amirali farhang

Employment is often more than just a means of making a living, and lossing a job may be one of the most stressful experiences in life. This phenomenon apart from the financial problems it causes, it may affect people's health. This study examines the impact of unemployment on health during the period 2000-2021 in Middle Eastern and North African countries using the quantile panel econometric approach. For the health index, two variables of life expectancy and death rate under five years have been used. The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact. The control variables of GDP per capita, trade and current health expenses were also used and all three variables had a positive and significant effect on life expectancy and a negative and significant effect on the death rate.The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact. The control variables of GDP per capita, trade and current health expenses were also used and all three variables had a positive and significant effect on life expectancy and a negative and significant effect on the death rate.The results of the research indicate that in all quantiles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95, unemployment had a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, while unemployment had a significant effect on the death rate and Mir has had a positive and significant impact.

Recently, time-varying uncertainty has attracted a lot of attention from policymakers and academics and has led to the growth of literature identifying the transmission mechanisms of uncertainty shocks. Precautionary pricing incentive is an important mechanism that amplifies uncertainty shocks. The conclusion from the comparison of allocations under optimal monetary policies is modeled in two common pricing approaches, Calvo and Rotemberg. The main goal of this research is to investigate the optimal monetary policy with uncertainty in Iran's economy under different pricing conditions by modeling two common pricing approaches, Calvo and Rotemberg, which is based on a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model based on the new Keynesian perspective using The available information and statistics of Iran's economy from 2001 to 2021, have been designed according to the realities of Iran's economy. The results showed that the uncertainty shocks under Calvo and Rotemberg's pricing assumptions when the monetary policy is adjusted based on Taylor's empirical law are spread differently in the Iranian economy. In such a way that they behave like cost pressure shocks under Calvo pricing and negative demand shocks under Rotemberg pricing. However, the optimal monetary policy leads to the stabilization of both inflation and output gap under both pricing assumptions. In other words, adopting optimal monetary policies can lead to economic stability. Because optimal monetary policy removes not only the discretionary savings incentive of households but also the discretionary pricing incentive of firms, the key channel differentiates Calvo's pricing prediction from Rothenberg's pricing prediction under empirical Taylor. According to the results of the present research, it is suggested to use the monetary rule for policy-making to create a nominal anchor for economic actors and not to use discretionary policies in order not to create inflationary expectations in the economy.

Under uncertain conditions in the economy, the process of planning and decision-making as well as policy-making in all economic sectors, including households, enterprises, the government and the financial market, is disrupted, because the possibility of prediction decreases and it becomes difficult for economic actors to realize future visions. In such a situation, economic agents are faced with uncertainty regarding consumption, savings or investment decisions, expenditure-tax policies, laws and regulations, and future interest rates. In other words, decision-making has become difficult for economic agents and makes them hesitate to make decisions in the hope of achieving a more stable position in the future. The purpose of this research is to investigate the spillover effects of uncertainty in Iran's economy. For this purpose, the fluctuations of each of the markets (oil, currency, stocks) in the occurrence of uncertainty in the Iranian economy are investigated and the spillover effects of uncertainty resulting from each sector to other sectors are estimated.

In some applications of the ARCH model, conditional variance equations with relatively long intervals are used, which requires determining the structure of the intervals to avoid the problem of negative parameters in the variance, so that a process with a longer memory and a more flexible interval structure can be selected from the ARCH category. To achieve more flexibility, another generalization is proposed as the generalized ARCH (GARCH) process. This has made forecasting in financial markets more complicated. Therefore, nowadays, multivariable models have been developed a lot in order to model the dynamics of returns. Using multivariate time series models has two important advantages. Firstly, it is very effective in identifying the relationship between series, secondly, it will increase the accuracy of forecasting. For example, if the past values ​​of one series influence another series, it is better to use multivariate models. Of course, using systemic or multivariable models instead of single-variable models will bring two important limitations. First, the more parameters that are estimated, the accuracy of the results will decrease and we need more data for the results to be reliable. Second, in many cases, the results do not have a high explanatory power. In multivariate GARCH models, the number of parameters increases drastically with the increase in the dimension of the model, and on the other hand, it is necessary for the variance matrix to be positive definite. Establishing these characteristics by the estimated parameters is not so simple. To estimate the parameters of multivariate GARCH models, the maximum likelihood method is mainly used, although the two-step method is also common. One of the problems with GARCH family models is that positive and negative fluctuations with equal size have the same effect on the conditional covariance matrix, this feature is the symmetry effect. But in practice, the reaction of the economy to good and bad events may be different, so to solve this problem, non-linear GARCH combination models with BEKK extension have been used. 

Based on the findings of the research, the only variable of GDP excluding oil income has a structural failure during its process in the second quarter of 2011, and other variables are also without structural failure. Based on the criteria for measuring the accuracy of modeling estimations, the VARMAX GARCH-in-Mean Asymmetric BEKK model has provided more accurate results in terms of structural failure. Given that the number of conditional mean and conditional variance-covariance equations depends on the number of endogenous variables; In the current research (due to the presence of three endogenous variables), three equations for the average part and three equations for the variance-covariance part have been designed. In the analysis of the GARCH effects of exogenous variables and estimated coefficients of the Bx matrix, it can be seen that the transfer of the uncertainty of sanctions to the market of the production sector is significant. In addition, the transfer of turbulence from the growth of oil income, sanctions index and money market index to other studied sectors has also been confirmed. Based on the obtained results, the spillover of impulses and turbulence between the stock market, currency and gross domestic product (except from the production sector towards the currency market) is two-way.

During the studied period, the most transfer of turbulence from the previous period of the currency market to the current period has occurred in the currency market. Also, in the analysis of GARCH effects of exogenous variables and estimated coefficients, it can be seen that the transfer of oil price uncertainty to real GDP and foreign exchange market is significant. In addition, the transfer of the turbulence resulting from sanctions to the currency market has also been confirmed. The estimated coefficients of the matrix indicate the confirmation of the existence of asymmetric effects of BEKK in the studied variables. Also, a careful examination of the estimated coefficients shows that the reflection of bad news of oil on the turbulence of the production sector and the bad news of sanctions on the turbulence of the stock market has appeared more than other studied sectors.

The tourism industry is one of the main factors of economic growth and improvement of social welfare in many developed and developing countries, stimulation of foreign investment, foreign exchange income, development of infrastructure, creation of job opportunities, and social interaction among tourists. Tourism promotes globalization and international cooperation between countries and increases awareness of environmental protection. The performance of tourism depends on the level of development of the industry. Countries with developed tourism, experience a much  greater economic growth compared to the countries with less developed tourism industry. Several factors affect the development of tourism industry. For example, tourism needs an advanced transportation network and other facilities to facilitate the movement of tourists from their own countries to the host countries and also within the host country. Therefore, the physical infrastructure is considered an important determining factor in the arrival of tourists. The current research examines the factors influencing the development of the tourism industry from other perspectives. The existing literature shows that tourism is vulnerable and prone to political risks related to poor  governance strategies, crime, conflicts, political instability, corruption, and terrorism. High levels of political risk make countries inaccessible to international tourists, making visiting those countries seem highly risky and expensive at the same time. In addition to the mentioned items, other factors such as inflation rate, exchange rate fluctuations and real exchange rate affect the tourism industry. In case of currency devaluation in the host country, the visiting rate will increase  as tourism products and services in the country become relatively cheap for tourists from countries with strong currencies. Another parameter in this regard is inflation category where there is a close correlation between the purchasing power of consumers, and rampant inflation rate. When the purchasing power of tourists decreases, they lose interest to travel to such destinations where life and travel expenditures are rather expensive and hardly affordable. However, when inflation decreases, more tourists visit the host country, where the cost of living and transportation is far cheaper.The research findings have shown that tourism has played a vital role in many low-income countries like Iran. Over the  recent years, the country has experienced severe fluctuations in the exchange rate and inflation rate. The accurate validation of exchange rate policies, inflation rate, and political risk is not only useful in the academic field but also for policymakers in practice to support the activity. The current research is innovative in terms of the subject and the econometric methods used. The research hypotheses are as follows: 1- There is a negative and significant relationship between political risk and tourism development. 2- There is a positive and significant relationship between the exchange rate and tourism development. 3- There is a negative and significant relationship between the inflation rate and tourism development.

This research analyzes the effects of political risk, exchange rate, and inflation rate on the development of tourism in the case of Iran in the period of 2000-2021 and uses the non-linear econometric approach (NARDL) to estimate the short-term and long-term coefficients. To perform statistical and econometric analysis, Eviews 13 software was used. The QARDL method is also used to check the robustness of the results.

Short-term and long-term evaluations of NARDL model shows that the effect of a positive exchange rate shock on tourism development is positive and significant both in the short and long term, while the effect of a negative exchange rate shock on tourism development in both the short and long term is negative and significant. In the case of political risk and inflation rate, the results are the opposite of the exchange rate, so the impact of the positive shock of political risk and inflation rate on the development of tourism is negative and significant both in the short and long term, while the effect of the negative shock of political risk and inflation rate on it is positive and significant. The results of long-term and short-term estimates are consistent and differ only in the size of influence in terms of coefficients, and they confirm the hypothesis of the present study. The biggest impact in the short term, with a reduction factor of 0.611, is related to the inflation rate. In the long term, the greatest impact with a reduction factor of 0.790 units is related to the positive shock of political risk.

The tourism economics literature has conclusively proved that tourism entering a country leads to economic development in the destination country. According to the reports of the World Tourism Organization (2018), tourism is the third largest industry in terms of global export earnings. Based on the results of this research, the following recommendations are suggested: Institutional reforms can help strengthen the economy of countries with low-quality institutions, and policymakers should consider the conditions of the tourism industry when setting country stabilization strategies. The increase in the inflation rate in recent years destroys the advantage of being cheap to travel to Iran due to the increase in the exchange rate, so policymakers should consider controlling the inflation rate.

Inflation is one of the main issues in macroeconomics and one of the main concerns of many countries. In recent years, the existence of rapid inflation due to economic sanctions and the lack of injection of oil revenues has weakened the performance of macro variables, including the increase in the unemployment rate and its spillover effects on all the provinces of the country, especially the underdeveloped and poor provinces. Is. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effective factors in the direction of control, stability of the inflation rate, and chronic reduction of the unemployment rate. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the spatial effect of inflation on unemployment in the provinces of Iran with a spatial econometric approach during the period of 2006-2021. Before estimating the spatial model, spatial spillover effects for the spatial auto regression model were confirmed using Moran’s, Jerry C’s, and spatial F tests. Based on the obtained results, the inflation rate and its proximity effects have negative and significant effects on the unemployment rate of the studied provinces. According to other results, it has been observed that the gross domestic product and credits for the acquisition of capital (construction) assets and the logarithm of human capital have a positive and significant effect on reducing the unemployment rate; meanwhile, the wage rate has a negative and significant relationship with the reduction of the unemployment rate in the provinces. It is suggested to move simultaneously in the direction of stabilizing the inflation rate and increasing the employment rate to increase the competitiveness of production for the less developed and poor provinces.

According to social science researchers, the family is the smallest and most important social institution, and marriage is the basis of the family and a desirable and Islamic obligation. There are theories that indicate the desire to marry among young people is influenced by economic, social and political factors. The tendency ot marry in the country is considered as one of the important issues and changes in tendency to marry in Hamadan province as one of the provinces of the country were investigated. This research was conducted among the 18-35-year-old youth of Hamadan province in year 2023, and 388 of them were selected for the study using Cochran formula. The collected data were analyzed using Spss software. Results of the research for the tendency to marry indicate that there is a significant relationship between variables such as attachment to parents, individuality in choosing a spouse, idealistic expectations from marriage, having financial resources, believing in the cost- benefit of marriage, socializing with the opposite sex. and there is no connection with the acceptance of gender equality. Finally, the regression results show that the five variables of attachment to parents, idealistic expectation of marriage, having financial resources, belief in the cost-opportunity of marriage, socializing with the opposite sex can account for 60.6% of the variance of the dependent variable (tendency to marriage).

Job creation should governments provide cooperatives with material and moral support and pave the way for job creation as one of the foundations of economic stability. This study aims to examine the situation of cooperatives benefiting from employment facilities is a rural stable in Ardabil province, the statistical population of which is rural cooperative companies active in Ardabil province. The results of interviews with 26 cooperatives receiving loans showed that 21 cooperatives were able to create employment in the cooperative after obtaining sustainable employment facilities, and this means a positive and effective impact of sustainable employment facilities, which is also the report and statistical data. Confirms that one of the other objectives of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the success and failure of cooperatives benefiting from sustainable rural employment facilities in Ardabil province, which were surveyed with a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to evaluate the reliability, we used Cronbach's alpha, which number 0.914 showed the reliability of the questionnaire used. This questionnaire was completed by 40 managers of cooperatives in the province and in four components to evaluate the factors affecting the performance and success of these cooperatives the use of factor analysis was discussed. According to the analysis of the results of the questionnaire, the component of improving participatory capabilities and motivational factors in the workplace has the greatest impact on the success and performance of rural cooperatives. The least score and impact has the improvement of internal management of cooperatives.

Global climate change, exacerbated by the emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide), poses a significant threat to life, the global environment, and development. Environmental degradation is a highly debated issue in international forums and is recognized as a significant concern worldwide. Consequently, researchers and policymakers have shifted their focus from traditional economic growth to green growth. This study explores the influence of economic policy uncertainty, renewable energy consumption, and institutional quality on green growth in Iran from 2002 to 2020. Economic policy uncertainty is measured using a composite index that incorporates currency, monetary, and financial policy uncertainty, calculated through ARCH and GARCH econometric models. Green growth is defined as economic growth adjusted for environmental considerations, based on Ahmed et al. (2022) and Sohag et al. (2022). The Quantile Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) method is employed for data analysis. Empirical findings reveal that economic policy uncertainty negatively affects green growth across all quantiles (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95), whereas renewable energy consumption and institutional quality contribute positively to green growth. Control variables, including capital stock, employment, and degree of trade openness, are also incorporated in the analysis. Trade openness and capital positively influence green growth across all quantiles, while employment has a negative impact

Iran is a country that has experienced an increase in the inflation rate and the Gini coefficient in recent years, leading to the subsequent economic and social repercussions. Theft crime is considered one of the types of social crimes and is seen as a major factor in reducing social welfare. In recent years, theft has increased in Iran, resulting in social crises. This research aims to investigate and analyze the important economic factors contributing to the increase in theft crime in Iran (inflation rate and Gini coefficient) during the years 2012-2023, using the novel Copula approach. The Nash equilibrium with an approximate value of 0.9307 indicates the proportionality between Copula-Marshal-Olkin and the data, while the Nash equilibrium of the Gini coefficient and theft crime with an approximate value of 0.9032 signifies the adherence of Copula-Fisher-Hinzman to the data. The results and findings of the research confirm the influential role of inflation and economic inequality in the increase of theft crime. Therefore, policymakers must pay attention to and implement measures to combat the rise in inflation and economic inequality; because with the reduction of inflation and economic inequality, it will be possible to reduce the crime of theft.

The main objective of this article is to investigate the effect of the tax burden and corruption perceptions index, as well as the interactive effect of these two variables on the total factors of productivity, using the panel data of 18 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) during 2002 - 2020 and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method. The results of the study showed that increasing the tax burden without the corruption perceptions index reduces the productivity of the production factors in both the short and long term, While the increase of the corruption perceptions index  and the joint effects of the corruption perception index and the tax burden have a positive and significant effect on the productivity of all production factors. The positive interaction effect of the tax burden and the corruption perceptions index on the productivity of the total production factors indicates that the increase in the corruption perception index reduces the negative effect of the tax burden on the productivity of the total production factors. An increase of one unit of the tax burden has had a negative and significant impact of 0.027 and 0.019 units on the productivity of all production factors in the short and long term, respectively, While the increase of the corruption perception index and the interactive effects of the corruption perceptions index and the tax burden are 0.022, 0.041 a and in the long term, 0.048 and 0.069 units have had a positive and significant effect on it.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the correlation between TEPIX index and Brent oil prices in the weekly period from September 2009 to December 2016. In this regard, the DCC-GARCH and CWT approachs have been used. The results show the correlation between the two indicators changes under the influence of economic and political conditions of society. Also, this situation is affected by the corona pandemic conditions from February 2020 to May 2020, so that in this period the correlation between the two indicators is negative and in the period before and after this period is positive. The results of the wavelet approach also show the dependence between the market pairs under study is low in the short term and higher in some periods in the medium and long term. Therefore, investors should invest in these two markets, depending on the time horizon and the economic and political conditions.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of monetary policy on the value added of the agricultural sector and its subsectors (crop, livestock, fisheries and forestry). To investigate the research of the variables; Liquidity, value added, and investment as annual data from 1991-2019, and the GMM econometric method was used. The results of the research show that liquidity in the entire agricultural sector has increased the value added by 3.06 units, While liquidity in the crop, livestock, fisheries and forestry sub-sectors has increased by 0.017, 2.76, 2.18 and 1.05 units, respectively According to the research results, monetary policies are effective in the efficiency of the agricultural sector, and based on the obtained results, it is suggested to direct the available liquidity towards investment in the productive sub-sectors of agriculture.

Today, information and communication technology has extensive effects on economic and social variables at the micro and macro level, among which what is most important is its impact on economic growth and the issue of employment and unemployment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of selected indicators of information and communication technology (FAVA) on the economic growth and unemployment of MENA countries. For this purpose, this research is specified and estimated based on the econometric model in the framework of panel data using fixed effects (FE) and the FGLS model for the years 2000 to 2019. The findings show that the variables of Internet penetration rate and mobile phone SIM card subscription rate have a significant positive effect on the economic growth and increase in the real per capita income of MENA countries, and on the other hand, they have a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate of these countries; The fixed internet (and fixed telephone) subscription rate variable does not have a significant effect on the economic growth and unemployment rate of these countries. Also, according to the results, economic growth has a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate, and Okan's law is true in these countries. Although the coefficient of calculation in this research is less than the value of Okan's calculation and this indicates the importance that the growth of GDP in MENA countries is less job-creating, which can be due to the fact that the economic growth of these countries is due to oil and natural resources. knew Therefore, it is necessary to increase the penetration rate of the Internet among the citizens of the MENA region, international institutions (World Bank, United Nations, etc.) should support the weak countries of the MENA region by granting free and low-interest loans in order to expand ICT. Because it reduces the exchange cost and has many positive external effects.

Banks, as financial intermediaries, play an important role in the economy and financial markets by allocating financial resources. Due to the importance of creating banks' liquidity, in this research, first, the liquidity creation index was calculated using Berger and Bauman's (2009) method, and then using two generalized moment models (GMM) and panel vector auto regression model (PVAR), the effects of various impulses (economic, financial and banking) on the creation of liquidity in Iranian banks during the period of 2015-2018 have been investigated. The estimation results of the models indicate that impulses of GDP and interest rate of bank deposits have a positive effect and impulses of credit risk, interest rate of facilities and effective exchange rate have a negative effect on the creation of banks' liquidity. The research results show that a one percent increase in credit risk, interest rate of bank facilities and effective exchange rate causes a decrease of 0.228, 0.525 and 0.468 percent of banks' liquidity, respectively, while a one percent increase in bank deposit interest rate and The gross domestic product increases the liquidity of banks by 0.448 and 0.014 percent. Also, in the investigation of Granger causality between the variables, the two-way causal relationship between the variables has been confirmed. The results of PVAR method are consistent with GMM and confirm it. It can be argued that the results obtained from research models have sufficient strength.

The concepts of climate change and global warming have been widely considered as a major concern for the survival of living organisms on the planet. Since environmental and economic activities have coexisted since the beginning of Earth's history, development activities have gradually destroyed the environment by increasing CO2 emissions. Due to the lack of appropriate political initiatives, the earth is now facing the problem of adverse consequences of environmental vulnerability and destruction, which is causing suffering to the lives of humans, animals and plants worldwide. Therefore, reducing CO2 emissions to build a green and sustainable earth by considering various contributing factors such as renewable energy, technological innovation, export quality, and economic growth has become a desirable goal for contemporary researchers, as well as limited studies on the impact They are done.

In this research, in order to investigate the effects of renewable energy consumption variables, research and development cost (representative of technological innovation variable), export quality, which is one of the main and explanatory variables, and economic growth is one of the explanatory and controlling variables on CO2 emission. The econometric model derived from the research of Rahman et al(2022) uses and is specified as follows:〖(〖CO〗_2)〗_it=〖(RED)〗_it+〖(EQI)〗_it+〖(REC)〗_it+〖(GDP)〗_it+〖(U)〗_it REC: renewable energy consumption; RED: technological innovation; EQI: export quality (except the main variables); CO2: dependent variable; GDP: economic growth (except control variable); i: sections (countries); t: time; U (it ) except error The geographical scope of the current research is 20 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the period of 2000-2020 and the evaluation of the independent variables of the research on CO2 emissions using the econometric model Panel ARDL There have been. Various studies have shown that ARDL models have several advantages over some other models. First, when the sample size is small, the estimation results will be reliable. Another thing is that this method can be used without considering the accumulation of zero or one degree of variables (Bhutto & Chang, 2019), while conventional models such as VECM or VAR can only be used in certain conditions. used that the variables have the same clustering degree (Chang et al., 2020). The third advantage of using the ARDL method is that it is possible to derive the ECM equation based on it. Fourth, in ARDL models, the issue of endogeneity creates the least problem. Because in these models there is no correlation in the error component (Pesaran et al, 2001). Of course, it should be noted that in addition to all the advantages, the problem of ARDL methods is that if the variables are cumulative of the second degree, they cannot be used. Based on this and considering the mentioned advantages, in the current research, the family of ARDL models has been used to estimate the coefficients.

It is well known that greenhouse gases (GHGs) are required to keep the Earth's temperature at levels so as to sustain life. However, increasing amounts of GHG emissions due to man-made activities, such as burning fossil fuels, absorb heat and cause global warming, giving rise to changes in the climate system. Arguably, this is one of the greatest problems humanity is facing today.Current study examines the role of factors affecting the reduction of CO2 emissions in 20 MENA countries in the period of 2002-2020. The data has been extracted from the websites of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The results using the ARDL-PMG econometric technique show that the consumption of renewable energy, the quality of exports, and the cost of research and development have had a negative and significant impact on the emission of CO2. The control variable of economic growth has had a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions. The PMG estimation results show that in the short term, REC, EQI, RED have caused a decrease of 0.0219, 0.1208 and 0.06352 respectively in CO2 emission, while GDP has caused an increase of 0.2604 in carbon dioxide emission. . Also, based on the long-term estimation results, REC, EQI, RED have caused a decrease of 0.0451, 0.3211 and 0.01211 respectively in CO2 emission. While the control variable of GDP has caused an increase of 0.3722 in CO2 emission. The results of the variables are the same in both short and long-term periods and only differ in the size of the influence of the coefficients. So that all REC, EQI, RED variables have had a negative and significant impact on CO2 emissions in the short and long term, and the control variable GDP has had a positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the short and long term. Among all the variables of the research, the highest influence coefficient related to the GDP variable is 0.3722 in the long term and the lowest is RED, 0.01211 in the long term. Also, Granger causality test one-way causality from renewable energy consumption to CO2 emission, one-way causality from export quality to CO2 emission, one-way causality from research and development cost to CO2 emission and also causality They confirm one-way from economic growth to CO2 emission. Research with the results of studies such as Masoudi et al. (2018), Wang et al.,(2021), Saidi, K., & Omri, (2020), Hasnisah et al.,(2019) ., Ding et al.,(2021) and Salari et al., (2021) Correspond.Based on the obtained results, the following suggestions are presented:Implementation of inclusive economic growth and development activities without harming the environment by adopting and investing in green technology, green urbanization and green industrialization.According to the results of the research on the significant reduction in CO2 emissions during the use of renewable energy, it is necessary to take measures with more investment to increase the sources of renewable energy and support solar and wind energy by providing incentive policies and for the long term, it should be done. A suitable energy policy should be developed and implemented.Technological innovation helps introduce more environmentally and energy efficient technologies and equipment by increasing spending on scientific research and development. Appropriate policy initiatives are needed to invest more in technological innovations on a priority basis.Considering that export quality has a reducing effect on CO2 emissions, policy makers and investors should consider product quality as a key factor when designing. In this regard, increasing the level of physical investment (construction of railways and highways) and the amount of human capital investment (education) as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) can improve the quality of exports.

The labor market in Iran is subject to bottlenecks that, if continued, could damage the national economy. High unemployment and low labor force participation are some of these problems. One of the factors affecting the level of employment and labor force participation rate is the corruption index. Therefore, in this study, using the quantitative regression method, the impact of various corruption index on the labor force participation rate and employment in selected member countries of the Islamic Cooperation Organization during the period 2018-2000 has been studied. Based on the results of model estimation, in all quantiles, the effect of corruption on labor force participation rate and employment is negative. Because corruption reduces the level of employment and labor force participation rates in selected countries by negatively affecting economic growth and the business environment and diverting government spending toward unproductive goals. Consumption level and institutional quality also have a positive effect on labor force participation rate and employment level in estimated quantiles. Also in the estimated quantiles, the impact of informal economy on labor force participation rate and employment level is negative. The effect of per capita income on the level of employment and labor force participation rate was both positive and negative.

Global climate change, which is aggravated by the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, poses a huge threat to human life, environment, development, and sustainability. As a result, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving environmental conditions are currently global priorities to promote sustainable growth and prevent the adverse consequences of global warming and climate change, and Iran is no exception. Therefore, it is considered important to understand the determining factors and provide solutions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. According to the stated contents, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of economic growth and tourism, in order to achieve environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Design/methodology/approach: In this research, using ARDL's non-linear econometric approach, the effects of tourism and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during the period of 2008-2020 have been evaluated.

According to estimates, an increase of one unit of tourism and economic growth has caused an increase of 0.042 and 0.449 units of carbon dioxide emissions in the short term, respectively, and in the long term it has caused an increase of 0.177 and 0.902 units. While the decrease of one unit of tourism and economic growth in the short term has caused a decrease of 0.016 and 0.714 units of carbon dioxide emissions, respectively, and in the long term it has caused a decrease of 0.067 and 0.025.

Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested to adopt policies such as using alternative fuels and new technologies, especially in transportation services. Originality/value: The current research is innovative in terms of variables used, methodology, and time period under investigation.

One of the most important indicators for evaluating any economic policy is to examine its distributive effects, so governments try to be aware of the redistribution of revenue and the possible effects of such policies in a quantitative and tangible manner before implementing the policy. Therefore, in the present study, for the first time in the Iranian economy, with quarterly data and generalized quantum method, the distributive effects of credit policies on income inequality in the provinces of the country were investigated. Based on this, the results showed that in the primary quantile (0.05), credit to the trade and services sector had a positive and significant effect on income inequality and also credits to agriculture, housing, industry and mining had a negative and significant effect on income inequality in the provinces. In the Middle Quantile (Quantile 0.5), lending to the agricultural and commercial sectors had a negative effect, and lending to the housing, services, industry, and mining sectors had a positive effect on income inequality. Also in the upper quantum (Quantile 0.95), facilities granted to the agricultural, commercial, industrial and mining sectors had a negative effect, as well as loans to the housing and services sectors had a positive effect on inequality in the provinces of Iran. Regarding the effect of human capital and economic growth on income inequality, the results showed that in the provinces of the country, increasing economic growth and human capital due to creating more opportunities to increase income, has reduced income inequality. According to the research results, in all quantiles, the increase in the effect of inflation and capital stock has caused more income inequality in the provinces.

Recent research has examined the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on various aspects of macroeconomics, but limited studies have been conducted in the field of energy, especially renewable energy. In this study, the effect of EPU on renewable energy consumption (REC) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the period 2002-2020 has been done using the integrated Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach. The variable used in EPU is obtained with a composite index that uncertainty in monetary, monetary and fiscal policies is calculated using ARCH and GARCH econometric models. The results of the study using the PMG econometric approach show that EPU has a negative and significant effect on REC, so that in the short run it reduces /159% and in the long run it reduces REC by 0.186% . According to the research results, the control variables of foreign direct investment, credits granted to the private sector and the market value of the capital market in both time, short and long term have increased the REC. The results of Granger causality analysis also show that there is a one-way causality relationship from EPU to REC.

Today, in the world, the income from tourism ranks third after the income from the export of fuel and chemicals, which reached a share of 4.7% of the world's total exports in 2019, and for forty poor countries in the world, tourism After oil, it is the second most important source of foreign exchange. According to the statistical report of GMTI 2021, the countries of Malaysia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia have occupied the first to third ranks of halal tourism. Iran's economy has a lot of potentials to attract financial benefits from this industry. The current research aims to determine the effective variables that such tourism demands, and provide a model in the form of an endogenous growth by examining the effect of halal tourism education and promotion in Iran and calculating the factors affecting it. To achieve this goal, the process of this model was simulated with the help of mathematical models, and the effects of changes in the factors affecting tourism were investigated. Based on research findings, variables such as foreigners' income, income elasticity of demand, infrastructure factors such as education and promotion of tourism and transportation, roads, culture, tourism, and religious capitals have a positive effect on the number of tourists. Also, some factors have a negative effect on the number of tourists, including the price elasticity of tourism demand, the tax rate on service goods, and the price level.

The past and present connections of the housing sector cause the recession (boom) of this sector to be effective in the recession (boom) of the whole economy and housing to act as the engine of the economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the convergence of housing prices in the provincial of the country. In the present study, the semi-annual data of prices in period 2012:1-2020-2 have been used and for the test, a model based on time-dependent nonlinear log (t) regression has been used. The estimation results based on the approach of Phillips and Sul (2007) show that none of the four cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Ilam and Yasuj show convergence behavior in housing prices. However, for the rest, the result of log (t) test was positive and significant, which indicates the existence of price convergence among the members of each club.Finally, results showed that the average transition path of clubs from one period towards has diverged from the equilibrium. This indicates that as this divergence intensifies, it will become more difficult in practice to make policies to manage market fluctuations. Because it is necessary to adopt a policy specific to each club according to the conditions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between crude oil prices and the stock market index of Iran in the period from September 2009 to December 2020. For this purpose, by using wavelet coherence approach based on continuous wavelet transform, the relationship between the yield pair series of Brent crude oil price-total stock index, WTI oil price-total stock index and OPEC oil price-total index of Tehran Stock Exchange has been investigated .The results of this research show that the dependence between the above pair of time series increases with the increase of uncertain conditions such as the increase of sanctions, the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA, and the corona pandemic in the medium and long term. Therefore, investors can adjust their investment portfolio in the long and medium term based on the conditions governing the country and their investment goals.

emissions and climate change have attracted much attention due to their effects on the global environment. Financial development plays an important role in economic development by reducing information asymmetry and improving the optimal allocation of capital. In addition, many empirical studies confirm that financial development is an important factor in determining the quality of the environment. Financial development allows companies to finance their research and development activities or new facilities, which will have an impact on the environment. There is no consensus on the effect of variables. On the one hand, the growth of the financial sector provides more funds for the energy sector to research new technologies with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, financial development can increase production activities and increase pollution.  emission and environmental pollution are the most challenging issues discussed today. Therefore, many researchers have discussed these issues. The methods, approaches, and samples investigated in various research have reached contradictory results, and investigations in this field are still ongoing. In MENA countries, the use of fossil fuels and subsequently  emissions is more than in other countries. As our country is among these countries, it is necessary to pay more attention to the factors affecting the reduction of  emissions. Understanding the influence channels of financial development on greenhouse gas emissions and their cause-and-effect relationships is essential for policymakers in reducing pollutant emissions using financial instruments. The content of this article is organized into five parts: In the second part, the background of the studies is given. The third part of this research is the methodology, the explanations of the variables, and the research model. The fourth part is dedicated to model estimation and experimental findings, including the results of research methods, comparison of methods, and descriptive analysis of data using scatter diagrams. The final part includes conclusions and suggestions.

This research has been conducted concerning the impact of financial development indicators on carbon dioxide emissions for 20 member countries of MENA (the Middle East and North Africa) in the period 2000-2020. The data of this research was extracted from the World Bank website, and fully modified least squares (FMOLS), dynamic least squares (DOLS), and pooled mean group (PMG) estimators were used to estimate the long-run coefficients. Carbon dioxide is the dependent variable, the financial development index is one of the main variables, and energy consumption, urbanization rate, and GDP per capita are the control variables of the research.

In order to check the effectiveness of the pooled group average method and the group average, the Hausman test was used in this research. In all three methods, the variables of the financial development index have caused a decrease in  emissions, and economic growth, urbanization rate, and energy consumption have increased it. Among the three methods used, the highest coefficient of influence of variables of financial development index and urbanization rate on emission is related to credits granted to the private sector (0.797) and the DOLS method. The results of all three methods are the same, and it can be argued that the obtained results have sufficient strength.

According to the results of the current research and the effects of financial indicators on greenhouse gases (negative impact on  emissions), it is suggested that financial sectors should encourage and support pollution reduction projects and pay subsidies for research and development. Optimize technologies in energy and help promote and develop sustainable low-carbon industries. Local governments should plan and optimize the existing industrial structure at the time of industrial and financial support in order to reduce pollution and consider the issues of clean energy development and pollution reduction in subsidy, tax, monetary, and financial policies. Financial departments should support the policies of green technology transfer and foreign direct investment in the renewable energy sector. Also, considering that the rate of urbanization increases emissions, it is suggested: The use of pollutant control systems with advanced and modern technology in cities with high populations, policies, and strategies should be adopted with the aim of minimizing migration from rural areas to cities, the effect of increasing urbanization rates on environmental pollution through regulation Environment and technological innovations should be balanced.

This paper aims at investigating the asymmetric impact of long-term and short-term macroeconomic variables on the capital market prices of Iran.Macroeconomic variables are inflation, exchange rate, non-oil trade balance and crude oil prices. In order to investigate these relationships, the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) method introduced by Cho et al. (2015) has been used. For this purpose, monthly data related to Iran's economy in the period 2008: M9-2021: M6, have been used. Findings show that in the short run, the macro variables used except the trade balance and oil prices have an asymmetric effect on the capital market price index. In the long run, all variables except oil price have an asymmetric effect on the stock price index and the effect of oil price is symmetrical and significant. This conclusion shows that in situations where the stock market price index is in a state of prosperity, recession or normal, except for oil prices, the effect of research variables on this index is not the same and even this effect is different in the short and long term.

Growing demand for energy leads to economic growth and at the same time increases pollution and environmental degradation. Given the importance of economic growth and the environment, it is important for policymakers and economists to understand how energy variables and pollution affect the economic growth of countries. According to this, the present study investigated the effects of fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and crude oil prices on economic growth during the period 2000-2019 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). For analysis, the Pooled mean group (PMG) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) methods have been used and the countries studied in the study, in addition to the regional study of MENA, are divided into two subgroups, including countries exporting and importing crude oil. The results of PMG estimation show that a one percent increase in fossil fuel energy consumption, CO2 emissions and crude oil prices increased economic growth by 0.183, 0.013 and 0.058 percent for the crude oil exporting countries, respectively, while increasing by one percent. Crude oil prices in the short and long term will reduce the economic growth in the countries importing crude oil by 0.0260 and 0.409% respectively. The estimation results of DOLS method are similar to the results of PMG method and confirm it and indicate that the research has sufficient strength.