فهرست مطالب amjad maleki

Various forms of geomorphology in the region are a reflection of the rate of tectonic activities in that region. Folded Zagros structural unit is one of the active tectonic areas of Iran, where evidence of tectonic uplift can be seen in its growing anticline (Ansari Lari et al., 2019).Geomorphic indicators are a useful and reliable tool in evaluating these activities. The change in the axis of the folds causes a change in the shape of the drainage basins. Quantitative measurements of the watersheds and drainage network of the region make it possible to study the role of active tectonics in changing the shape of the landscape and geomorphological effects of the region by measuring geomorphological indicators. Many geomorphological indices.In the current research, the watersheds and drainage networks of anticlines in the southwest of Ilam have been studied. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the morphometry of the drainage networks of this region based on geomorphic indicators and its relationship with the tectonics of the region.

In this research, first, scientific sources have been collected through library research. Research data includes DEM 30 meters STRM, topography map 1:50000, geological maps 1:100000, 1:250000 and Google Earth images. In order to evaluate the indicators and also prepare the final output map of the software Zmap, Arc Hydroo, SPSS, Arc Gis and of the indices ∆a, Ha, Dd, R, Bs Hi, Hs, AD, AR, FSI are used in order to investigate the tectonic relationship. The results of the indicators were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and the seismic data obtained from the ZMAP software were extracted and the seismic status of the basins was evaluated.And finally, the final result of the tectonic activity status of each of the sub-basins has been determined.

In this research, basins with parallel pattern and scaffolding have the highest increase in indicators R,RB,Hi,a,LN1 and have tectonic activity. The drainage pattern in most of the tectonically active areas is scaffold and parallel pattern(often on the side of anticline) and in some cases a branch pattern is seen in comb or eroded anticlines. According to the type of formations in the region, the waterways in Siah Kouh East and Samour flow in the direction perpendicular to the anticline axis. The difference in the results of morphometric indices is related to the type of formations in the region. Among the anticlines , the highest value of Δa is related to the black anticline of the to anticline Siah Kouh east (6.5), in anticline of Samour-Siyah Kouh East, the highest index LN1. The highest value is related to (Sieh Kouh East and Samour) with numerical values of 3.28 and 3.26 and In the Bifurcation index (R), the highest value is in anticline, Samour 23(0.34), 37(0.69) and The Siyah Kouh East (0.39) and the Siyah Kouh western is obtained (0.43) and in the hypsometric integral index (Hi).The highest Hi related to basin 32, 39 with a value of 0.67, 0.68 and basin 33 with a value of 0.56 (Siyah Kouh East). In the examination of HS, AR, FSI, Ad indices and seismic data of the regionAccording to the changes in the geometry of the folds in the region, the highest amount of tectonic activity in anticline, in order of age. In the Siyah Kouh East, the Siyah Kouh western, Samour and Gnu can be seen. in relational investigation between geomorphic indicators using Pearson's correlation coefficient between Dd-Dd1 indicators There is a strong positive correlation and On the other hand, there is a strong negative correlation between the pair of Dd-Hi indices

The present research shows that the use of indicators to determine tectonic activity together with other sources provide valuable information about regional developments and the drainage network are among the most important features that have been used in this study., Changes in the geometry of folds in the region in some parts of the region have caused significant differences in the pattern of the drainage network and the anomaly of waterways. The indices (AD, AR, Hs, Fsi), It indicates the most tectonic activity in the eastern Siah kouh, according to the age of folding and the amount of erosion, the ratio of the direction of folding, the distance between the axes of the anticlines and the inequality in the two edges of the anticlines. The differences in the type of indicators are somewhat dependent on the type of regional formations and the type of faults and changes in the geometry of fold.In examining the statistical compatibility between the studied indicators, this point is also determined that the differences in the formations of the region have the greatest impact on the variables. In the calculation and analysis of the seismic parameter are observed. The highest frequency of indices ∆a, Af, Df, Dd, FLi.Hi and branch drainage pattern according to the type of formation is obtained in the eastern and southeastern parts, away from the ZFF fault and close to the MFF fault. and in the western and northwestern parts of the region, the indices of ∆a, R, RB have the highest frequency ratio and the highest a-value parameter and other geomorphological evidences according to the type of formation of the region and lithology and the pattern of parallel drainage and scaffolding. In general, the most active basins in the region are basins 42 (east), 31 (south), 11, 18 (center) and 2 in the west of the region, and among the taqdis, Siah Kouh Sharq and Samourmi, and the highest ratio of abundance in Dd, R, RB, LNI, ∆a, Bs, indicators has been obtained in these basins from the point of view of geology. The ratio of the pattern of waterways network is also changed from branch to scaffolding and parallel according to these activities. there is a connection between flowing waters with different patterns and the way of formation of waterways with different ranks and branches and tectonic activity andForms of erosio and they can be reasons for hydrocarbon traps or water sources.

In recent years, the quantitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the watershed using mathematical indices has been widely performed for several purposes, especially to assess the flood risk potential of drainage basins. Morphometric studies in the field of hydrology were first initiated by Horton and Strahler in the 1940s and 1950s, respectively. Their goal was to study the important characteristics of river flow and distinguish them from other measurable characteristics of river flow. One of the first morphometric properties of the river that became quantitative was the hierarchy of different parts of the flow. Later, researchers in other parts of the world, due to the importance of this issue, performed much research in this field. This region has always suffered significant damage due to flooding. The lack of flow measurement stations on the rivers has made the need for mathematical models necessary to study the flooding status of the region. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the morphometric parameters and their relationship with the region's flooding, and provide mathematical models for flood study using factor analysis.

In this research, to study the flood of the watersheds of Kurdistan province and its relationship with morphometric indices, first, the boundaries of the selected watersheds were determined using topographic maps and ARC GIS 10.5 software. Morphometric indices were calculated for all studied basins. In the next step, the normality of the data was investigated. To evaluate the normal distribution of the data, the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. In the third step, the return periods were determined based on the instantaneous flood peak data using probability distribution functions. In the fourth step, factor analysis of the variables was carried out.

Investigating data adequacy is the first step in factor analysis. Therefore, first, the adequacy of the data was investigated. Considering that the obtained coefficient is higher than 0.60 (0.634), the data adequacy is acceptable for factor analysis. After determining the adequacy of the data, the data sharing was investigated and the data sharing table was extracted. The area variable has the highest commonality with other variables, which is about 97%, and then the length variable of the basin. Among the variables, the branch ratio variable has the least commonality with other variables. In the next step, the variance of the data was investigated and its table was drawn. According to the obtained data, the main variables were combined and categorized into three main and important factors. In the following, because the factors explain most of the variance of the variables, they were rotated. To make it more interpretable and better separation, the factors were rotated using Varimax rotation. After the rotation, the variables have formed a new structure by being placedin one of the three specified factors. Each variable is placed in one of the three specified factors according to its factor load, in such a way that each variable is assigned to one of the three main factors according to its highest factor load.Using exploratory factor analysis, the hidden factors in the 12 studied variables were extracted and three factors underlying the 12 studied variables were identified. Based on the results of this analysis, five variables of basin area, basin length, flow length, texture ratio, and drainage density are in the first factor. Five variables of elongation coefficient, basin shape, form coefficient, circularity coefficient, and compression coefficient are placed in the second factor, and two variables of stream frequency and branch ratio are placed in the third factor. Therefore, a name is chosen for each of the extracted factors, and other analyses are performed using these three new indicators. These three indices were named according to the variables of each factor in three variables: area, shape, and stream. Examining the collinearity of the data showed that the variables have suitable collinearity for modeling. As a result, regression analysis was performed. Because the calculations were done for more than one variable, multivariate regression analysis was used. In this study, discharge with return periods above 10 to 200 years was considered as the dependent variable, factor indices were obtained from factor analysis as independent variables, and a regression model was extracted for each of the mentioned return periods. The results showed that the models presented for higher return periods have a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and can predict floods with more confidence.

As a result of factor analysis, 12 variables were placed in three main factors, whose eigenvalues are greater than 1. These three factors include 78% of the data variance. However, the highest percentage of total explained variance is related to the first component, which is named area. This factor includes 35.369% of the total variance. Among the investigated variables, area, basin length, and stream frequency are the most effective variables in flood occurrence with 0.968, 0.963, and 0.838, respectively, and the branch ratio variable has the least effect with 0.359. After extracting the indices obtained from the factor analysis (indexing) using multivariate regression analysis, correlations were performed to the indices and the return periods above 10 to 200 years. Finally, for each of the return periods, a model for flood forecast was prepared. Examining the R2 of the models showed that with the increase of the return period, the value of this coefficient increased, which shows that the models created for higher return periods are more reliable and can predict floods more accurately.

In addition to damaging structural effects, earthquakes also have adverse environmental effects, including polluting water resources. In this article, the quality changes of surface water resources due to earthquakes are monitored. In the present research, in order to achieve the above goal, by using various data from Sunnynell 1 satellites, optical data from Landsat 8, and Madis satellite images, the data has been unified in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. be placed In this research, by using the combination of satellite images (radar and optics), the Starfam algorithm, the spectral signature of Sentinel 1 data and the use of remote sensing indicators (MNDWI, NDVI and RGB color combination), water resources The studied area was identified and then the quality changes of surface water resources affected by the earthquake were obtained in the environment of ARC GIS and SNAP SANTINEL software. The results show that the earthquake caused shaking and displacement of the surface and subsurface layers of the earth and due to the karstic location of the studied area, it caused an increase in the concentration of dissolved anions and cations in water. In the studied area, the role of faults is very obvious. According to the geological structure of Zagros, Sarpol-Zahab city has numerous faults and the most changes of water resources are located in the main path of the faults and follow the fault lines of the region. Also, in terms of geology,

Earthquakes are considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters and at the same time the most sudden natural force that occurs as a result of failure and displacement of rocks below the earth's surface. Earthquakes are followed by many geomorphological hazards and environmental consequences, which cause great damage to vulnerable areas. Following the earthquake of November 13, 2017 Sarpol-e-Zahab-Azgaleh, many slope processes such as (landslides, landslides, subsidence, etc.), as well as natural consequences (changes in the flow of springs), economic, human consequences (destruction) Residential areas, roads, destruction of agricultural lands, orchards and fish farming complexes) occurred in the area, causing damage to areas affected by the earthquake. In this research, using satellite images, field operations, the required information about the occurrence of geomorphological processes and natural and human consequences in the region were collected and their location was identified and determined on a map. In addition, with the help of Arc GIS software, zones Exposed to location threats and some of the consequences of earthquakes, their location and map were plotted. The results of the study showed that the activation of most processes, amplitude instabilities as a result of weak geological structure, monotonic and morphological conditions of the region are affected by the occurrence of earthquakes, which their past history also confirms this. Preparing a final map to identify the location of complications and consequences in the region as another result of this study can be of great help in reducing the loss of life and property during

Morphometric analysis of a drainage basins and river network plays an vital role in understanding the hydrogeological behavior of the drainage basin . Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of modeling flood and its relationship with morphometric variables using multivariate regression. The research method is based on the destruction of morphometric parameters and statistical analysis, including correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. In this regard, first, the studied basins have been selected using ARC GIS 10.5 software, and the limits of each one has been determined. Then, their morphometric characteristics have been extracted. The Flood discharge has also been reconstructed in return periods of 2 to 500 years using easy-fit software. For modeling, first, the linear relationship between each morphometric variable as an independent variable with flood discharge as a dependent variable was investigated. After ensuring the linear relationship between variables and flood discharge, correlation between each variable and flood discharge was calculated. The variables with the highest correlation were watershed area, basin length, and surface flow length. Using multivariate regression, modeling was used for independent variables and flood discharge. The results show that as the return period increases, the relationship between independent variables and flood discharge increases, So that the correlation of the area with the return period of 25 years is 0.609 and with the return period of 200 years is 0.677.also, the proposed models have more validity for flood prediction using multivariate regression analysis in return periods above 25 to 500 years.

Rockfalls are one of the most serious natural hazards in terms of victims and economic impact, besides their interaction with many other natural phenomena. rockfall, defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down a slope rockfall hazard and landslide risk analyses can be carried out using several methods. The aim of this paper is to study and evaluate the potential of rockfalls and landslides and zoning these areas. In this method, in accordance with the geometric dimensions, slop, the movement of the rockfall, their expansion, finally its effect on the study area have been tested. Ddigital data also Cone fall and Arc GIS software utilized to identify landslides in the study area. Rockfall risk area was calculated for slopes and two critical angles and the results were presented as a map of high fall risk zones. The results showing that the total area of rockfall is equal to 2467357 square meters and 520686 square meters of residential areas are under the risks of rockfall.

Flood is inherently an uncertain phenomenon and the certainty and credibility of flood forecasting and warning systems will cause errors regardless of the sources of uncertainty. Extreme rainfall events are one of the most important input data to rainfall-runoff models, which always have uncertainty. Considering this issue the uncertainty of the design flood hydrograph can be investigated for different return periods. In this research first to simulate the flood hydrograph the HEC-HMS model was calibrated and validated based on the hourly flood hydrographs recorded at the basin outlet. Historical data were collected on the 24-hour maximum rainfall of Gharesoo Basin stations with 30-year statistics and the affected basins were identified. Then in each station 30 series of 30 years of artificial data with a maximum 24-hour rainfall were produced. For each of these produced stochastic series the best statistical distribution was fitted and in each series extreme values with a return period of 25 50 100 and 1000 years were calculated. Finally in each return period by combining 30 different amounts of rainfall obtained from stochastic series, the uncertainty bandwidth of the flood hydrograph was obtained during this return period. The results indicated that the highest predicted peak discharge for different return periods was between 1.2 and 1.7 times the historically recorded discharge during that return period. Generally the maximum discharge of different return periods was between 1.5 and 3 times the minimum discharge

 Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and profundity. It may even cause the springtime fountain to flow that has dried up over the years. The use of remote evaluation technology in various earth sciences is very common compared to geocentric methods due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of images, and its little cost. Also, one of the important and unique capabilities of digital satellite data is its temporal, spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. These important features of satellite imagery allow for important studies such as the evaluation and monitoring of dynamic phenomena such as quantitative changes in water resources in temporal and spatial dimensions. Because in some cases the information obtained from a sensor alone does not meet the desired needs. Although optical multispectral data provide rich spectral information of various effects, it is significantly affected by environmental factors such as smoke, fog, clouds, and the amount of sunlight. Unlike optical sensors, radar data with virtual aperture (SAR) is independent of different weather and radiation conditions, as well as the sensitivity of its signal, scatter to target parameters such as structure (shape, orientation, size), roughness, and moisture content of the features can provide more information about the study area, but on the other hand, radar images cannot clearly identify the details and edges of objects. Therefore, combining different properties of optics images and radar data using image integration techniques can provide a more complete view of the target and provide higher accuracy and reliability for the results obtained from this method. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and the image combination method, the data have been standardized in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing.

Using the method of combining satellite images of quantitative changes of surface water resources, affected by the SARPOL-E-ZAHAB earthquake in the course of 7 days, 11/11/2017 to 17/11/2017, using radar data (S_1A-IW-SLC), With 100 m spatial baseline and Landsat 8 (OLI) optical data, and obtained by applying remote evaluation techniques and indicators to detect changes in water resources, including Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in ENVI software environment and then analysis in ArcGIS software environment.

Examination of the results of quantitative changes in surface water resources shows that in the time period of 7 days after the earthquake in the study area, the highest amount of small changes (in a decreasing manner) occurred in dams (HAMMAM Strait and GILANGH-GHARB Dam). As the Strait of HAMMAM dam decreased by 0.13 square meters and the Gilan GHARB dam decreased by 0.07 square meters. Also, small changes occurred in the surface (SARPOL-E-ZAHAB SARAB-GARM) (drinking water source of the region), SIRVAN river and canals), and there were a total of 7523421 square meters of changes in the surface water resources of the study area after the earthquake.

The earthquake caused the outflow of groundwater and decreased the volume of dams in the region and fed the surface rivers of the region, including (the Sirvan river) and finally caused water loss and in some places caused the drying of springs and Damage to normal living conditions.

Karst and karst cavities are one of the most challenging subjects. Given that karst areas cover approximately 20% of the land area, Identifying and investigating the location of karst buried cavities can be useful in various usages such as tourism development, subsidence prevention and karst water resources. In the rifts of Shaho, located in Kermanshah province, karst landforms, including caves and buried cavities, are well stretched. The current study attempted to identify rapid and early karst cavities using an easy and low-cost method in geomorphological studies. To this end, in Shaho rifts (Quri Qaleh cave and its surroundings), two geophysical methods namely Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetism (VLF) were utilized and compared. Initially, by determining the location of the cave on the ground, the profile performing route was designed perpendicular to the cave route. Then, 5 profiles were performed by VLF and 4 profiles by ERT method. Four ERT profiles perpendicular to profiles 2, 4 and 5 of VLF were taken and finally the results of the two methods were compared. In addition to determining the exact location of the cave, the results of both methods revealed anomalies outside the cave. Other findings of the research include the possibility of rapidly achieving the results and the cheaper use of the VLF method compared to other identification methods.

An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides along a fault in the earth's crust. Earthquakes cause many geological-geotechnical instabilities such as multiple rockfalls, soil and rock landslides, runoff and mud flow, subsidence limestone caves, liquefaction, and expansion rupture. One of the most important effects of an earthquake is the displacement of the earth and the resulting morphological changes. Estimating the rate of land displacement and monitoring the morphological changes of this phenomenon in order to manage the crisis is one of the basic measures after the earthquake. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to monitor changes and displacements of the Earth's crust. With accurate alignment and ground observations, changes can be measured with great accuracy, which ground measurements are costly and can be measured sporadically. The use of remote sensing technology in the various earth sciences is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images, and its low cost compared to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of measurement is to show and control the movements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquake, drift, subsidence. The use of radar, satellite images, and radar interferometry methods, due to extensive coverage and periodic imaging and with an accuracy of about cm, is a good tool to monitor changes in the Earth's crust. Satellite imagery of the Sentinel-1 satellite system, which has been made available to the public free of charge by the European Space Agency since 2014 and is currently being continuously imaged, is a good tool for earthquake monitoring. A radar imaging technique is a new tool used for the discovery and display of land subsidence.  In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and radar interferometry technique, the deformation of the earth's crust due to post-seismic movements in Sarpolzahab city has been investigated. 

In this paper, using radar imagery, the deformation field due to the seismic dimension of the county is obtained from 11/ 11/ 2017 to 17/11/2017 using radar data (S _ 1 A - IW), with a baseline of 100 m.

Examination of the results of deformation of the earth's crust after an earthquake shows; The highest rate of land subsidence in the north, northwest of Sarpol-e-Zahab city (about 90 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust) to the west, and land elevation around the epicenter (north of the herd), about 30 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust (towards Darbandi Khan) It has happened. The effects of subsidence and uplift caused by the earthquake in the study area in addition to morphological changes in the area have also affected the hydrology of water resources in the area. For example, earthquakes have caused significant changes in the volume of water in the Strait of Hammam dam and increased the volume of water resources in the Sirvan river.

The results of this study showed that the use of radar interferometry technique, in addition to being an efficient tool in estimating the rate of crustal displacement, can be used in relatively accurate estimation of quantitative changes in water resources resulting from crustal displacement.

The Relationship between parameters of Geomorphology and hydrology, provides the possibility to watersheds that there are similarities in terms of geomorphology, by creating relationship between these Parameters, attempting to predict floods in watersheds that have data and its generalization to no data watersheds was similar to each other based on geomorphic parameters. In this context, several methods have been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) in the preparation of flood hydrograph and compare its performance with Snyder, SCS and Triangular unit hydrograph models, in the Mereg catchment, Kermanshah.  In order to implement these methods, information relating to 12 rainfall –runoff events were collected and the direct hydrograph was obtained. According to statistical indices, Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), coefficient of bias and Nash Sutcliffe, compare observed and predicted hydrograph showed that the most efficient model in estimating peak discharge is GIUH method and after it Snyder, SCS and triangle methods have the next, respectively. According to the results, Snyder, GIUH, SCS and Triangular methods are respectively estimated as highest performance at the time to peak. Moreover, the results indicate overestimation of GIUH, SCS and triangular methods in estimating peak flows and overestimated and underestimated of Snyder and GIUH methods in estimating of the time to peak. The SCS method also has the best flood volume estimation.

In most cases, faults can be detected by signs; however, in many cases, the outcrops of these structures have not reached the surface of the earth, or deposits have been buried with evidence and indications. Such conditions, although the surface of the earth's crust on both sides of the fault is displaced and drifting up or down, however, the surface out crop of the fault is not observed at the ground or is limited to stacks and mild folds in sections along the fault. To identify these types of faults, geophysical methods, CO2 and soil radon measurements, seismic reflections and electrical imaging, lidar, penetrating ground radar or air geophysics can be used. Researchers who have studied the buried faults of the earth's crust have generally used geophysical methods. According to Giving and colleagues, the results of aerial geophysical data in order to identify hidden faults, if accompanied with evidence of geomorphology and topographic data, have higher scientific value. In this research, the aim is to find hidden faults through geomorphic interpretation methods.

Among the areas where active tectonics and faults have been buried and the river sediments have buried their works, the east of Kermanshah province is in the Harsin and Bisetoon plain. First, geological maps and topography, geomorphology, and geostructral were explored and interpreted. Based on the hypothesis of the separation of the Shirez anticlinal from the nape as one of the geostructural and morphotectonic evidence, and the flow of the Gamasyaw river and the morphology of the Tsetonic plain of Harsin, the overall boundary of the hidden faults was identified and mapped to geology. In the next step, by studying the data of aeromagnetism and the use of return-to-pole filters, vertical derivatives, analytical signal and tilt, a more precise location of the faults was maped. Then, on the 4 main faults identified, 5 sections of VLF As and Mg As were taken and the results of the previous steps were verified using the geoelectric method.

What is obtained from the results of a total of three methods used to identify hidden faults is a number of faults that have been scattered across the region. The first fault in the almost west to east direction from west of the Taqbostan elevations in the north of Kermanshah plain extends over the Taqbostan elevations, and after passing on the Prao and Bisetoon elevations, with the shift of direction from southwest to northeast to Barnaj, and from there with change the almost east-easterly direction enters the plain and continues in the south of the Khaneh-khode mountain, and after passing through the Sahneh plain, it again extends to the north-east by changing the trend. Between the Bisetoon elevations to the Sahneh plain, 5 faults along the north-south direction extend approximately from the first fault to the shores of the Shirez anticlinal. These faults have been driven by the sliding motion. Another fault that seems to play an important role in the region's morphology and history of geomorphology in the region has started from west of Kermanshah and in the south of the Paro elevations it continues along the southeast to the Harsin plain. Comparison of the results of the three stages of the research showed that what the aeromagnetism and geoelectrics identified as faults, geomorphology, with a small spatial variation, and a negligible distance, as a fault that must exist to justify the region's morphology had identified. Geomorphology is largely capable of treating anomalies and movements caused by faults that are sometimes detected in the field by interpreting geospatial maps and analyzing the geostructural of the area along with simultaneous surveys of geomorphic, topographic, satellite images and remote sensing maps that geologists can not be identified. What is certain is that the effect of hidden faults in the region's morphology is observed only in some areas where the effect of the fault has reached the surface directly and in the expected form; otherwise, in the identification and tracing of the hidden fault by geomorphology, we must look for indirect effects and the effects of long-term faults on morphology, especially geostructural, on a larger scale than the usual methods of morphotectonic studies. It can be said that geomorphology can be successful in finding hidden faults that it has a comprehensive view on geotechnical and past geographic of region. In fact, a thorough examination of the geomorphological nature of the forms is based on the interpretation of the function of the faults, in particular the hidden faults, which themselves sometimes lead to the finding of hidden faults.

Introduction One of the proper methods for utilizing water resources is the use of subsurface water in coarse gravel sediments by the construction of underground dams. Underground dam is a structure that blocks flow of subsurface water in alluvial deposits, which makes it easy to store water in porous layers and make the use of this water easier. Locating the site of underground dams requires extensive studies. The importance of locating due to impact of many criteria and factors such as hydrological and meteorological criteria, general geology, stratigraphic layering and permeability, topography, groundwater status and socio-economic factors. It takes a lot of time and money to study these factors using traditional methods. River grade, shape of the valley, volume of river runoff received, subsurface water quantity, depth of the bedrock to the surface of the earth, the high volume of alluvium in determining the location of the underground base are very important Locations with faults, spring and wells are inappropriate areas. The purpose of this research is identify suitable sites for construction of underground dams in the North-west of Kermanshah province as a region with appropriate rainfall in the wet season and abundant water requirement in dry season. In this research, with using decision support system (DSS) method, according to the factors and conditions in the study area, removal of step by step inappropriate places has been done. At the end, among appropriate sites, the suitable sites was determined. In this study, the thickness of sedimentary layers has been calculated using satellite images and trigonometric relationships with the least cost and credible accuracy. Using the drawing of altitudes and surface elevations buffer for streams, valleys with a standard width were identified. Methodology In the first stage of  this study, the digital elevation model (DEM) layer with 12M pixel size for study area was provide. Using it, areas with 0 to 5% slope classes were extracted and other areas were deleted. Using DEM and ARC INFO software, a layer of streams was created and overlaid with the slope layer. Streams with 0 to 5% bed slope were extracted. This new layer overlaid with the fault layer and the streams with fault in their beds were removed. It is economical to construct an underground dam in the local area of ​​the streams, with a maximum width and depth of the valley not more than 15 meters. For greater accuracy, a 60-meters surface buffer (30meters from the center of the stream to each side) was determined in the ARC GIS environment for the streams. Using ARC INFO software, a 15-meters altitude buffer was also drawn up for the streams. These two buffer were overlaid and the interleaved sites were extracted as appropriate valleys. For match the extraction points with the actual situation in the area, using the information layer of the villages, topographic maps and Google Earth software extraction points from the overlying surface of the elevation and surface were examined. In order to identify the sediment surface of the streams and their bedrock, extraction point sites overlaid with a 1: 1000000 geological layer of area and locations in inappropriate geological formations were removed for non-permeability. At the last stage, thickness of the sediments that were considered almost suitable at the field visit stage was calculated using the trigonometric relationships. Results and discussion Based on the initial result of overlaying of altitude and surface privacy (as an innovative operation), 257 locations were identified for the construction underground dams. Since this point of the sites is initial, based on local conditions, were examined. Using the topographic map of 1: 50000 area and villages of the region, points were evaluated. The point of a location located more than 500 meters from residential areas and agricultural lands was removed from the final map. Determination of the distance between the underground dams and residential areas depends on the topographic conditions. Forzieri et al. (2008) considered up to 15 km distance in Mali and Haji Azizi et al. (1390) 5 km distance from residential areas. At the end of this stage, number of suitable locations dropped from 257 to 33. With overlaying of the layers of the appropriate points with geological map, from a total of 33 points, 5 points were eliminated due to presence of dissolved formations (limestone) and the lack of coarse grained sediment for water storage. At the field visit, total of 33 locations were evaluated and verified. In terms of proper valley width to construct underground dams, the accuracy of the whole point of the area was confirmed. Regarding the suitability of seasonal flows for the construction underground dams, in the field survey and survey of hydrometric station data in the region, 10 other points due to being in permanent rivers were eliminated from the total points. Alluvium thickness has a direct and large impact on the volume of water stored in the reservoir (Mohebi e Tafreshi et al., 2014). According to studies, the thickness of 5 to 20 meters of sediment is suitable for construction underground in the study area. So, calculating the thickness of the sediment, 6 other site points were removed due to the unsuitable thickness of the sediments. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, 11 suitable spot locations were determined. By constructing underground dams in these areas, it is possible to store sub-surface water from the rain that goes unused, and in dehydrated seasons for drinking, agricultural irrigation, and the creation of new agricultural lands Used. In field studies, at the foot some of slopes, there were a lot of gravel. If, in one place, all conditions for the construction underground dam without adequate thicknesses are provided, it is possible to carry these deposits to the desired location to provide a suitable reservoir for storing water in that location.

 The most important environmental challenges facing the West of iran in recent years is the dust phenomenon, that today has become one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon occurs as a climatic phenomenon in all climatic conditions, that causes adverse social, economic, environmental and commercial impacts. In this research have used dust sources that have  been identified  by Jalali and Davoodi (2008) for study effects of surface features on the creation of dust sources on the west of the country. The study area is ​​about 1200,000 square kilometers that located in the east of middle east includes Iraq and parts of Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The aim of  this research is to evaluate geomorphic characteristics and surface sediments, land cover, and wind erosion potential of dust sources in the study area. For this purpose, on based on the Bullard (2011) classification, first, layers of geomorphic , soil and land cover class were prepared and classified to three groups low, medium and high, according to the relative importance of the classes in the release of dusts. Subsequently, using 40 data stations, wind erosion potential (EW) was calculated and zoned by Kriging method. The results showed that geomorphic characteristics have the greatest role in the distribution of emission control factors. Sand dunes in the geomorphic classes with a dust Emission Ratio of 35.3 unit have the greatest effect on the creation of dust sources. There is not much conformity between different classes of land cover and type of soil with dust sources, but there is compatibility between the wind erosion potential with dust sources and the most dust sources  created in areas with high wind erosion potential.

The purpose of this study is investigating the influence of tectonic activity and the potential of seismic creation of faults on alluvial fans in different structural zones in Kermanshah as well as zoning fault risk on alluvial fans using spatial analysis of Barbarian. First, by using geomorphic indicators (VF, B, SMF, FCI), the tectonic activity was investigated in the region. Then, the potential of seismic creation of faults was calculated in the surface and adjacent of alluvial fans by means of Zare, Ashjaee, Meloyle and Smith. Finally, using spatial analysis Barbarian, fault risk on alluvial fans and variety of human uses on their surface was checked and the rate of uses density in the fault area was calculated. Findings of the research indicated that the influence of tectonics activity (fault) on the zone of broken Zagros is more than the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone is more than folded Zagros. Also the results of investigating the potential seismic of faults indicated that most of the faults have a high seismic potential. The results of fault risk zonation on alluvial fans indicated that 0.54 of residential areas, 0.52 of agricultural land, 0.59 of springs and 0.46 of communication lines located on the studied alluvial fans (West Country) are located in 1000 meters of fault (areas with high risk).

Considering the necessity and importance of the existence of water as a living resource, and at the same time, increasing population and the growing need for this source, providing water for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes is one of the serious challenges in today’s world. The Karst can be a good source for water supply. The studies and researches of Karst water resources, due to limited alluvial resources in terms of quality and quantity and due to the wide expansion karst formations in the country, have particular importance. Khorin limestone is located in the northwest of Kermanshah city, where the main waters of the settlements around this area and the Hashilan lagoon are provided by the springs, Mirage and karst aquifers of this mountain. Therefore, in this study using the Fuzzy Logic / AHP model and employing eight effective criteria, the zoning map of potential Karst water resources of region was prepared. Then, to ensure the obtained areas, they were evaluated by field operations and geophysical methods. The results of the plot prepared with the fuzzy logic model showed that the southern ridge of Khorin and around the Hashilan lagoon had the capability and the potential of more Karst water resources. In order to validate this work, field operations and data collection was performed by vertical electrical sounding method in two separate profiles in the southern and northern slopes of the Khorin Mountain. The presence of a rich source of high quality water in the middle section of the southern slope and the lack of water resources in the northern slope confirmed the accuracy of the zoning results by the Fuzzy Logic / AHP model.

In spite of its short time period compared to the earth evolution history and formation, quaternary has had a significant effect on the final formation of the land form and vital resources. It is the final analysis of these levels and fully dependent sources to the earth genetic diseases and, above all, significant climate changes that have happened during this period; Gavkhouni basin morphological perspectives demonstrate several climate changes in quaternary. The changes whose effects on the lakes are a completely known phenomenon, indeed, the lakes can be viewed as an archive within which quaternary climate changes evidence has been maintained.
Gavkhouni basin has had a weather in past different from today’s weather, and so geomorphic forms and processes have experienced great evolutions during quaternary and have been different from today. Since the geomorphic evolution of Gavkhouni basin have been affected by the external processes, i.e., climate fluctuations of the Fourth Era, it is the resultant of these processes’ operations at the present by refer to which the past climate fluctuations in the area can be demonstrated.
This study is aimed at determining the temperature and moisture changes and transitions through tracing and revival of hot-waters and lake terraces and presenting a schematic image of the recovered lake of quaternary in Gavkhouni basin. In order to achieve this aim, statistics related to annual temperature and rainfall of 13 stations within the basin and around it were selected and, in the next stage, quaternary temperature was reconstructed using the Wright method based on the snow line, and its changes were plotted. Then, using the Peltier model which its two basic varieties are temperature and rainfall, the survey of morphoclimatic regions of Gavkhouni basin was measured both in Vurm and the current.
To estimate the current annual mean temperature and to provide isotherm map using the annual mean temperature and height of each station, a thermal gradient with correlation coefficient 0/92 was obtained and then by applying equation (1) in the height model of the basin isotherm lines map was provided and minimum, maximum, and the mean of the Gavkhouni lake basin were resulted. Then the locations of 153 glacial cirques within Gavkhouni Basin were determined using the curve form of topographical maps scale within a height range of 2500-3400 meters and the snow line of the basin measured based on Wright model was 2500 meters. By assuming the annual mean temperature at snow line as 0o and by exploiting the relation of temperature and height as well as given to the 5o reduction in past temperature compared to the present, the mean map of temperature during the cold period of the year was plotted and its minimum, maximum and mean were calculated. In the next stage, the nine-tuple regions were segregated using the Peltier graph, temperature parameters and annual rainfall and its result was plotted in the form of current morphoclimatic maps and the late quaternary phase.
Then, with regard to studies conducted on Zagros basin lakes and the resulted linear relation between the two variables, ice maker survey and lakes survey, with the correlation coefficient 0.70, it was demonstrated that there was a kind of coupling between the height and survey of the ice maker and the survey of the lake, so that more the height of the peaks more the survey of the ice maker and as the result, more the survey of the lake. Certainly, the lake survey and volume have decreased by the reduction of these variables at the present time, suggesting evidently the climate changes in the late quaternary phase compared to the present.
In order to investigate the weather fluctuations and environmental responses of Gavkhouni Basin Lake, we concentrated on the past temperature and rainfall reconstruction, measuring the depth and volume of the lake and the survey of the lake ice maker’s focuses in the past. Reconstruction of past temperature and rainfall and comparing it to the present indicates a 1/5 times reduction in rainfall and 5 degrees increase in the mean temperature of Gavkhouni Basin compared to the late phase of quaternary, a contradict which has had so many climate and geomorphic changes as the consequence. Peltier method-based morphoclimatic maps show that the vastest survey of the basin was related to semi-arid region with 48.45 percentage followed by Savan and Bouril regions with 35/28 and 14/95% percentage, respectively. At the present, the semi-arid region with almost a double increase up to 83.24% still has the most survey of the region. Dried region with 13/79% is placed in the second place. On the other hand, defining the limits of traced lake terraces through hot-waters represents the existence of a huge lake with a greater volume in the past, in other words, with regard to the correspondence of wet periods to glacial periods in the region, the basin extent has been augmented during the cold era by increasing the rainfall and consequently increasing the river debit, so that the volume of Gavkhouni lake water reached to 892km3 at the time, but during the warm era it reached to 21km3 because of the reduction of ice maker focuses in the region.

Increasing more injection of substances (precipitation) and decreasing the evaporation process in water basins has led to formation of Abarkooh hole in cold periods and also Abarkooh lake; a lake around which several social communities have been created due to this feature and in warm periods, it has turned into desert as the result of disturbing the proportion of its input and outputs. These climatic fluctuations and changes and environmental responses to them have produced many changes in the local hydrologic system and accessible water sources and have also endangered the sustainability of the area because of the external disorder factors such as drought. The danger which certainly threats the social communities and if no special management practices have been employed , will lead to the destruction of human communities and demolish of its natural ecosystems. This study which is derived from a research plan in Isfahan University has been conducted by the aim of studying how the weather changes affect the evolution path of Abarkooh basin. Moreover, it has examined the basin status and icings reduction rate and therefore the basin input rate, by relying on the Allometry procedure and evaluating 6 synoptic stations in analyzing the annual changes process of climatic parameters such as mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, current and past precipitation of the lake and also by using the evapotranspiration method. Results obtained from the research suggest that changing the current environmental parameters ratio to the colder periods have all exceeded from the stability thresholds and the general state of the environmental systems is about to collapse.

As cities get more developed, they get more involved with various features of the topography, geomorphology. Thus the importance and necessity of identifying natural contexts for distinguishing and recognizing appropriate places for creating buildings is achieved through inappropriate places. This study aimed at probing: the development of Javanrood city with regard to natural and geomorphologic causes in the last three periods, determining the appropriate places for future development of the studied area, its identification, and spread.in so doing, at the first step nine effective criteria in developing an locating cities were considered by combining two AHP and FUZZY LOGIC models. First the mentioned criteria were given proper weight. Then each of layers was become between zero to one fuzzy spectrum through fuzzy factors programming in GIS software medium. Eventually, the product, sum and fuzzy Gama factors were performed to them. After that, the resulting map of Gama factor of 0.7 was prepared in 5 classes. The results show that the city had grown the most on geomorphologic causes in first period of development. Also in alliance with future city development, the most appropriate places (with high proportion) are more located in northwestern part of the city and constitutes 1.34 percent of the wholearea, which shows the spatial dissipation of this area, the most part of the region has a very little proportion for city development.

The existence of technical &theoretical knowledge for the assessment of gullies helps to the distinction of gully locales on topographical map& their digital model. Anyhow, the ability to use of topographical map (DEM) for the assessment of gullies situation needs to the necessary knowledge about the process of gully formation and the frequency of gullies. The present research has been carried out for the assessment of locales prone to gully formation in Dyereh.The substances& methods used in this research consist of the layers of DEM model& the secondary layers extracted from it, stream power index, land use, canals, lithology & the ways existent in the catchment& the collection of circular data. The above data has been analyzed in Arc GIS environment and its results have been scrutinized with chi-square test.According to the acquired results of this research in Dyereh catchment 5 factors (inclination, inclination’s horizontal curvature, land use, distance of the road, and lithology) among 8 factors have been recognized as the main factors in gully formation. Among these 5 factors the class of inclination 0-4/1 in which 33/22% of Dyereh from its total area has been located, has the most effect on the gully formation in this catchment.

As the most tourist attracting water cave in the country, Ali Sadr cave, located in Hamadan-Kabdtar Ahang, attracts thousands of internal and external tourists each year. It is considered as one of the most well-known caves in the world not only for its beauty but also for the numerous tourists it attracts. As a matter of fact more than 12000 people visit the cave during warm seasons, especially on holidays and weekends. Due to a lot of breathings, simultaneous entrance of tons of visitors into the cave makes the carbon dioxide concentration increase. Mixing with relatively high humidity which is saturated or near to be saturated, they make an acid environment inside the cave, especially in the roof including a lot of gaps and tracks. This phenomenon leads to corrosion and shelling out the secondary shapes available inside the cave namely stalactites, stalagmites and curtains. The present study aims at finding the role of visitors in corrosion and shelling out the secondary shapes in Ali Sadr Cave based on the Weight method. Therefore, the related data such as temperature, relative humidity and the cave carbon dioxide are gathered in order to simulate the cave climate in controlled laboratory conditions.
In order to gather the related data to the role of visitors in climate elements variation and available Carbone dioxide inside the cave, the cave space is divided into two experimental region (visitors moving location) and controlled region (forbidden and uncleansed regions). Moreover, the tunnels, channels and lobbies are divided into three regions called low, middle, and high statures to increase the accuracy of data gathering and also considering different carbon dioxide concentrations in the channels and lobbies with different dimensions. The data were gathered by applying Co2 detector system type AZ77535 during a 30-day period in summer (at the time of maximum visitors’ entrance to the cave) and another 30-day period in fall (at the time of minimum visitors’ entrance to the cave). As the average data for Carbone dioxide, relative humidity, temperature and visitors portion in the data concentration increase and decrease were determined, the inside climate of the cave was simulated in the controlled laboratory condition. After precise determining of physical and chemical features, the disk stone samples, taken from three regions inside the cave, were tested in three glass chambers with different cycles during 60 days based on the numerical minimum, average and maximum of obtained carbon dioxide. The numbers were the result of a 60-day data gathering and the simulation of temperature and relative humidity in the experimental region inside the cave. After removing the samples from the glass chambers and determining exact physical properties, the solving and corrosion rates were obtained separately for natural and human influential factors based on weight method.
Result and The findings reveal that the amount of the dissolution and lamination of the secondary shapes inside the Ali Sadr Cave is 0.078 G/cm3 annually that 0.060 G/cm3 of this amount equals to 77% of the total annual dissolution of the tourists portion. The results of the variance analysis of the taken carbon dioxide from the inside of the cave show that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the experimental areas in the summer simultaneously with the presence of the maximum number of visitors in different hours has significant differences. However, these dioxide concentration differences are not significant in the salons and corridors with different height. In other words, the size and height of the corridors are not regarded so important in the caves visited by a large number of tourists, for the concentration of carbon dioxide is the same through the cave. As a matter of fact, the dissolution and destruction of the cave walls and shapes happen in the same rate and amount.
One of the most important phenomena which attracts thousands of tourists into the caves annually is the secondary interesting and fascinating shapes. The more gradual destruction of these wonderful shapes, the more decrease in the number of the tourists. In fact, the investment and advertisement which aims at increasing the number of the tourists not only can have a negative effect on the long run, but also can decrease the number of the visitors as a result of secondary shapes destruction in the cave. In the long run, this process will have significant effects on destroying the secondary Karst shapes inside the cave leading to decrease the stability of the tourism industry in this area.

These factors play important roles in the physical development of the morphology of the city, including topography and the geomorphologic destructions. The goal of study is to find the natural limitations and to suggest the suitable spots in order to develop the physical width of Paveh. The research spot includes the Paveh district plus a further one thousand meter areas within the vicinity of the township based on the information collected in 2005. The study is to examine the physical limitations of Paveh across 50 years where the two periods included were 1955 to 1992 and 1992 to 2005. After providing the topographic layers data (steep, the direction, and the height), geomorphologic layers (crack, spring, and water threshold), the AHP models and GIS Microsoft were used to show the physical development in the different careers relating to geomorphology and topography. The results show that the physical development of city has not been suitable in the geomorphologic, topographic destructions and the city is endangered by environment. Furthermore, the study is to find the physical development of the city in the light of the previous careers by the predicted process. It is also compared with AHP scientific method and the most suitable spot is expected in the affective factors (layers).

Razavar watershed on the north of Kermanshah province is one of the flooding basins that causes flooding in watery years. For investigating watershed flooding, the statistical analysis of real data of the area, SCS model and surveying river cross section have been used. by dividing watershed to hydrologic homogeneous units and study, the factors influencing on flood such as vegetation cover, land use, time of concentration, lag time, slop, geology, pedology, rainfall intensity were studied. finally CN and S map are provided and runoff height and peak discharge has been estimated by using SCS in smada software.The important factor in this software is the coefficient of flood recession curve. This coefficient indicates the hydrological behavior and morphological condition of the river at flood time. To obtain this coefficient, the flood hydrograph of pirmazd station has been plotted and interpreted. Analysis of the real flood hydrograph shows that the recession time of flood in Razavar watershed is 5 times of flood rising, and this represent the hydrological behavior of river which cant discharge the flood from the basin at the flood time.To identify the river hydrological status, surveying river profile was performed. The results showed that expect the river profile at pirmazd station, no other sections is able to pass peak discharge with 5years of return periods and even the river profile at Mehregan station cannot discharge flood of 2years return period and the cause of basin flooding is the narrow channel from upstream toward downstream which causes flood every year.

This study was done to identify effective factors on flooding in Razavar basin in the north of Kermanshah province by using SCS model. For flood estimating، primarily Razavar watershed was divided to sub-watersheds with stream orders of 5، 6، and 7 then effective factors such as area، slope، CN، lag time، time of concentration، density of rainfall، land use، slope، geology، and vegetation were studied and the peak flood discharge was estimated by SMADA software. Peak flow estimation by SCS method showed maximum of 100 years return period peak discharge of Razavar watershed with 8 stream order was 691. 85 m3/s and the minimum of 100 years return period was related to sub-watershed number of 10 with 5 stream order about 28. 9 m3/s. For determining the most effective factor in the flood basin and to predict the amount of discharge and present a suitable discharge model as a dependent and others as independent variables we introduced these values and analyzed them by SPSS software. Simple regression، multiple and logarithmic، forward and step by step models were applied for the basin. It should be noted that the models presented with a confidence level of 0. 01 percent were acceptable. The results show that the area، lag time، and CN are the most effective factors in flooding.