فهرست مطالب amin rostamzadeh

The present study has been conducted with the aim of clarifying the mediating role of benevolent law breaking in the relationship between toxic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior in small businesses. The research method was descriptive-correlative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population was made up of all employees of small businesses in Urmia city, numbering 14218 people. For this purpose and based on Morgan's table, 375 people were selected as the statistical sample of the research using a two-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, the standard questionnaire of toxic leadership (Schmidt & Hanges, 2008), benevolent law breaking (Vardaman et al, 2014)  and organizational citizenship behavior of  were used.

Thus, in order to test the research hypotheses, first descriptive statistics and then structural equation technique using Smart P.L.S statistical software was used.

The findings of the research showed that the research model has a favorable fit and it indicates that toxic leadership has a negative and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior (path coefficient -0.39). The effect of toxic leadership on benevolent law breaking is positive and significant (path coefficient 0.72). Benevolent law breaking has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior (path coefficient 0.54) and finally the mediating role of benevolent law breaking in the relationship between toxic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed (path coefficient -0.39).

Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of toxic leadership characteristics can reduce the context of increasing deviant behaviors and pretentious behaviors and reducing citizenship behaviors in the environment of micro and small businesses.

The current research was conducted with the purpose of explaining pro-social rule breaking in the shadow of servant leadership style with the mediation of professional ethics in micro business managers.The research method was descriptive-correlative in nature and applied in terms of purpose.The statistical population of all employees of small businesses inUrmia city was14218people,and among them,375people were selected as a statistical sample based on Morgan's table by two-stage cluster sampling method.In this research,three standard questionnaires of servant leadership,pro-social rule breaking and professional ethics were used.The content and form validity of the tool was confirmed using the opinion of experts,and the construct validity was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis method,and the reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability.Data analysis was done at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using smart-pls statistical software.The findings showed that the research model had a favorable fit and indicated that servant leadership has a positive and significant effect on professional ethics(0.81).The effect of servant leadership on pro-social rule breaking is positive and significant(0.24).Professional ethics has a positive and significant effect on pro-social rule breaking(0.57).And finally,the mediating role of pro-social rule breaking in the relationship between servant leadership and professional ethics was confirmed(-0.46). Therefore, according to the obtained results, it is suggested that the characteristics of servant leadership should be used by small business managers in Urmia city to witness the increase of professional ethics and the distinction between law breaking and pro-social rule breaking in these businesses.

Bisphenol A is a monomer used in production of several plastic resins in food storage containers. Residue of BPA in plastics can be found in foods filled into the containers. Due to this fact that BPA is an endocrine disruptor, its dietary exposure must be estimated. In this method, the analyte was extracted using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure from water and milk samples. For this purpose, a mixture of acetone and chloroform (142 µL) was dispersed into the water sample or aqueous phase obtained from milk after its deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid. In both samples, the obtained cloudy solutions were centrifuged and the sedimented phase analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector. Analytical features of the method consist of limits of detection (0.44 ng mL-1 in water and 0.51 ng mL-1 in milk samples) and quantification (1.47 ng mL-1 in water and 1.72 ng mL-1 in milk samples), linearity (r2=0.992), precision (RSD≤11.1%), and accuracy (RSD≤3%) were studied under final conditions. The results showed that the obtained results are acceptable. Different milk and water samples were analyzed using the developed method and BPA was found in several samples in the ranges of 11.2-32.6 and 9.6-23.5 ng mL-1 in milk and water samples, respectively. Comparing the results with maximum residue limit established by European Commission showed that BPA content was higher than the permitted level.

The right to command has a direct relationship with how it is implemented in the organization, so that if the commands are issued but not implemented, the organizational performance is reduced. This study was conducted to provide a dynamic model for the development of the HRM area. The present study is an applied and descriptive-causal study with a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) approach. The research community is Iranian Public Agencies and according to the special conditions, 50 experts were selected form Organization managers and university professors. In the first stage using in-depth interviews, after identifying the key variables, causal relationships and circles are identified and the causal model is designed and validated. In the next step and after designing the flow model, a questionnaire was used to reach the experts' agreement on the parameters of the flow model in the form of Delphi technique. In addition to in-depth interviews and the Delphi questionnaire, another questionnaire was used to collect data to identify the current situation of the HR admission area and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.78).The obtained data are analyzed in the form of scenario writing based on the systems dynamics approach and using Vensim software. Overall six scenarios were considered, among them the scenario of "increasing commander acceptability with behavioral improvement" was identified as the best scenario and the "improvement of commander characteristics" scenario was identified as a weak scenario. Also, three scenarios were considered as compensatory scenarios

Public interest is closely related to public order; something is considered to benefit the public only when its violation defies public order. Public interest is a legitimate right internationally bestowed to investee countries to nationalize and confiscate properties of foreign investors. The present study aims at providing a comparative analysis of nationalization of properties of foreign investors in Foreign Investment Laws of Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, regarding public interest and order.As implied in the theory of public ownership of the governor or Imam on people’s property, the principle of public interest and the principle of substitution of the sovereign over the person who refrains are considered as bases of the law of nationalization and confiscation of properties of foreign investors. Public order in Iran and Turkey is mainly economic, while it encompasses politics in Azerbaijan which is in ore agreement with Anglo-Saxon perception of public order. Moreover, in the law of Azerbaijan, unlike that of Iran and Turkey, state interest is considered along with public interest as the basis for nationalization and confiscation of properties of foreign investors. Thus, it is concluded that Iranian law is closer to Turkish law. However, public interest and order, and nationalization of properties of foreign investors in the law of Iran are in more agreement than the laws of Turkey and Azerbaijan with international standards.

This article analyzes one of the basic functions of higher education in the socio-cultural order of society. Universities and higher education centers in every community are among the most excellent training and educational institutions, in the transmission of values, norms and rules and regulations of society to its members.
The method of this research in terms of performance was a survey; questionnaire was used for data collecting. The statistical population of the study was all undergraduate students of Urmiacity Universites, 360 persons were selected as sample size by stratified sampling method.
Experimental findings showed that there is a significant relationship between satisfaction with the performance of state managers and agents distrust the legislators, religious practices can benefit from the collective orientation, awareness of the law, inefficient knowledge of the lawand rule of low. Multiple regression analysis showed that the correlation linear combination of the variables in the regression model is 0/69, a coefficient equal to R2= 0/47. In other words 47 persent of the variance rule of law is explained by above factors.
The empirical findings show that satisfaction with the performance of regulated agents and state managers, awareness the people and society have no significant role in predicting rule of law.