amir akbari

About 70% of the total freshwater withdrawal from resources is used in the agricultural sector. Water and soil salinity is one of the most important problems in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions. In such areas that are facing water shortages, saline water is commonly used in irrigated lands and it will be of great help in preserving freshwater resources. Crop modeling in combination with field measurements is an efficient method to improve water productivity in the field and investigate the crop's biological response to different field conditions. Several crop models have been developed for crop growth simulation. Among these models, AquaCrop software has been widely studied in recent years. AquaCrop software is able to simulate the growth process under different conditions with few input data that can be easily measured in the field. Few studies have been conducted on saffron crop modeling with AquaCrop software, but this model has not yet been calibrated to simulate salinity during the growing season. This research was carried out to calibrate the AquaCrop software for simulating the variations of soil salinity in the root zone of two-year-old saffron. In addition, in the present study, the effect of different levels of salinity and the application of different levels of organic mulch and their mutual effect on the yield of daughter corms, biomass, and water productivity were investigated.

To calibrate the AquaCrop software for two-year saffron during the growing season in the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), growth parameters of saffron crop such as the soil moisture and salinity, the dry weight of daughter corms and the crop canopy cover were continuously measured during the growing season. Soil moisture and salinity were measured at least once a week, and the dry weight of daughter corms was measured biweekly. After model calibration, the accuracy of the model for simulating soil salinity during the growing season was evaluated by comparing the measured and simulated values. Statistical indicators of Pearson correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient, were used to evaluate the accuracy of crop model simulation. The model was subsequently run for different initial conditions of soil salinity and irrigation water salinity. The dry weight of daughter corm, biomass, and ET water productivity were monitored for different conditions. Then, the model was run in the same conditions of water and soil salinity under the application of organic mulch, and the effect of mulch on the yield of daughter corms and evapotranspiration water productivity under salinity stress was investigated.

The statistical indicators between the measured and simulated values of soil moisture, canopy cover, and biomass approved the capability of AquaCrop for simulating saffron growth. Then, according to the measured salinity values of the root zone using the TDR sensor, AquaCrop was recalibrated to simulate soil salinity. Afterward, the changes in the measured salinity values of the root zone during the growing season were compared with the values simulated by AquaCrop. The Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated soil salinity by software was 0.9 and the root mean square error was 0.086 dS m-1. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was 0.66, showing the high accuracy of AquaCrop for simulating soil salinity. The results of the crop growth simulation in saline conditions show the sensitivity of saffron to salinity. The results showed that under no initial salinity (0.5 dS m-1) in the soil, increasing the salinity of irrigation water from 1 dS m-1 to 4 dS m-1 caused a decrease of 3.7 % in the daughter corms weight. In addition, considering the initial salinity of 2 dS m-1, increasing the salinity of the irrigation water has a significant effect on reducing the daughter corm weight. In the presence of high-quality irrigation water (0.5 dS m-1), increasing the initial salinity of the soil from no salinity (0.5 dS m-1) to 4 dS m-1 caused a 38% decrease in the weight of daughter corms. The effect of organic mulch was also evaluated under saline water irrigation conditions. The results showed that the use of organic mulch with 100% coverage in water and soil salinity conditions equal to 4 dS m-1 can mitigate the effect of salinity stress by increasing 51% of daughter corm weight.

Water and soil salinity and its related problems are limiting factors in agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. The expansion of irrigation methods with saline water without proper management can lead to the risk of soil quality loss and in turn the loss of agricultural lands in the long term. In this research, the AquaCrop model was calibrated to simulate soil salinity during the saffron growing season, and the effect of organic mulch on soil and water salinity conditions was evaluated on the yield of daughter corms. The findings of this research will be of great help to farmers and water experts in improving the performance of saffron in saline soil and irrigation water.

Aesthetics is one of the important topics that Islamic mystics and especially the Holy Quran have pointed out as the highest source of knowledge in the Islamic world and the existence of the universe as the manifestation of the beauties of the essence of the Almighty. In the meantime, Islamic art, which leads to the depths of truth, has been a clear manifestation of the aesthetics of Islamic mysticism, which also indicates the source of the unifying principles of art. Islamic architecture in the category of Islamic art has been the most prominent manifestation of aesthetic expression throughout history, which is rooted in the beliefs of Muslim architects. Razavi holy shrine is the largest religious building and a perfect example of Islamic architecture in different eras and has valuable buildings. Dar al-Siyadah porch is one of the most magnificent and largest porches of the holy shrine, which due to its proximity to the holy shrine, has high concepts in the field of aesthetics. Therefore, the present study intends to study the aesthetics of Islamic mysticism and since Islamic architecture has two dimensions of meaning and framework. the manifestation of this aesthetics has emerged. In this regard, by using descriptive-analytical and historical methods and collecting information by library and field methods, aesthetics and then its analysis in the framework and the meaning of Dar al-Siyadah porch architecture has been studied. The results of the research indicate that the divine attributes can be divided into two levels of beauty and glory.

Cardiac ischemia and subsequent renal failure are very common. The researchers found that with the transfer of stem cells, dead tissues can be replaced and cause the damaged parts of the heart and thus the kidney tissue to function again.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of amniotic membrane were analyzed by flow cytometry. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 12, including heart failure (HF) as a control , HF+ hAMSCs injected into the heart, and HF+ hAMSCs injected into the kidney. Then, with LAD ligation , an acute cardiac ischemia was created in rats and cells were injected into the damaged heart and kidney tissue separately, after 2 and 30 days using IHC, TNF-𝛼 in kidney tissue , urea and creatinine serum levels was investigated.

the effects of the cells on the heart and kidneys of rats were investigated, according to the IHC results, the level of TNF-𝛼 protein was significantly decreased on day 30, in the group of cells injected into the kidney compared to the control (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the serum urea and creatinine ​​between the kidney cell injection and control on day 30 (P<0.05). Treatment with MSCs on the 2nd day after the induction of cardiac ischemia didn't have a significant therapeutic effect compared to the control, but on the 30th day, the kidney cell injection group, were able to reduce inflammation, improve the damaged area and decrease Fibrosis in kidney tissue.

The cultural and civilizational experiences of the Sassanids caused political, social and cultural effects and changes on the governments formed in the territory of Iran after Islam.This article aims to analyze and compare the benefit of the Seljuks from the political, cultural and social structures of the Sassanids using the historical research method that is based on description and analysis.The review of sources, sources and articles shows that the Seljuqs, with the formation of the largest Iranian empire after Islam, needed Iranian political ideas and traditions in the artistic, cultural and social attractions of ancient Iran to continue their authority and sovereignty. They owed their legitimacy and political continuity to following and following the traditions governing Iranian society, and on the other hand, to the efforts of Iranian bureaucrats. The Seljuqs, who were fascinated by Iranian culture, used Persian as their official language. As the best works of Seljuk architecture, many Islamic buildings were influenced by the best Sassanid designs, the national and religious customs of Iranians, which had risen after the fall of the Sassanids due to political reasons and compatibility with this, were revived for the sake of the Seljuk political and cultural society.

Turkmen Sahra is a region in the west of Golestan province, which is located on the southeast coast of the Caspian Sea and in a wide plain called Gorgan Plain, adjacent to the Gamishan wetland. Turkmen Sahara currently includes 2 cities named Bandar Turkmen and Gamishan. The previous name of Bandar Turkmen was Bandar Shah, which was removed from the Gorgan subdivision in 1358 in terms of political divisions and became an independent city with the same name, and Gomishan, with the center of Gomish Tepe, is located in the north of this desert. Reza Shah's policies of modernization and modernization and as a result objectification of municipal law in Turkmen Sahara like other regions of the country along with the establishment and construction of ports and railways and the many traffics resulting from it, in addition to changing the appearance in the field of urban planning and creating It also established deep social infrastructures, changes and transformations and caused visible changes in the cultural and traditional structure of the people of this land, which included the discussion of converting old schools into new schools and changing the way of education. In this article, the modernist actions of the first Pahlavi and the goals of Reza Shah from these actions, the main of which was changing the traditional culture and restricting the Turkmen people, are analyzed.

The importance of education and its major role in transferring cultural concepts from one generation to another is not hidden from anyone; The process of transferring Iran's cultural heritage has undergone changes in the past. In the Qajar era, the education system entered a new stage of change and transformation in the educational structure, which was significantly different from the previous era. The formation of the modern educational institution in Iran was formed under the title of the emergence of educational reform in the Qajar era. Part of the introduction of educational institutions to Iran during the Qajar period was overshadowed by the establishment of western schools. Therefore, the modern education system in Iran was not unrelated to the western countries. Has the establishment of such schools been effective in the structure of education and society in Iran? The hypothesis of the discussion is based on the view that the western countries set part of their goals in establishing schools, trying to influence the educational system and changing the cultural identity of Iran. In this research, the role of western schools in the educational and educational structure of Iran during the Qajar era has been investigated with descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that part of the effects of such schools is the possibility of education for girls of religious minorities and separating them from Muslims. Also, encouraging the presence of women in schools and modeling teaching methods and compiling textbooks are other goals of western schools in the country.

The Sasanian era is one of the most brilliant periods of Iranian art before Islam. Sasanian metalwork art has a great value because it was influenced by ancient artistic elements and in other words, it was cast in the form of taste and taste of Sasanian era Iran. This art to some extent followed the traditions of the Achaemenians and especially the Parthians and after the emergence of Islam and the Arab conquests until the time we are discussing (the Seljuks) and even after that, the art of metalworking directly received this influence from ancient Iran. In this article, we aim to investigate the indicators of Sasanian metalwork art and the degree of influence of the Seljuks from the Sasanians using the historical research method. The review of sources and articles shows that Sasanian metalwork works have different formal, role, decorative and structural characteristics. Among them, the influences and inspirations of the form and role, in addition to the Islamic periods, are more visible in the Seljuk period. Because the Iranians had a rich civilizational background, and the conquering Arabs and other conquerors encouraged them to immediately use this cultural heritage and use the same features and indicators of the past metalworking art, which was manifested in a magnificent and excellent way in the created works. And it continued.

The legal position of women and their presence in production and construction activities is one of the most effective components of social development. In this regard, the tablets of the ramparts of Persepolis contain interesting points about the legal status of women in Parse state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid. The present study, relying on the analytical descriptive method and using archeological evidence and surviving documents, examines the impact of the economy of the Achaemenid Empire on the legal status of women in the Parsa state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid, and seeks to answer the question that the economy of the empire in What effect has this age had on the legal status of women in Parse state? The findings of the research show the influence of the legal status of women in Parse state on the economic conditions and financial policies in the era of Darius I Achaemenid, which had an impact on the legal beliefs towards women and brought new conditions in terms of citizenship rights for women. In the sense that In the process of economic growth and income distribution, the women of Parse state found a strong motivation for economic participation in royal projects and engaged in productive activities alongside men.

High workload, shift work, risk of disease, and mental workload caused by the possibility of transmission can create challenging and stressful situations for nurses. The present study aimed to assess the cognitive performance of nurses before and after working in COVID-19 wards to understand the potential effects.

A total of 250 nurses from hospitals in Ahvaz in 2020 who had more than two years of work experience and had not worked in departments in direct contact with COVID-19 patients were included in the study. The participants were asked to complete the cognitive ability assessment questionnaire before starting to work in COVID-19 departments and after two months of their work. The results before and after working in COVID-19 wards were compared using paired t-tests.

The cognitive ability score after working in COVID-19 wards decreased significantly (mean difference±standard deviation: 23.92±12.00; P<0.001). The scores of all cognitive ability subscales except social cognition (mean difference±standard deviation: 3.03±2.43; P< 0.001) also decreased after working in COVID-19 wards.

Working in COVID-19 wards leads to a marked decrease in cognitive abilities of nurses. Given that the weakening of nurses' cognitive ability has a significant role in the quality of patient care measures, it is necessary to prioritize measures to improve their working conditions in order to improve cognitive abilities.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water in the whole world. Currently, almost 11% of the Earth’s total land surface is arable, which is expected to reach 13% by 2050. Roughly 17% of these lands are subject to modern form of irrigation management, which constitutes about 30-40% of the gross agricultural output. Reducing water consumption and increase water productivity in agriculture, requires a correct understanding of the biological response of crop to water. The ever-increasing growth of the population and the limitation of fresh water resources have led irrigation experts to new and efficient approaches in making decision to increase water productivity. The lack of scheduling in irrigation or their incompatibility with weather conditions, soil, irrigation system, agricultural restrictions and different phenological stages of crop, has caused severe losses in irrigated fields. Crop modeling and field data measurement can help irrigation experts improve irrigation scheduling in field and reduce water losses. Coupling in-situ measurement and crop modeling during the growing season is one of the useful solutions to improve irrigation scheduling in different farm conditions. In this paper, AquaCrop was calibrated for maize (Zea mays L.) in research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with comprehensive dataset. Variations of soil water content at different depths and also different growth indices was monitored during one growing season. The main novelty of this research is the targeted use of AquaCrop software to reduce water consumption by knowing the phenologically sensitive stages.

In-situ and in-lab measurements along with plant modeling, have been the two main parts of this research. First, the input files of the AquaCrop software were prepared and calibrated for maize during one growing season. The outputs of software including variations of moisture, biomass produced during the growing season and final yield were compared with the values measured in the field. After ensuring the accuracy of calibrated software, an improved irrigation scheduling was investigated. Subsequently, by means of crop modeling, the sensitive intervals of the crop to soil water stress as well as the thresholds of yield reduction in different stages of growing season were determined with the aim of improving irrigation scheduling in maize field. Biomass reduction, dry yield production, and the changes in water use efficiency during the growing season were investigated according to different amounts of moisture reduction in root zone, and irrigation scheduling was fulfilled by applying stress to less sensitive stages. The software was first run in Net Irrigation Requirement mode. Then, different amounts of drought stress were applied to each of the growth stages of the crop, and the other stages were kept constant in non-stressed condition. Dry yield and biomass reduction as well as water productivity changes were obtained for each stage. According to the threshold values and the amount of yield reduction at each stage, it is possible to fine-tune the time and amount of applying stress to crop. Furthermore, according to the moisture profile of the root zone, the drained water was significantly reduced in field. In this research, in order to increase accuracy in moisture measurement and prevent errors, an equation was developed to convert the mV output of sensor to volumetric moisture. At each moisture measurement, the PR2 sensor reports a number in mV for each depth, which is converted to volumetric moisture using device's conversion equation. This equation can vary according to field and soil condition. To develop the conversion equation, six same pots with a height of 40 cm and diameter of 30 cm were filled with the desired field soil, and the access tubes were placed horizontally inside them. The soil inside these pots was completely saturated and exposed to air for drying. During the drying period of the pots, the soil moisture was measured regularly using PR2 sensor and at the same time by weight method. After these measurements, calibration curves for PR2 sensor were obtained using the alpha mixing method for different depths.

The Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated moisture by software, was 0.84 and the root mean square error was 12 mm. Also, the value of Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated values of biomass was equal to 0.99 and mean square root of error was 1.3 ton/ha. The results showed that the vegetative stage of crop was sensitive to drought stress and caused a significant yield reduction at the end of the growing season. The stage of germination and flowering were less sensitive, such that the decrease of moisture up to 12.3% compared to the Net Irrigation Requirement mode would not change the final yield of the crop. The improvement made in the field resulted in no change in the amount of biomass and dry yield (0.38% increase in biomass and 0.52% increase in dry yield), at the same time 26.6% decrease in depth of irrigation water, 85.6% decrease In drainage and increasing the efficiency of evapotranspirated water, it has increased from 4.66% to 4.67% kg/m3 compared to condition before modify. Before modify, the farm was managed in traditional way.

More research in the field of irrigation scheduling and providing comprehensive instructions to farmers in different weather conditions and different irrigation systems, taking into account different management approaches in allocating water to different parts of the farm along with investigating the effects of saline water irrigation, can be topics for the next research should be for experts in this field.

After Iran's defeat by Russia, new ideologies such as nationalism entered the sphere of politics and culture in Iran. The Qajar dynasty, due to internal and external problems, was unable to adapt itself to the new civilization. However, the Pahlavi government, which aimed to build a nation-state, promoted its nationalist ideologies through historiography and historians. One of these historians was Saeed Nafisi, whose works emphasized nationalism based on four main pillars: antiquity, anti-Arab sentiment, Aryanism, and individualism. The upcoming research intends to critically analyze Nafisi's works in order to gain a better understanding of the Pahlavi regime's efforts to legitimize and promote its own ideology

Astarabad, known today as Gorgan, emerged as a military fortress in northern Iran during the Sasanian era and has always been recognized as one of the important cities and centers in northern Iran. The settlement of various ethnic groups, including Persian, Turkmen, Turk, Kurd, Baluch, Sistani, Kazakh, Khorasani, etc., who gradually migrated to this region, created a mosaic of ethnicities, leading to mutual influence of different cultures and traditions on one another, turning this region into a microcosm of Iran. In the late Qajar period, the Constitutional Revolution had a profound and rapid impact on this region as a fundamental movement. The general discontent of the local population with the behavior of the Qajar Khans in Astarabad, given the settlement of some of the nobility of this dynasty in this area, as well as the presence and influence of scholars and intellectuals in society, were among the main reasons for intensifying the effectiveness of the aforementioned movement. In these circumstances, the modernist policies and reformist tendencies of the First Pahlavi, and consequently the implementation of the Baladiyeh law in Astarabad, like other cities, led to not only an alteration in the urban landscape and the establishment of infrastructural developments but also deep social and cultural changes and transformations in the behavior of people, especially the middle class in Astarabad.

There is an insignificant body of knowledge on theoretical and methodical foundations of oral history in Iran. In addition, there exist drastic differences between issues such as cognitive references, the position of memory, the definition of oral history, question design, the type of interviews, selection of interviewees, the extent of interpretation intervention, interview implementation, etc. Considering their origins found within ontology, epistemology, and methodology, these differences have been overlooked in the Iranian academic sphere. Consequently, the present study sheds light on such differences by taking areas including method, memory, oral messages and cognitive references into account. Next, this study recommends the two aspects of ‘conventional oral history’ and ‘interpretive oral history’ as the two ends of oral history, in order to elaborate on reasons behind the existence of these differences. It is concluded that despite the precedence of conventional oral history over the interpretive, given its psychoanalytic and linguistic orientations, it should be noted that the backgrounds of oral historians lie between these two ends, rather than being exclusive followers of either type.

AbstractDuring the first Pahlavi period, the Germans tried to invade the body of Iranian society, its active and influential classes and groups, and in this way, they did not hesitate to make any attempt to infiltrate the ruling body and the country's rulers. These efforts, which started in the years before the World War, now continued on a large scale, and one of its goals was to infiltrate Iran's military industries and military weapons. The problem of the current research is, what role did the German government play in creating military industries and arming the army during the 1st Pahlavi period? The current research method is historical (inductive) and it is the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which was used to describe and analyze the materials. The findings of the present research show that Reza Shah built three aviation schools in Ahvaz, Mashhad and Tehran, where the German influence was considerable. The presence of German military advisers, Iran's arms purchases from this country are other signs of German influence in Iran's military industries during the first Pahlavi period. This was despite the fact that the German government never fully supported Reza Shah's government in terms of weapons, which is relevant in the field of foreign relations between the two countries.

The use of unshrouded turbine rotor blades can considerably reduce the weight of an aero engine. However, in an unshrouded high-pressure turbine, the tip leakage flow generates about 30% of the turbine total loss. Another factor which affects the loss in axial-flow turbines, is the axial distance between the rotor and stator. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the impacts of the blade tip clearance and the axial distance between rotor and stator on the performance of a high-pressure axial turbine, by using three-dimensional numerical simulations. Comparing the numerical results to the experimental data shows that the numerical simulations can predict the turbine performance fairly accurately. Results reveal that increasing the tip clearance and the axial distance between the rotor and stator reduce the turbine efficiency. The effects of tip clearance and rotor-stator axial distance on the performance and endwall flow field of the studied turbine stage have been presented and discussed.

During the Qajar period, the Bakhtiaris and the British had friendly relations which entered a new phase with the construction of the Bakhtiari road by the Lynch company. The construction of this road, although being a turning point in the relations between the two sides, created challenges among them. These Challenges are questioned in this research. What role did the construction of Bakhtiari Road, known as Lynch Road, play in the process of relations between the Bakhtiari Khans and the British government? The assumption of the research is based on the premise that although the construction of Bakhtiari road led to further expansion of the relations between the Bakhtiari Khans and the British, at the same time, the existence of a number of factors and issues created resentments and challenges between the two sides. The findings of the research show that factors such as disputes over financial issues, instability and insecurity of the road, as well as the failure to fulfill the promises and duties of the parties caused challenges and damages in the relations between the Bakhtiaris and the British on Lynch Road.

In Islamic culture, civilization and art, the decoration of the building is considered an integral part of the building. The obvious presence of arrays such as calligraphy, plant motifs and geometric designs form the essence of Islamic art, which is rooted in the teachings of the Islamic religion and spreads the noble civilization of Islam from the past to the present. Plaster arrays are ornaments of Islamic art and architecture, but this art includes Islamic concepts and themes and the beliefs of Muslim architects, and in addition to beauty, they have been used to convey semantic messages. This applies to all the traditional buildings of Iran, but due to the acceptance of travelers from other civilizations, caravanserais have been a symbol for identifying the culture and civilization of Iran, and decorations have become very important. Rabat Sharaf is of the valuable historical caravanserais of the Seljuk era, which is known as a precious heritage from the history of Islamic civilization in terms of architecture and decorations. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study and identify the decorations of the Rabat Sharaf building, and it seeks to answer the question, what are the arrays of slimy plaster decorations of the Rabat Sharaf building? How are the semantic functions of these decorations explained? Therefore, the research in this regard has been carried out by using the descriptive-analytical method, and data collection has been done using library sources and field studies.

Objectives The present study pursues two 1 to study the economic activity of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period and 2 to identify the economic status of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period. The Turkmen tribes of northern Khorasan, in the north and northwest of Bojnourd lived in areas such as Jirgalan, Maneh and Samolghan. Of these tribes (Teke, Yamut, and Goklan), the Goklans converted to monogamy and agriculture long before the rest of the Turkmen, but the rest gradually changed their way of life based on a number of requirements. Among the Turkmen tribes, the main activities of men were limited to war, hunting, recreation, and horse breeding, while activities related to home and livestock, along with activities such as carpet weaving, felt weaving, etc., were the responsibility of women, and men had no participation in They did not have these things. Turkmen carpets were one of the most important goods woven by Turkmen women with attractive and beautiful patterns and were sold for sale. The main question is: 1. What economic activities did Turkmen women carry out, and 2. What was their economic status among the Turkmen tribes?

Knowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its population and structural features. Iran's nomadic community, which played a decisive role in the social and political situation of the country until the beginning of the current century (A.H.), has lost its former importance and has gradually been marginalized following some political events, including the nomad settlement policy by Reza Shah. . In the upcoming research, after examining the information obtained from oral sources and supplementing it with other available sources, we will comprehensively understand the effects of Pahlavi's first measures with descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of this research, the effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in the old Estrabad, including the cities of Gorgan and Bandar Turkmen. In written documents and sources, less attention has been paid to the mentality of people about the events around them. Therefore, oral sources play an important role in reaching the conclusion of this research. Therefore, one of the important measures in the first Pahlavi period was the construction of streets in small and large cities of Iran.

The formalization of Shia religion in Iran during the Safavid era had a great impact on various aspects of life, especially culture and consequently, art and architecture. The Safavid rule spread the Shiite religion beyond the borders of Iran and had a great impact on the culture and architecture of other countries. The Safavid period is considered the most valuable architectural period of the Islamic era, and due to the beliefs of the Safavid era kings in the Shiite religion, they caused the expansion of religious buildings even outside the borders of this country, such as Najaf and Karbala. Also, the actions of the Safavid kings in the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as) include gilding of the dome, expansion of the ʿatīq (ancient) courtyard, construction of the Allahverdi Khan portico, Hatam Khani portico, Tawheedkhane portico and the porch on the west side of Dār al-Ḍīyāfah, which were influenced by Shiite religious attitudes and Muslim beliefs in the construction of all these buildings. Based on Hatam Khani portico as one of the magnificent buildings of the Safavid era, this research has tried to clarify the influence of Shiite attitudes in architecture and decorations. Therefore, by using the descriptive method, historical analysis is sought to answer the questions, how Shiite attitudes are manifested in the architecture and decorations of Hatam Khani portico and what are their concepts and themes. The results of the research indicate that the Shiite attitudes were influential in the formation of architecture and decorations and each of them was an expression of the ruling beliefs of the society in the Safavid era.

Saffron is one of the most valuable spices in the world and due to its high economic value and low water requirement, it is widely cultivated in eastern Iran. In this research, which took place in the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2021-2022, the AquaCrop model to simulate the yield of the saffron plant was calibrated and validated using field measurements. Therefore, soil moisture, biomass, and plant canopy cover area were measured with a relatively high time resolution during the growing season. Pearson's correlation coefficient, root mean square, error, index of agreement and Nash–Sutcliffe index for moisture simulation were 0.87, 7.8 mm, 0.92 and 0.62 respectively, plant biomass was 0.99, 0.3 t.ha-1, 0.99, 0.98 and also 0.98 , 5%, 0.98 and 0.93 were obtained for canopy cover . The sensitive stages of the saffron plant were determined by examining the changes in daughter corms weight, biomass, and water productivity during different stages of growth in response to water stress, and a revised scenario was proposed to improve field irrigation. By applying this scenario and running the model, the amount of daughter corms weight production increased from 5.550 to 7.693 t.ha-1 and biomass from 7.204 to 9.395 t.ha-1. The water productivity value also increased from 3.50 to 3.69 kg.m-3 and 85 mm was saved in water consumption.

The shrine of Ahl al-Bayt (as) has always been of special interest throughout history due to the interest and devotion of Muslims. In the meantime, the Timurid and Safavid governments, based on the testimony of historians, had a great influence in terms of the greatness and extent of the sphere of influence and built many buildings in the Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine. During the Safavid era, many actions were taken to build, rebuild and expand the Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine in Iran and Iraq, and they left behind valuable buildings. The architecture of Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine complex includes various spaces, among which the portico space has a special place.  For this reason, the Timurid and Safavid governments have built many porticoes in Ahl al-Bayt shrine. Just as the architecture of this period originated from Islamic concepts, it is assumed that its inscriptions, as the highest type of decoration, originated from Islamic teachings. The purpose of this research is to identify the influence of Islamic teachings on the formation of the inscriptions of the portico of the shrine of Ahl al-Bayt (pbuh), and also to answer how Islamic teachings influence the formation of the architectural inscriptions of the portico of the Ahl al-Bayt, as well as to reinterpret their themes. In this research, due to the convenient access to the shrine of Imam Riḍā (a.s.), three porticoes in Darul Ḥifāẓ and Darul Salām from the Timurid era and one portico in Darul Fayḍ from the Safavid era were examined and analyzed in order to clarify the Islamic teachings of the inscriptions.

As the most prominent theorist of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Ali Shariati lived a life which involves many untold aspects to date. His life embraced a considerably vast pubic arena, as he intended. Shariati had an exile-like separation from Mashhad Faculty of Letters and Humanities; subsequently, he settled in Hosseinieh Ershad. These events have been important, yet vague incidents in his life according to his friends and rivals. Using the Grounded Theory and data collected from oral interviews and SAVAK documents, the present study attempts to consider the resulting sensitive keywords as ‘signs’. Next, these signs are used to achieve ‘categories’ and finally, offer a set of ‘classes’ regarding the life of Shariati during such an important stage of his life. This period of his life should be understood under four major classes which include: a) the paperwork regarding the end of Shariati’s presence in the faculty; b) the beginning of his connection to Hosseinieh Ershad; c) lecturing in Hosseinieh Ershad; and d) his retirement from the faculty and the closing of Hosseinieh Ershad.

One of the constant problems of societies is the mixing of facts and beliefs with superstitions and misunderstandings. Maybe beliefs that do not have a clear and correct support, but the passage of time has pushed it to the limit of a holy belief. These superstitions and false beliefs existed in the previous period as well, one of these periods is the Qajar period. In such a way that, along with the weakness of the health system and care facilities, some popular beliefs about health and hygiene were considered to be an inhibiting factor in people's health. Folk medicine is a mixture of superstitions and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine. The arrival of modern medicine in Iran in the Qajar era can be considered the beginning of a new phase in the country's medical history. The findings of the research indicate that, in addition to the inhibition of popular beliefs on people's health, these beliefs became the general culture of the people in this period, which led to disorders such as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases, lack of attention to health orders due to fatalism, The prevalence of determinism has led to the wastage of people's money due to the deception of charm sellers. It seems that the poverty and misery, the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced, the ignorance, the limitations and the neglect of women in the society and family life, etc., caused a deterioration in the beliefs and opinions of the people. enter and the tendency towards superstitions to get rid of the problems that plagued them will increase.

Falk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of traditional Iranian medicinewith modern western methods caused extensive changes in its previous process. The dominant method of medicine in the society of the Qajar era was traditional medicin but this method of medicine with all its briliant historyin the past has been popularized mix with some superstitious beliefs There was a stagnation in the work of doctors and modern medicine surpassed traditional medicine due to the of culturaleducational and the penetration of the superiority of modern medicine.this reserch using a descriptive-analytical method and using documents and library sources aime to investigate the factors that created the basis for the presence of existence these doctors in the Iranian society during the Qajar era the place of folk beliefs in maintaining health as well as their treatment methods.ignorance poverty and misery the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced the restrictions and neglect of women in society and family life and polygamy and many other reasons caused the change in beliefs and opinions.the people will be harmed and the tendency towards superstitions will increase to get rid of the problems that plagued them.