amir akbari

The Sasanian era is one of the most brilliant periods of Iranian art before Islam. Sasanian metalwork art has a great value because it was influenced by ancient artistic elements and in other words, it was cast in the form of taste and taste of Sasanian era Iran. This art to some extent followed the traditions of the Achaemenians and especially the Parthians and after the emergence of Islam and the Arab conquests until the time we are discussing (the Seljuks) and even after that, the art of metalworking directly received this influence from ancient Iran. In this article, we aim to investigate the indicators of Sasanian metalwork art and the degree of influence of the Seljuks from the Sasanians using the historical research method. The review of sources and articles shows that Sasanian metalwork works have different formal, role, decorative and structural characteristics. Among them, the influences and inspirations of the form and role, in addition to the Islamic periods, are more visible in the Seljuk period. Because the Iranians had a rich civilizational background, and the conquering Arabs and other conquerors encouraged them to immediately use this cultural heritage and use the same features and indicators of the past metalworking art, which was manifested in a magnificent and excellent way in the created works. And it continued.

The legal position of women and their presence in production and construction activities is one of the most effective components of social development. In this regard, the tablets of the ramparts of Persepolis contain interesting points about the legal status of women in Parse state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid. The present study, relying on the analytical descriptive method and using archeological evidence and surviving documents, examines the impact of the economy of the Achaemenid Empire on the legal status of women in the Parsa state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid, and seeks to answer the question that the economy of the empire in What effect has this age had on the legal status of women in Parse state? The findings of the research show the influence of the legal status of women in Parse state on the economic conditions and financial policies in the era of Darius I Achaemenid, which had an impact on the legal beliefs towards women and brought new conditions in terms of citizenship rights for women. In the sense that In the process of economic growth and income distribution, the women of Parse state found a strong motivation for economic participation in royal projects and engaged in productive activities alongside men.

High workload, shift work, risk of disease, and mental workload caused by the possibility of transmission can create challenging and stressful situations for nurses. The present study aimed to assess the cognitive performance of nurses before and after working in COVID-19 wards to understand the potential effects.

A total of 250 nurses from hospitals in Ahvaz in 2020 who had more than two years of work experience and had not worked in departments in direct contact with COVID-19 patients were included in the study. The participants were asked to complete the cognitive ability assessment questionnaire before starting to work in COVID-19 departments and after two months of their work. The results before and after working in COVID-19 wards were compared using paired t-tests.

The cognitive ability score after working in COVID-19 wards decreased significantly (mean difference±standard deviation: 23.92±12.00; P<0.001). The scores of all cognitive ability subscales except social cognition (mean difference±standard deviation: 3.03±2.43; P< 0.001) also decreased after working in COVID-19 wards.

Working in COVID-19 wards leads to a marked decrease in cognitive abilities of nurses. Given that the weakening of nurses' cognitive ability has a significant role in the quality of patient care measures, it is necessary to prioritize measures to improve their working conditions in order to improve cognitive abilities.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water in the whole world. Currently, almost 11% of the Earth’s total land surface is arable, which is expected to reach 13% by 2050. Roughly 17% of these lands are subject to modern form of irrigation management, which constitutes about 30-40% of the gross agricultural output. Reducing water consumption and increase water productivity in agriculture, requires a correct understanding of the biological response of crop to water. The ever-increasing growth of the population and the limitation of fresh water resources have led irrigation experts to new and efficient approaches in making decision to increase water productivity. The lack of scheduling in irrigation or their incompatibility with weather conditions, soil, irrigation system, agricultural restrictions and different phenological stages of crop, has caused severe losses in irrigated fields. Crop modeling and field data measurement can help irrigation experts improve irrigation scheduling in field and reduce water losses. Coupling in-situ measurement and crop modeling during the growing season is one of the useful solutions to improve irrigation scheduling in different farm conditions. In this paper, AquaCrop was calibrated for maize (Zea mays L.) in research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with comprehensive dataset. Variations of soil water content at different depths and also different growth indices was monitored during one growing season. The main novelty of this research is the targeted use of AquaCrop software to reduce water consumption by knowing the phenologically sensitive stages.

In-situ and in-lab measurements along with plant modeling, have been the two main parts of this research. First, the input files of the AquaCrop software were prepared and calibrated for maize during one growing season. The outputs of software including variations of moisture, biomass produced during the growing season and final yield were compared with the values measured in the field. After ensuring the accuracy of calibrated software, an improved irrigation scheduling was investigated. Subsequently, by means of crop modeling, the sensitive intervals of the crop to soil water stress as well as the thresholds of yield reduction in different stages of growing season were determined with the aim of improving irrigation scheduling in maize field. Biomass reduction, dry yield production, and the changes in water use efficiency during the growing season were investigated according to different amounts of moisture reduction in root zone, and irrigation scheduling was fulfilled by applying stress to less sensitive stages. The software was first run in Net Irrigation Requirement mode. Then, different amounts of drought stress were applied to each of the growth stages of the crop, and the other stages were kept constant in non-stressed condition. Dry yield and biomass reduction as well as water productivity changes were obtained for each stage. According to the threshold values and the amount of yield reduction at each stage, it is possible to fine-tune the time and amount of applying stress to crop. Furthermore, according to the moisture profile of the root zone, the drained water was significantly reduced in field. In this research, in order to increase accuracy in moisture measurement and prevent errors, an equation was developed to convert the mV output of sensor to volumetric moisture. At each moisture measurement, the PR2 sensor reports a number in mV for each depth, which is converted to volumetric moisture using device's conversion equation. This equation can vary according to field and soil condition. To develop the conversion equation, six same pots with a height of 40 cm and diameter of 30 cm were filled with the desired field soil, and the access tubes were placed horizontally inside them. The soil inside these pots was completely saturated and exposed to air for drying. During the drying period of the pots, the soil moisture was measured regularly using PR2 sensor and at the same time by weight method. After these measurements, calibration curves for PR2 sensor were obtained using the alpha mixing method for different depths.

The Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated moisture by software, was 0.84 and the root mean square error was 12 mm. Also, the value of Pearson correlation coefficient for measured and simulated values of biomass was equal to 0.99 and mean square root of error was 1.3 ton/ha. The results showed that the vegetative stage of crop was sensitive to drought stress and caused a significant yield reduction at the end of the growing season. The stage of germination and flowering were less sensitive, such that the decrease of moisture up to 12.3% compared to the Net Irrigation Requirement mode would not change the final yield of the crop. The improvement made in the field resulted in no change in the amount of biomass and dry yield (0.38% increase in biomass and 0.52% increase in dry yield), at the same time 26.6% decrease in depth of irrigation water, 85.6% decrease In drainage and increasing the efficiency of evapotranspirated water, it has increased from 4.66% to 4.67% kg/m3 compared to condition before modify. Before modify, the farm was managed in traditional way.

More research in the field of irrigation scheduling and providing comprehensive instructions to farmers in different weather conditions and different irrigation systems, taking into account different management approaches in allocating water to different parts of the farm along with investigating the effects of saline water irrigation, can be topics for the next research should be for experts in this field.

After Iran's defeat by Russia, new ideologies such as nationalism entered the sphere of politics and culture in Iran. The Qajar dynasty, due to internal and external problems, was unable to adapt itself to the new civilization. However, the Pahlavi government, which aimed to build a nation-state, promoted its nationalist ideologies through historiography and historians. One of these historians was Saeed Nafisi, whose works emphasized nationalism based on four main pillars: antiquity, anti-Arab sentiment, Aryanism, and individualism. The upcoming research intends to critically analyze Nafisi's works in order to gain a better understanding of the Pahlavi regime's efforts to legitimize and promote its own ideology

Astarabad, known today as Gorgan, emerged as a military fortress in northern Iran during the Sasanian era and has always been recognized as one of the important cities and centers in northern Iran. The settlement of various ethnic groups, including Persian, Turkmen, Turk, Kurd, Baluch, Sistani, Kazakh, Khorasani, etc., who gradually migrated to this region, created a mosaic of ethnicities, leading to mutual influence of different cultures and traditions on one another, turning this region into a microcosm of Iran. In the late Qajar period, the Constitutional Revolution had a profound and rapid impact on this region as a fundamental movement. The general discontent of the local population with the behavior of the Qajar Khans in Astarabad, given the settlement of some of the nobility of this dynasty in this area, as well as the presence and influence of scholars and intellectuals in society, were among the main reasons for intensifying the effectiveness of the aforementioned movement. In these circumstances, the modernist policies and reformist tendencies of the First Pahlavi, and consequently the implementation of the Baladiyeh law in Astarabad, like other cities, led to not only an alteration in the urban landscape and the establishment of infrastructural developments but also deep social and cultural changes and transformations in the behavior of people, especially the middle class in Astarabad.

There is an insignificant body of knowledge on theoretical and methodical foundations of oral history in Iran. In addition, there exist drastic differences between issues such as cognitive references, the position of memory, the definition of oral history, question design, the type of interviews, selection of interviewees, the extent of interpretation intervention, interview implementation, etc. Considering their origins found within ontology, epistemology, and methodology, these differences have been overlooked in the Iranian academic sphere. Consequently, the present study sheds light on such differences by taking areas including method, memory, oral messages and cognitive references into account. Next, this study recommends the two aspects of ‘conventional oral history’ and ‘interpretive oral history’ as the two ends of oral history, in order to elaborate on reasons behind the existence of these differences. It is concluded that despite the precedence of conventional oral history over the interpretive, given its psychoanalytic and linguistic orientations, it should be noted that the backgrounds of oral historians lie between these two ends, rather than being exclusive followers of either type.

AbstractDuring the first Pahlavi period, the Germans tried to invade the body of Iranian society, its active and influential classes and groups, and in this way, they did not hesitate to make any attempt to infiltrate the ruling body and the country's rulers. These efforts, which started in the years before the World War, now continued on a large scale, and one of its goals was to infiltrate Iran's military industries and military weapons. The problem of the current research is, what role did the German government play in creating military industries and arming the army during the 1st Pahlavi period? The current research method is historical (inductive) and it is the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which was used to describe and analyze the materials. The findings of the present research show that Reza Shah built three aviation schools in Ahvaz, Mashhad and Tehran, where the German influence was considerable. The presence of German military advisers, Iran's arms purchases from this country are other signs of German influence in Iran's military industries during the first Pahlavi period. This was despite the fact that the German government never fully supported Reza Shah's government in terms of weapons, which is relevant in the field of foreign relations between the two countries.

The use of unshrouded turbine rotor blades can considerably reduce the weight of an aero engine. However, in an unshrouded high-pressure turbine, the tip leakage flow generates about 30% of the turbine total loss. Another factor which affects the loss in axial-flow turbines, is the axial distance between the rotor and stator. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the impacts of the blade tip clearance and the axial distance between rotor and stator on the performance of a high-pressure axial turbine, by using three-dimensional numerical simulations. Comparing the numerical results to the experimental data shows that the numerical simulations can predict the turbine performance fairly accurately. Results reveal that increasing the tip clearance and the axial distance between the rotor and stator reduce the turbine efficiency. The effects of tip clearance and rotor-stator axial distance on the performance and endwall flow field of the studied turbine stage have been presented and discussed.

During the Qajar period, the Bakhtiaris and the British had friendly relations which entered a new phase with the construction of the Bakhtiari road by the Lynch company. The construction of this road, although being a turning point in the relations between the two sides, created challenges among them. These Challenges are questioned in this research. What role did the construction of Bakhtiari Road, known as Lynch Road, play in the process of relations between the Bakhtiari Khans and the British government? The assumption of the research is based on the premise that although the construction of Bakhtiari road led to further expansion of the relations between the Bakhtiari Khans and the British, at the same time, the existence of a number of factors and issues created resentments and challenges between the two sides. The findings of the research show that factors such as disputes over financial issues, instability and insecurity of the road, as well as the failure to fulfill the promises and duties of the parties caused challenges and damages in the relations between the Bakhtiaris and the British on Lynch Road.

In Islamic culture, civilization and art, the decoration of the building is considered an integral part of the building. The obvious presence of arrays such as calligraphy, plant motifs and geometric designs form the essence of Islamic art, which is rooted in the teachings of the Islamic religion and spreads the noble civilization of Islam from the past to the present. Plaster arrays are ornaments of Islamic art and architecture, but this art includes Islamic concepts and themes and the beliefs of Muslim architects, and in addition to beauty, they have been used to convey semantic messages. This applies to all the traditional buildings of Iran, but due to the acceptance of travelers from other civilizations, caravanserais have been a symbol for identifying the culture and civilization of Iran, and decorations have become very important. Rabat Sharaf is of the valuable historical caravanserais of the Seljuk era, which is known as a precious heritage from the history of Islamic civilization in terms of architecture and decorations. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study and identify the decorations of the Rabat Sharaf building, and it seeks to answer the question, what are the arrays of slimy plaster decorations of the Rabat Sharaf building? How are the semantic functions of these decorations explained? Therefore, the research in this regard has been carried out by using the descriptive-analytical method, and data collection has been done using library sources and field studies.

Objectives The present study pursues two 1 to study the economic activity of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period and 2 to identify the economic status of Turkmen women in North Khorasan during the Qajar period. The Turkmen tribes of northern Khorasan, in the north and northwest of Bojnourd lived in areas such as Jirgalan, Maneh and Samolghan. Of these tribes (Teke, Yamut, and Goklan), the Goklans converted to monogamy and agriculture long before the rest of the Turkmen, but the rest gradually changed their way of life based on a number of requirements. Among the Turkmen tribes, the main activities of men were limited to war, hunting, recreation, and horse breeding, while activities related to home and livestock, along with activities such as carpet weaving, felt weaving, etc., were the responsibility of women, and men had no participation in They did not have these things. Turkmen carpets were one of the most important goods woven by Turkmen women with attractive and beautiful patterns and were sold for sale. The main question is: 1. What economic activities did Turkmen women carry out, and 2. What was their economic status among the Turkmen tribes?

Knowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its population and structural features. Iran's nomadic community, which played a decisive role in the social and political situation of the country until the beginning of the current century (A.H.), has lost its former importance and has gradually been marginalized following some political events, including the nomad settlement policy by Reza Shah. . In the upcoming research, after examining the information obtained from oral sources and supplementing it with other available sources, we will comprehensively understand the effects of Pahlavi's first measures with descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of this research, the effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in the old Estrabad, including the cities of Gorgan and Bandar Turkmen. In written documents and sources, less attention has been paid to the mentality of people about the events around them. Therefore, oral sources play an important role in reaching the conclusion of this research. Therefore, one of the important measures in the first Pahlavi period was the construction of streets in small and large cities of Iran.

The formalization of Shia religion in Iran during the Safavid era had a great impact on various aspects of life, especially culture and consequently, art and architecture. The Safavid rule spread the Shiite religion beyond the borders of Iran and had a great impact on the culture and architecture of other countries. The Safavid period is considered the most valuable architectural period of the Islamic era, and due to the beliefs of the Safavid era kings in the Shiite religion, they caused the expansion of religious buildings even outside the borders of this country, such as Najaf and Karbala. Also, the actions of the Safavid kings in the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as) include gilding of the dome, expansion of the ʿatīq (ancient) courtyard, construction of the Allahverdi Khan portico, Hatam Khani portico, Tawheedkhane portico and the porch on the west side of Dār al-Ḍīyāfah, which were influenced by Shiite religious attitudes and Muslim beliefs in the construction of all these buildings. Based on Hatam Khani portico as one of the magnificent buildings of the Safavid era, this research has tried to clarify the influence of Shiite attitudes in architecture and decorations. Therefore, by using the descriptive method, historical analysis is sought to answer the questions, how Shiite attitudes are manifested in the architecture and decorations of Hatam Khani portico and what are their concepts and themes. The results of the research indicate that the Shiite attitudes were influential in the formation of architecture and decorations and each of them was an expression of the ruling beliefs of the society in the Safavid era.

Saffron is one of the most valuable spices in the world and due to its high economic value and low water requirement, it is widely cultivated in eastern Iran. In this research, which took place in the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2021-2022, the AquaCrop model to simulate the yield of the saffron plant was calibrated and validated using field measurements. Therefore, soil moisture, biomass, and plant canopy cover area were measured with a relatively high time resolution during the growing season. Pearson's correlation coefficient, root mean square, error, index of agreement and Nash–Sutcliffe index for moisture simulation were 0.87, 7.8 mm, 0.92 and 0.62 respectively, plant biomass was 0.99, 0.3 t.ha-1, 0.99, 0.98 and also 0.98 , 5%, 0.98 and 0.93 were obtained for canopy cover . The sensitive stages of the saffron plant were determined by examining the changes in daughter corms weight, biomass, and water productivity during different stages of growth in response to water stress, and a revised scenario was proposed to improve field irrigation. By applying this scenario and running the model, the amount of daughter corms weight production increased from 5.550 to 7.693 t.ha-1 and biomass from 7.204 to 9.395 t.ha-1. The water productivity value also increased from 3.50 to 3.69 kg.m-3 and 85 mm was saved in water consumption.

The shrine of Ahl al-Bayt (as) has always been of special interest throughout history due to the interest and devotion of Muslims. In the meantime, the Timurid and Safavid governments, based on the testimony of historians, had a great influence in terms of the greatness and extent of the sphere of influence and built many buildings in the Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine. During the Safavid era, many actions were taken to build, rebuild and expand the Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine in Iran and Iraq, and they left behind valuable buildings. The architecture of Ahl al-Bayt (as) shrine complex includes various spaces, among which the portico space has a special place.  For this reason, the Timurid and Safavid governments have built many porticoes in Ahl al-Bayt shrine. Just as the architecture of this period originated from Islamic concepts, it is assumed that its inscriptions, as the highest type of decoration, originated from Islamic teachings. The purpose of this research is to identify the influence of Islamic teachings on the formation of the inscriptions of the portico of the shrine of Ahl al-Bayt (pbuh), and also to answer how Islamic teachings influence the formation of the architectural inscriptions of the portico of the Ahl al-Bayt, as well as to reinterpret their themes. In this research, due to the convenient access to the shrine of Imam Riḍā (a.s.), three porticoes in Darul Ḥifāẓ and Darul Salām from the Timurid era and one portico in Darul Fayḍ from the Safavid era were examined and analyzed in order to clarify the Islamic teachings of the inscriptions.

As the most prominent theorist of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Ali Shariati lived a life which involves many untold aspects to date. His life embraced a considerably vast pubic arena, as he intended. Shariati had an exile-like separation from Mashhad Faculty of Letters and Humanities; subsequently, he settled in Hosseinieh Ershad. These events have been important, yet vague incidents in his life according to his friends and rivals. Using the Grounded Theory and data collected from oral interviews and SAVAK documents, the present study attempts to consider the resulting sensitive keywords as ‘signs’. Next, these signs are used to achieve ‘categories’ and finally, offer a set of ‘classes’ regarding the life of Shariati during such an important stage of his life. This period of his life should be understood under four major classes which include: a) the paperwork regarding the end of Shariati’s presence in the faculty; b) the beginning of his connection to Hosseinieh Ershad; c) lecturing in Hosseinieh Ershad; and d) his retirement from the faculty and the closing of Hosseinieh Ershad.

One of the constant problems of societies is the mixing of facts and beliefs with superstitions and misunderstandings. Maybe beliefs that do not have a clear and correct support, but the passage of time has pushed it to the limit of a holy belief. These superstitions and false beliefs existed in the previous period as well, one of these periods is the Qajar period. In such a way that, along with the weakness of the health system and care facilities, some popular beliefs about health and hygiene were considered to be an inhibiting factor in people's health. Folk medicine is a mixture of superstitions and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine. The arrival of modern medicine in Iran in the Qajar era can be considered the beginning of a new phase in the country's medical history. The findings of the research indicate that, in addition to the inhibition of popular beliefs on people's health, these beliefs became the general culture of the people in this period, which led to disorders such as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases, lack of attention to health orders due to fatalism, The prevalence of determinism has led to the wastage of people's money due to the deception of charm sellers. It seems that the poverty and misery, the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced, the ignorance, the limitations and the neglect of women in the society and family life, etc., caused a deterioration in the beliefs and opinions of the people. enter and the tendency towards superstitions to get rid of the problems that plagued them will increase.

Falk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of traditional Iranian medicinewith modern western methods caused extensive changes in its previous process. The dominant method of medicine in the society of the Qajar era was traditional medicin but this method of medicine with all its briliant historyin the past has been popularized mix with some superstitious beliefs There was a stagnation in the work of doctors and modern medicine surpassed traditional medicine due to the of culturaleducational and the penetration of the superiority of modern medicine.this reserch using a descriptive-analytical method and using documents and library sources aime to investigate the factors that created the basis for the presence of existence these doctors in the Iranian society during the Qajar era the place of folk beliefs in maintaining health as well as their treatment methods.ignorance poverty and misery the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced the restrictions and neglect of women in society and family life and polygamy and many other reasons caused the change in beliefs and opinions.the people will be harmed and the tendency towards superstitions will increase to get rid of the problems that plagued them.

The porch of AllahverdiKhan was built in the Safavid era,in the proximity of the shrine of Imam Reza and by the order of AllahverdiKhan,the military commander of the Safavid era.The construction of a porch contemporary with the life of Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī,also called MullāṢadrā,is one of the greatest scientists of the Islamic world and the founder of transcendent wisdom,whom AllahverdiKhan had a special respect for his doctrine.MullaSadra's wisdom has had a great impact on the religious,doctrinal and especially the architectural teachings of his time and beyond. Architecture,due to its influence on culture and beliefs,spreads the worldview of the architects of its time,so it is assumed that porch architecture is able to reveal the basic concepts of formation that are rooted in the wisdom of MullaSadra.In this regard a comparative study of the formation of the porch of AllahverdiKhan,based on the ontology of the transcendent wisdom as the most complete wisdom of the Orient, can be examined in the process of its construction.Therefore,the question raised is:How did MullaSadra's ontological discussions influence the formation of the porch of AllahverdiKhan and how did these influences manifest themselves in the body and meaning of the porch?Therefore,in the present study,we intend to bring the principles of MullaSadra ontology to the forefront in this magnificent building based on scientific findings.The existence of this question and the close relationship between these two famous characters of the Safavid era,along with the creation of this building in the most important religious place of Iran,can strengthen the relationship between transcendent wisdom in the formation of the building.In addition,examining the building and its adaptation with the ontological principles of this wisdom can provide more accurate answers to the questions raised.For this purpose,in this study,with the method of descriptive-analysis and logical reasoning strategy,the four ontological bases of MullaSadra's wisdom in the formation of the porch will be examined.

The employment of women of northern Khorasan tribes in the Pahlavi period, based on oral historyWomen's employment throughout history is one of the issues about which there is little knowledge. With the tools of interview and oral history, this deficiency can be solved at least one or two centuries ago. The source of these tools are old people who are still alive and dynamically living around us.According to these living sources, the activity of women in North Khorasan has been a confirmation of their activity for centuries in the field of work outside and family life, and despite the fact that their active presence at home and perhaps throughout history has been ignored. They are the inheritors of activities that have continued until now and have covered all areas of people's lives in this region. Animal husbandry, agriculture, spinning and weaving were among the occupations of women in this region. This article tries to deal with the efforts and employment of women in North Khorasan (villagers and nomads).Key words: women, North Khorasan, employment, weaving

Utilization of natural energies has been one of the most important features of building formation since ancient times.This issue has become very important in desert and semi-desert areas due to severe climatic conditions.Iranian Islamic architecture has always been formed in accordance with the climate in order to use natural energy, in which the two main components of orientation and form in the construction of the building have been greatly influenced by the climate.One of the important buildings in the past were caravanserais and ligaments, which due to their location and function, had to create suitable conditions for climatic conditions.Therefore, the use of natural energy in it has been important. caravanserais of the Seljuk period on the Khorasan highway had reached their peak of development due to political stability, cultural contexts, suitable social context, as well as the increase of trade and economic prosperity.One of the most valuable and significant ligaments in this period is the ligament of honor.This magnificent building is located next to the Silk Road on the way from Saraks to Mashhad and the semi-desert climate.The construction of the building, its orientation and form have been formed taking into account the climatic conditions of the region.Therefore, the question is expressed as follows:What has been the effect of the climatic conditions of the region on the orientation and form of the building of RobatSharaf in order to manage the energy of the interior space during the year?And what is the relationship between these building components and internal energy performance?

With the formation of the Safavid government, the ground was prepared for the expansion of philosophical schools. During this period, the philosophical school of Isfahan, which was founded by prominent personalities such as Mulla Sadra, was formed and completed all the doctrinal foundations of its previous philosophers. During this period, the presence of Mulla Sadra and the founders of this school in the city of Isfahan paved the way for the formation of a flourishing period of wisdom and philosophy. On the other hand, the Safavid era was one of the most significant periods in showing the connection between architecture and philosophical schools, which has greatly influenced the foundations of the philosophical school of Isfahan and has created the most magnificent architecture compared to previous eras, which is definitely the highest expression in space. The mosque has appeared. Therefore, the present study tries to answer the question, what effect has the ideas of Mulla Sadra as the most prominent figure of the Isfahan school had on the aesthetics of Safavid architecture? And how did this effect become physical? In this regard, using the historical descriptive-analytical method, first to study the philosophical school of Isfahan, Mulla Sadra's aesthetic foundations and then how it affects the sacred architecture of the Safavid mosque.

This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of lean management practices in engineering processes, focusing on their application and impact on enhancing efficiency. Lean management, a methodology aimed at minimizing waste and maximizing value, has been widely adopted in various industries, including engineering. The review identifies and categorizes key lean practices such as waste reduction, continuous improvement, and value stream mapping, examining their implementation across different engineering disciplines. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the article demonstrates how these practices contribute to improved workflow, reduced costs, and enhanced product quality. The discussion highlights the effectiveness of lean practices, the challenges encountered during their implementation, and emerging trends such as the integration of digital technologies and sustainability considerations. The article concludes by providing practical recommendations for engineering managers and suggestions for future research to further explore the potential of lean management in advancing engineering processes.

Climate, as an influential factor in human comfort, has always been a focus of attention, and urban buildings and textures have largely been aligned with it. Traditional architects have also sought to create a space that, given the conditions of its time, can bring about human physical comfort. Therefore, the role of climate in the formation of the body can be acknowledged. The Ghiasiye School is a reminder of the Timuri era, located in the village of Khargerd, a suburb of Khawaf. Khawaf city in Razavi Khorasan has a desert climate with hot summers and cold and relatively dry winters. Recognizing the harsh conditions of this climate, it seems that the only way to deal with it, for the sake of human thermal comfort, is to pay special attention to the climate characteristics of the region. Given that decoding the sustainability of indigenous architecture from past to present has always been a topic of interest to scholars, the main research question is to what extent climate has played a role in the physical formation and organization of Ghiasiye school spaces? This paper reviews and analyzes the architecture of the school based on climatic characteristics using a descriptiveanalytical method and a library data collection tool, and in particular a field survey. The results of this study showed that these characteristics are, in most cases, the only important factor in the formation of body and space and in some cases have had a significant impact. In fact, according to the climate characteristics of the area, the architect has provided smart architectural solutions to optimally provide the residents with thermal comfort.