damaging behaviours. They play this process by environmental immorality. As a result, on the one hand, the green culture building and environmental teachings should be institutionalised on the citizens. This will lead to increase their environmental perception together with the guarantee of right on the safe environment.

Today, many legal systems have criminalized terrorism and its new forms in order to protect national interests and security. One of the new forms of terrorism, which has certain complexities, is environmental bio-terrorism, which includes bioterrorism and agro-terrorism. In order to fight against environmental and environmental terrorism, the Iranian legal system has also cited some examples of it as a crime of corruption on earth. Today, this is an undeniable fact that Iran is in many cases a victim of bioterrorism and environmental terrorism, so the issue of the jurisdiction of the Iranian courts to deal with this phenomenon and punish their perpetrators is raised, especially that Environmental terrorism in the Iranian legal system is based on a certain crime, and we will face certain complexities and difficulties in the discussion of competencies. It is achieved that due to the lack of coverage of Article 2 86 Islamic Penal Code Regarding all instances of terrorism and the implementation problems of Articles 3 to 9 of the Penal Code, Iran's legal system should state environmental terrorism, bio-terrorism and agro-terrorism as independent criminal offenses, criminalization and eligibility under its own law. What was previously mentioned in the anti-terrorism bill regarding all terrorist crimes was not implemented.

Today, environmental violent crimes have caused the contemporary world to face huge disasters. The purpose of environmental violent crimes is those aggressive behaviors that are punishable by criminal law. In addition to physical damage, aggression involves mental illness, as it is now evident in environmental crime. One of the requirements of the criminal law of the environment is that penalties must be such that they are appropriate and efficient. The guarantee of proper and efficient implementation is that it can be deterred. The theory of deterrence is one of the most important and most influential theories related to the justification of punishment. The basic premise of deterrence is that humankind is a wise and thoughtful entity, and therefore examines the cost-benefit of its actions. According to the theory of deterrence, certainty, severity of punishment, and the speed of its implementation can prevent the perpetration of crimes by potential offenders, leading them to non-committing a crime. In this paper, the analytical-descriptive method has tried to analyze the conflicting effects of inhibition in the field of law and justice and to provide practical suggestions.

Considering environmental crime due to its many bio-damages, the main focus of green cultural criminology studies is to identify environmental crime and bio-harm prevention guidelines in this criminology measure. This study is essential to the realization of the goals of bioethics, as one of the important principles of bioethics is the important principle of harm prevention.

This descriptive-analytical study will examine the views of contemporary critical green criminologists on environmental crime and the prevention of its damages.

The main demand of cultural criminology for green criminology is to pay attention to the component of culture and the important demand of green criminology for cultural criminology; it is important to note that the environmental damage and catastrophe committed by governments and corporations should not be forgotten. The combination of these two criminology offers a great deal of help in preventing bio-damage, as green cultural criminology relies on the components of culture and education with minimal amount of criminal intervention, which can be effective in non-criminal bioethics. Ethical Considerations: Issues related to research ethics and fiduciary have been considered in the citations of the article.

The combination of cultural criminology and green criminology makes it possible to pay attention to two important components of culture and governmental environmental damage. Preventing environmental damage is also possible in this integrationist approach, by properly institutionalizing and cultivating environmental protection.

Environmental-terrorism in Iran and France criminal law Abstract: Terrorism and the complexity of this phenomenon in terms of the introduction of its new types are at the head of the concerns of each legal system.in terms of Criminal law,a comprehensive criminal protection should be considered. one of the many types of terrorism, which at the same time is the most dangerous and the most common type is, environmental terrorism. Among the legal systems, for the first time,France by codifying materials in the new Penal Code of France adopted in 1992,provided a section on environmental crime of environmental terrorism,the French Criminal Procedure Act also provides for differential treatments of terrorist offenses in a separate chapter. French lawgiver by bringing the phrase in the definition of environmental terrorism in Article 421(2), which is the main element of a terrorist crime terrorism,has separated the environment from other environmental impacts, such as contamination of water, air, and so on. there is no separate crime under the name of environmental law in Iran's law, but in many laws there are manifestations of the concept environmental terrorism;one of these items is, Section 286 of the Islamic Penal Code, by stipulating, the author considers the perpetrator to be a “mof-sedo-fel-arz .In this article,we will deal with the definition and similar cases of bio-terrorism in Iranian law and its adaptation to the country of France as a leading legal system in the field of Criminalization and imposing punishiment for environmental-terrorism.

Fair and differential proceedings of crimes against the environment is essential in order to fulfill the requirements of environmental rights. One of the areas where the criminalization of the criminal justice system must be discriminated in its territory is crimes of a green nature, since the need for comprehensive criminal protection of the environment which is one of the requirements for the protection of the environment, is more necessary to differentiation this field than ever. What we mean of green crimes, is the crim that committed against the environment and is classified into two categories of environmental crime and environmental terrorism. The reason for the separation of these two concepts is that the way they respond to these crimes is different, and they are also essentially different in terms of criminal intent.
Since there is a necessity of foundations for any legal decision in the criminal justice system, and the same principles justify the differentiation in the field of differential treatment and proceedings, hence, in this research by analytical-descriptive method We study the legal, legal, and criminal foundations that are the basis for differential treatment of crimes against humanity and justify differentiation in dealing with this type of crime.

A study of research evidence clearly reveals that the recognition of criminal responsibility for the state as the most prominent and most significant legal person is one of the concerns of the criminal justice system, and the lack of recognition of criminal liability for the state as one of the problems of legal systems. The mandates in the Note to section 20 (1)of the Islamic Penal Code )1392( did not identify criminal responsibility for the state, and no theorizing has been made regarding the grounds for criminalizing state actions in the field of environmental crimes. The aim of the authors is to identify and justify the necessity of criminalization of and assigning criminal liability to the Government in environmental crimes. In this research, analytical, descriptive and library sources are used to analyze the reasons for the necessity of identifying criminal responsibility for the state, state environmental crime, the existing challenges in the field of criminal responsibility of the state, and providing appropriate solutions have been taken. Identification of criminal liability for the Government in environmental crime is of great importance in all countries, especially in countries dependent on the oil and gas industry since the pollution occurring in these areas is often caused by the public sector. Therefore, identifying criminal liability for the state can be a positive step towards full environmental protection. Given the fact that the Government is the most important legal person and that it pollutes the environment, this weakens the government as based on rationality and legal reasoning, including the Law on the Administration of Civil Services of 1386 where it is stipulated in section 8 of this law that the environment is protected from acts of sovereignty. Therefore, the principle of equal treatment and equality of all before the Constitution requires that the state also has criminal responsibility, of course with appropriate deterrents for the Government that would undermine the sovereignty and impediment of governance.

Considering the significance of prevention as one of the most important issues in ethical and legal systems, and increasing the risk of environmental crimes, this study aimed to analyze the prevention of environmental crimes in the light of UN guidelines.
This analytical study examines the prevention of environmental crimes in the light of the UN guidelines. This analysis is done based on the ethical principle of prevention of harm.
Findings: Given the globalization of environmental damages, green criminologists have focused on the principle of no harm. They have recognized environmental harm as the criterion in the definition of the environmental crime rather than criminalization. The United Nations has adopted guidelines for the prevention of crime in 1996 and 2002 in the Economic Council to promote crime prevention programs at the national level. The key principles in these guidelines included: government governance, crime prevention in social and economic policies; participatory prevention; accountability; sustainability; cost-benefit analysis; knowledge-based; compliance with the Human rights; solidarity, Interdependency and differentiation.
The utilization of the principles of the United Nations Guidelines focusing on the ethical Principle of Prevention of harm, can help us to prevent environmental crimes. In order to prevent environmental damage and harm, participation of the civil society in the field of protection of environment is recommended through providing access of the citizens and empowering them, as well as, supporting community-based and non-governmental organizations.