نشریه تحولات سیاسی اجتماعی معاصر ایران
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 4، پاییز 1402)

Today, the media play a significant role in the political transformation of societies. The thoughts and behaviors of many people are influenced by the content of the mass media. This study aims at investigating the effect of mass media on the political attitudes of the people, and the main question is to what extent the mass media has influenced the political attitudes of the people in the eastern region of Golestan Province. The method of this research surveys and the level of analysis is individual. The statistical population of this study is all residents of Gonbad Kavous, Minoodasht, and Galikesh. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square test and the researcher’s analytical model in this study, which is derived from the concepts of functionalism theory. Findings show that television, the internet, and social networks are the most important tools used by the people of Golestan Province. The citizens of this region have stated that they trust the content of the mass media, but their political views have not affected them, and also the mass media has not played a significant role in the political attitude of the people.

In response to the question, "Why does the Islamic Republic of Iran differ from the Western countries in the interpretation of the rights and duties of individuals and the government?" It is said that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the law is the legislative will of God, which is expressed in the form of the rules of Sharia for man to achieve perfection and happiness in this world and the hereafter. The necessity of this law is also expressed based on the rule of grace and the proof of public prophecy. At the same time, the rule of the people is emphasized as a superstructure in this system and the vote of the people finds meaning in the framework and foundation of divine legitimacy. It means, in the Islamic Republic, the law is nourished by the two sources of "infrastructural origin of divine law" and "superstructural origin of the rule of people", while the historical memory of "collective representation" can be traced. In recent years, influenced by the development of communication technologies and the expansion of social networks, the demands of the "superstructure" have increased and the traditional order has changed. As a result, internal divide and international conflicts have deepened. To change this situation, creating a compromise between traditional (Islamism) and modern (republican) discourse is a necessity; given the different structures of these two levels of discourse, harmony between the system of rights and duties of government and individuals is inevitable.

The Tudeh Party is one of the most powerful and persistent political parties in the contemporary history of Iran, which was founded after September 1941 when the political space of Iran was opened, and continued its activities for several decades. However, the Tudeh Party experienced many ups and downs in its political life. According to a classification by Ehsan Tabari; member of the Central Committee of the Tudeh Party, this party went through its golden age between 1941 and 1947, and from 1947 to 1953 it entered a period of decline and failure. In this study, the relationship between the institutionalization and the performance of the Tudeh Party in these two sections is examined. To this end, the Huntington's institutionalization indexes of political organization were applied on the Tudeh Party. The results of this study shows that Huntington's institutionalization indexes are directly related to the performance of the Tudeh Party, and the party faces multiple failures when its institutionalization indexes decreases.

The strategy of the third power, since it is native to Iran's foreign policy, has been considered by the governments of Iran at some point in time. The rivalry between the Russian and British powers over influence in Iran led these governments, which found themselves incapable of influencing and interfering in the internal affairs of their representatives in Iran, to think that another government European interests in Iranian affairs. Therefore, the present article is a percentage of the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy. The third force was in fact a country whose power was used to reduce the influence and control the policies of Britain and the Soviet Union.This power must have four characteristics: First: it has no colonial goals in Iran; Second: to have enough power and capacity to create a balance between the other two countries; Third: be interested in being present in Iran; Fourth: The Soviet Union and Britain should not be hostile to it.

With the spread of nationalism in the 19th century, the idea of a modern state in Iran, which had already been formed, was realized and the attempt to create a national and inclusive state in the name of law and parliament (people’s representatives) began during the Constitutional Revolution. With the coming to power of the Pahlavi government and the efforts and policies of the first Pahlavi (Reza Shah) including strengthening national unity, maintaining territorial integrity, and combining Iranian identity with Western identity for nation-building in the years 1925 to 1945, which for various reasons The British intervention in Iran was not successful. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of British interventions in the process of nation-building and the formation of modern national identity in Iran. The main question of the research is what role did the United Kingdom play in the nation-building process in Iran? This research has been studied by explanatory-interpretive method and the data collection method is also documentary. The results of this study show that the British intervention in Iran’s internal affairs has increased ethnic tensions and also its influence in the Iranian political system has led the actions of the Shah and the elites in the opposite direction and against national interests.

The concepts of democratic governments are the manifestation of a democratic system and the basis of democratic government is to explain the status of the rule of law according to its manifestation in international law, which is the arena of human rights and the influence and expression of fundamental freedoms at the behest of a democratic government. , is . Freedom of the fundamental principle In any existing society, the reproduction of two significant phenomena necessary for democracy, namely: a- The emergence and rooting of awareness of fundamental political rights among all or at least the majority of citizens; B- Establishment of desirable socio-political structures to create and manage the right of everyone to participate in the management of public affairs. Recognizing the interrelationships between a democratic system, democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental freedoms, this descriptive-analytical study expands the concepts and the relationship between them with the aim of a comparative look at redefining these concepts and the limitations of action. It deals with the necessity of the relationship between these three categories.

One of the factors that increase drug trafficking in Iran is the proximity of the country's borders with production and trafficking centers. As dealing with this matter, it is necessary to present a coherent plan and apply criminal policies in harmony with executive operations. Iran's perspective and legal criminal policy against narcotics, in contrast to England's criminal policy, is based on repression and punishment-oriented and punishing with the intensification of disproportionate punishments and lacks a corrective and preventive attitude. While in English law, this policy is lenient and the maximum punishments in the laws of this country are life imprisonment only in exceptional cases and there is no mention of corporal punishment. This research is descriptive-analytical with the aim of explaining the legal and operational criminal policy of Iran and England in the spiritual agent of drug crime. The findings of this research, in accordance with the English legal system, indicate that in the criminal policy of Iran and England, in relation to the spiritual agent, although the term spiritual agent is not explicitly used, and in terms of the jurisdiction and specialization of the investigating courts and the amount of punishment and There are similarities and differences in the type of punishment, and in terms of preventive measures, both systems emphasize resorting to criminal mechanisms, and non-criminal reactions are sometimes observed in a case-by-case and ineffective manner, which are mostly outside the mission of the judicial system.

Countries have different policies in policymaking and recognizing the nature of aggravated crimes in determining the criteria for diagnosing serious crimes and their important effects. The types of aggravating factors can be referred to as the nature and nature of the aggravating crime, which include general aggravating factors that are exemplified in Iranian criminal law only in the two factors of multiplicity and repetition of the crime, and specific factors that are objective causes. and personal causes are divided. The presence of crime is always dangerous for the members of the society, but in some cases, committing a crime in the form of its frequency and repetition is considered a special threat. In this situation, the legislator is forced to make regulations in order to prevent such crimes from being committed. impose a special punishment in the form of increasing the punishment in order to establish justice in the society. Multiplicity and repetition is one of the general reasons for the aggravation of punishment because it is not specific to specific crimes and if it is found in any crime, it causes the aggravation of the punishment. This article, by using the descriptive and analytical method, while examining the aggravating aspects of the punishment, tries to find out the nature of the aggravating qualities. to identify the crime in Iran's legal policies. The findings of the research show that one of the gaps in the law is the lack of precise standards and criteria for distinguishing the circumstances .

In transactions between merchants, there are challenges and risks for exporters and importers. These risks and challenges can be the result of the negligence of one of the parties to the contract or the result of economic and political issues and the countries that are involved in this transaction. In addition to this, it is not always easy to assess the credibility and commercial reputation of the other party to the contract, as a result, commercial payments through an open account or by securities such as checks or even bills of exchange are not acceptable, unless the parties have long business relations with each other and stability in the political, economic and legal situation of the importing country. If these conditions are not provided, in commercial practice, an additional guarantee is requested from the other party. In this context, methods have been created to guarantee payment in a traditional way, one of the most important of which is the subject of letters of credit. In this research, using the analytical descriptive method, the legal system of guaranteed letters of credit shows the results that are examined in the laws of Iran and Iraq. The category of letters of credit is considered a major and classic means of guaranteeing payment in foreign trade transactions and provides a high guarantee. In the context of these documents in the laws of Iran and Iraq, opinions have been expressed by jurists, they are of the opinion that documentary credits should be recognize

The present study, which aims to investigate the relationship between quality of life and social satisfaction with the level of social commitment of the citizens of Shahrekord, is an applied survey in terms of its purpose, extensive in terms of its scope, small in terms of scope, and a cross-sectional survey in terms of time. The research method in this research is the survey method, and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is all the citizens of Shahrekord city over 18 years of age, whose number according to the latest statistics is about 185 thousand people, of which 384 people have been selected as the sample size based on Sample Power software. The results of the research indicate that between the total amount of quality of life (0.36) and its dimensions, i.e. physical quality of life (0.37), mental-psychological quality of life (0.33), social quality of life (0.45), Economic quality of life (0.30), hope for the future (0.34) and also between the total amount of social satisfaction (0.43) and its dimensions, i.e. satisfaction with family (0.28), satisfaction with health (0.38) and satisfaction with the government (0.26), there is a positive and direct relationship with the social commitment of citizens. Based on the findings of the relationship between demographic variables and the dependent variable, the level of social commitment of women (average 3.64) is more than men (average 3.43) and married people (average 3.68) is more than single people (average 38.

Coastal areas are very important for countries. Good governance in coastal areas also takes place at global, regional, national and sub-national (regional) scales. IRAN benefits from coastal areas in the south and north, the northern coasts, especially Gilan province, due to the climatic conditions Lands and... have high population density and linear distribution of settlements in the coastal strip. Many cities and villages that see different reflections in the scope of local administration of these areas. Therefore, this research has sought to identify and prioritize good governance indicators in organizing the space of the coastal areas of Rudsar city at the local management level. The research was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively, first by interviewing and studying the background of good governance indicators, and then by interviewing and validating, a total of 20 indicators were identified. These factors were analyzed by elites in three stages using the fuzzy Delphi method. and then 17 indicators were introduced as the final indicators of good governance. Then, based on the opinion of the sample size and the Friedman method, the indicators were prioritized The results of the research showed that the index of citizens' participation with a score of 15.22 has the highest priority, in the second place, the index of strategic insight with a score of 14.11 is prioritized, followed by rule of law with a score of 14.09 and justice with a score of 13.98 to achieve good governance for the political organization of the coastal area of the city.

The necessity of existence of qadha in the society is a debate that has been discussed in jurisprudence books under the title "Must of qadha". One of the issues raised in the Islamic legal system and one of the important issues in jurisprudence is the issue of qadha. Considering that the most important goal of Islam in every field is the realization of "justice" in that field, therefore, it is very important to examine the foundations of justice and to reach judicial justice, which is the implementation of divine decrees and limits through the existence of this important tool. The discussion of qadha, when examined under the title of judicial justice, can better explain the role and importance of "judgment and justice" with the existence of elements, the realization of security in society and evidential justice. This article aims to answer the question, referring to legal jurisprudence foundations and explaining judicial justice, whether the ultimate cause of justice is the execution of justice or the season of hostility? However, it must be acknowledged that what is emphasized in Islam and the modern legal system shows that there is always justice.

The effect of oil price on the economy is widely accepted, and the study of its fluctuations on macroeconomic indicators is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of oil price shocks on exchange rate fluctuations in selected countries of the Persian Gulf (Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran) from 2000 to 2023 using the structural autoregression model (SVAR) and to discover the optimal currency system, especially for countries with natural resources. it is full The results showed that only in Saudi Arabia, the coefficients of oil supply shocks were significant and not significant in other countries. Also, total demand shocks did not have a significant effect on the exchange rate fluctuations of these countries, except for the first break of the demand shock for Kuwait. More importantly, the simultaneous increase in special demand for oil in Kuwait causes the Kuwaiti dinar to depreciate against the basket of currencies of its main trading partners. These results are contrary to the previous findings of researchers who confirmed the effect of oil price on the exchange rate for such countries. Therefore, by adopting a strategy of patience and observation, the negative effects of strong interventions in the currency market can be avoided, especially in situations where the source of the shock is not known.

AbstractDuring the first Pahlavi period, the Germans tried to invade the body of Iranian society, its active and influential classes and groups, and in this way, they did not hesitate to make any attempt to infiltrate the ruling body and the country's rulers. These efforts, which started in the years before the World War, now continued on a large scale, and one of its goals was to infiltrate Iran's military industries and military weapons. The problem of the current research is, what role did the German government play in creating military industries and arming the army during the 1st Pahlavi period? The current research method is historical (inductive) and it is the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which was used to describe and analyze the materials. The findings of the present research show that Reza Shah built three aviation schools in Ahvaz, Mashhad and Tehran, where the German influence was considerable. The presence of German military advisers, Iran's arms purchases from this country are other signs of German influence in Iran's military industries during the first Pahlavi period. This was despite the fact that the German government never fully supported Reza Shah's government in terms of weapons, which is relevant in the field of foreign relations between the two countries.

Community-based punishments are mechanisms that should be implemented as a punishment instead of imprisonment against criminals who commit criminal acts in line with the collaborative criminal policy at the community level. Policy makers in France have implemented these punishments with the participation of civil society in order to achieve the goals of restorative justice by creating implementation platforms and adopting the criminal policy model of the democratic state-society in their laws. In this regard, by focusing on the evaluation of the bases of the collaborative criminal policy, he compared the criminal policy model of Iran with France, and due to the lack of necessary infrastructure, it was observed that the implementation of the said punishments in Iran has not been so successful. Participatory criminal policy in Iran has not yet found its place and failed to gain public trust and cooperation in order to use social institutions and give people a role in the execution of punishments. On the other hand, France has been successful in achieving the above goals at the community level by using the necessary platforms, including: the participation of civil society and specialized institutions. At the same time, Iran's policy makers, by adapting the French criminal policy, have tried to take into consideration the interests of the society and the victim while facing the criminal phenomenon, while recommending to evaluate the personality of the criminal, so as to decide on the punishment of the community type.

Hence, the macroeconomic policies in Iraq in the years after 2003 experienced a severe fluctuation and disturbance, this research with a historical review method aims to examine the effects of the government's macroeconomic policies on the national security of Iraq after 2003. Check it out. Achieving a high and stable economic growth rate is one of the important goals of any economic system and the government will not give up any efforts to achieve these goals. One of the results of this research is that the occupation of Iraq after 2003 by the American forces led to the dissolution of active government bodies and the disturbances witnessed by the Iraqi nation played a role in the deterioration of the economic, security and social situation and its effects. So far it is standing. This reflects the turmoil of the economic situation and the disorder of the economic situation; Because the reality in Iraq is that since 2003, there has been no real political reform; Therefore, developmental programs were disappointing. The government relies on political quotas, not on the merits and abilities of individuals. All these cases are the principles of political reform which are the basis of the success of economic development.

The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the social apathy of the people of Kerman regarding their public welfare in the year 2019. This research was conducted using a library-field method, and the data collection tools included observation, tests, and questionnaires. Initially, books and articles related to social apathy and public welfare were studied, and the three main domains of the research were introduced. The statistical population of this study consisted of all married men and women aged 30 to 60 in Kerman in 2019. For designing the questionnaire, which was adapted from a master’s thesis, the five-point Likert scale was used, one of the most common measurement scales. The conceptual model of the research was examined in this paper, and significant relationships between various aspects of the research variables were clearly identified. In conclusion, the data was analyzed.----------

Claims to prove ownership of immovable property is one of the most common and voluminous legal claims. According to the registration status of immovable properties, each of them is in a special registration status, there is a difference of opinion regarding the acceptance of claims to prove ownership of immovable properties in the judicial procedure, there is no end to this matter, especially in the case of properties that have a registration history and their registration history. Unfinished is more. On the other hand, there are situations where the petitioner is forced to go to the court and has no other choice, the general task of handling claims by the courts also requires the necessity of hearing the claim. The current research is of qualitative type and its method is library and document studies. The subject of the present research is the investigation and classification of cases of proof of ownership that may be presented in the court in each of the stages of property registration, and the consideration and issuance of a verdict in each of these cases has its own special effects. The results showed that; Standardization of the plan and hearing of the claim for proof of ownership in the case of immovable property leads to the unification of the judicial procedure and preventing the issuance of conflicting opinions in similar cases and creating satisfaction in the clients of the judiciary,.

The category of time, as one of the intellectual concerns of man, has always occupied the human mind in various periods. Time is considered one of the important philosophical topics, although many sages and theologians have thought and talked about it, but due to the complexities, differences and contradictions of experts' opinions about it, as well as its wide scope, the need for profound research is felt in this field. Literature is one of the most important sources of time. Poets and writers in different periods have used the element of time to suit the prevailing atmosphere. Akhavan-Sales is one of the contemporary poets whose poems have a broad reflection of time; Therefore, the purpose of the current research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical way, is time and thinking about time in the thought and poetry of the Akhavan. The results of the research show that, in general, the time in the poetry of the Akhavan-Sales is chronological, moment-by-moment and linear. In the context of mythical or cyclical time, the poet adheres to several categories: the brilliant past, lateness, everyday life, hope for the future, desire for immortality and immortality. He has considered three categories: order, continuity and frequency in composing this type of poems. In general, in the poems of Akhavan. we see a person who is subject to time and is more inclined to escape from the present and the future to the past, which reminds him of the happy days that he hopes to return.

Cyprus is an island located in the easternmost part of the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its special location and abundant mines, this island has long attracted the attention of the surrounding lands and has always witnessed the encroachment of its neighbors and their competition in conquering it. After the advent of Islam and the beginning of the era of conquests, Cyprus also attracted the attention of Muslim rulers.The Muslim expedition to Cyprus is important because it is considered the first "sea expedition" of the Muslims and it indicates a new round of historical events in the field of conquests on the other side of the water borders, which can be a new chapter in the preparation of the Muslim military forces and establishment and equipment. to follow the naval fleet.On the other hand, the issue of the occupation of Cyprus as the first conquered island in the Islamic era is also significant. Therefore, this article deals with the description and analysis approach of this raid, the motives and goals of this attack and its results. According to the results of this research, the conquest of Cyprus, in addition to being the beginning of many other campaigns in the Mediterranean Sea, also led to the establishment of the first Muslim naval base.