aref saberi

Although the exploitation of mineral resources is very useful for the country, it has a negative impact on human and plant life with its destructive effects. These destructive effects appear as pollution in the soil, which can lead to the imbalance of ecosystems and ultimately endanger human health. In addition, economic development and the expansion of industrial areas, especially coal mining mines, cause heavy metal contamination of the soil to become more severe and cause the destruction of soil resources and the deterioration of ecosystems in different regions of the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the contamination of the two elements Pb and Zn in the surface soil of the Komarzd mining area in Mazandaran province (Iran) due to coal mining.

Komarzd mines in Mazandaran province are one of the largest and oldest coal-producing areas in the central Alborz coal field. Komarzd mines are located 48 km from the southern district of Qaemshahr and 25 km from Alasht. Four indices, including CF, mCF, RI, and Igeo were calculated for 110 samples from surface soil prepared at a depth of 5-15 cm. After separating the rubble, the collected soils were kept in closed plastic bags with a unique code, and a GPS device recorded their location. The samples prepared in a dry environment were transferred to the laboratory. The ICP-MS method at 75 microns was used to analyze and measure the concentration of heavy elements in the collected samples. According to the presence of different elements measured in the region's soil and the compounds in it, two metals Zn and Pb were selected for evaluation and analysis. Sampling was randomly selected based on saved points and drilling tunnels. PCA statistical test is a type of multivariate analysis widely used in sediment, water, and soil pollution studies. Varimax Rotation is one of the most common types of PCA tests to interpret the results and contamination components of the method. This statistical method can be calculated using R and SPSS softwares.

The results showed that the ordinary kriging model is the most suitable model to show the region's concentration distribution of the two metals, PB and Zn. Also, the statistical status of the elements showed that the lowest amount of Zn for the Igeo index is equal to -0.53 and the highest value for the CF index is equal to 0.72. The amount of Pb concentration measured based on Igeo, CF, mCF, and RI indices equals 0.08, 1.03, and 213 mg/kg, respectively (RI<CF<Igeo). The results of the CF and mCF showed that the region has a low or moderate pollution status in terms of the concentration of the two determining elements; in other words, the value of this factor for Zn is less than 1 (CF<1) and the amount for Pb is (3 > CF> 1). The Igeo index showed that Zn with a concentration lower than zero is not polluted, but Pb with a value (0< Igo <1) has a non-polluted to slightly polluted state. The RI also showed that the concentration of the two elements is less than 150 mg/kg, so this index is also in the low-risk category of contamination (RI ≤ 150). By evaluating the graphs obtained from the PCA analysis, it was found that the two elements Zn and Pb in the correlation analysis graph have a good correlation and distribution, and the changes in the two axes show 47.9% and 24%, respectively, for the Igeo. This indicates the presence of environmental factors in the distribution of this element in the environment. The CF also showed that their distribution in region three negatively correlated with environmental factors. Its value for the two axes is 32.5 and 21.9 %, respectively. The correlation of the Zn element is less than -0.5, but the Pb element is more than -0.5. In general, the value of this variable is 8 and 20, respectively, based on the diagram of two minimum and maximum values. The mCF and RI indices showed that environmental factors influence the distribution of the two elements PB and Zn, and among the two elements, the distribution of the Pb element in the mCF and RI, results of 32.8 and 34.4 has the most influence from the distribution of the drilling tunnel and had environmental factors and has a lower correlation than Zn. The effect percentage of these two elements is 32.8 and 23.2%, respectively, and the two elements Zn and Pb have a good correlation and distribution with environmental changes and human factors.

According to the measurements and the results of four indices, the area is uncontaminated or has low contamination in terms of the concentration of two elements, PB and Zn. Therefore, mineral tailings and coal exploitation do not significantly affect the distribution of the mentioned elements. To improve the research results, other indices can be used to determine the role of environmental factors. Also, considering the agricultural lands and water resources of Talar River, it is better to use other elements that directly affect human health and analyze the region's conditions in terms of environmental pollution to achieve better results and accuracy. One of the main disadvantages of measuring the sources of pollution is the many problems in laboratory work and the preparation of laboratory materials. Still, with this research, it is possible to determine the existing doubts in the field of soil pollution for residents and show the impact of mining on the spread of pollutants. A suggestion to improve this research is to consider elements other than Pb and Zn in different environments such as water sources; In general, for a more detailed investigation, other elements that play a role in human health should be investigated.

The locals' health in mining sites can significantly benefit from the protection of water and soil resources. These heavy metal sources can negatively impact human health and the amount and quality of goods produced in the area. For this reason, the concentration of two elements, cadmium, and arsenic, in the Savad Kouh mining area of the province was calculated using three indices: pollution factor, degree of pollution or modified pollution factor, and accumulation of land. Fifty-three samples from the area, including 45 samples of agricultural topsoil and eight samples of riverside sediment, were collected to analyze the site. The samples prepared in a dry environment were brought into the lab and subjected to ICP-MS analysis using a 75-micron sample size. According to the pollution factor, cadmium and arsenic levels in agricultural soil have low pollution, which has a CF value of 1. Cadmium has a low pollution status, and arsenic with a CF = 6 has a low to medium status, according to the concentrations of elements in the riverside sediment. According to the modified pollution degree index (mCd), the region's agricultural soil and sediment have extremely low or low pollution levels. In other words, the mCd values for the two elements cadmium and arsenic are in the very low degree of pollution (0≤mCd≤1.5). According to the findings of the soil accumulation index for two elements, agricultural soil has a non-polluted or low-pollution status. In other words, the index value is between 0 and 1. The area falls into the low to medium pollution category in terms of two elements, according to the principal component analysis (PCA) results.

Estimation of rainfall runoff is an important step in water resources management, especially in watersheds without hydrometric stations. Therefore, research on models that can simulate river flow in these basins with the least error is necessary and inevitable.Nowadays, due to the issues and problems in the field of water resources, the estimation of the volume of runoff from rainfall is becoming more important day by day in terms of water supply and water resources management. In this study, HBV conceptual model and random forest artificial intelligence (RF) model have been used to simulate the runoff process of Chamanjir watershed in Lorestan province for the statistical period 2006-2015. For this purpose, first the statistics and information needed by the models, including temperature, precipitation, discharge, and evaporation and transpiration were collected. Then the simulation was carried out in the desired period of time and To evaluate the performance of the models, Nash-Sutcliffe criteria and coefficient of determination were used. The results of evaluation criteria for HBV model were Nash coefficient of 0.67 and determination coefficient of 0.68, respectively, and for RF Nash coefficient of 0.82 and determination coefficient of 0.86, respectively, which indicates better performance of RF model in simulating daily flow in the study area. It will be used in the future as a new option to simulate the daily flow of the Chamanjir basin.

Groundwater is the main source of fresh water in Nekarud region of Mazandaran Province. Population growth and the development of agriculture and industries has had a negative impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of underground water in Nekarudd plain. Management and of these resources is necessary and unavoidable. Therefore in order to prevent environmental damages resulting from pollution and extraction of underground water resources in this region, principled planning should be done in the region. In this research, using three models DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI, the vulnerability of Nekarud plain aquifer was evaluated. For this purpose, first, the necessary parameters for the mentioned models including groundwater depth, nutrition, unsaturated zone, soil type, aquifer environment, topography, hydraulic conductivity, and land use were assessed and scored to prepare the overlay map. The nitrate and pH data of 2013 and 2014 were also used to validate the outputs of the models. The results showed that the DRASTIC model has the highest correlation value with nitrate, which is the main cause of groundwater pollution, and the north and northwest regions of the basin has the highest vulnerability value with 52.97%. The Mann-Kendall test to determine the trend of elements also showed that there is no trend of nitrate elements. But the value of ZS index for pH in 2013 was equal to 8.638 and it has an increasing trend. This means that this index had an increasing and significant trend at the level of 0.95 in 2014. The general result showed that DRASTIC is a suitable model for evaluating the vulnerability of the plain and planners and decision makers can use it as a suitable and cost-effective solution to prevent the increase of pollution.

Today, water resources have become one of the major concerns in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Low rainfall and its irregular distribution in Iran, along with rapid population growth and increased agricultural activities, have caused recent droughts. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and forecasting meteorological drought in Tehran province using the ARIMA model. Data from seven rainfall stations for the period 2000-2020 were used to evaluate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Then, the ARIMA model for drought prediction was implemented based on SPI, and the best model for drought prediction was extracted for each station. The results showed that ARIMA time series models can correctly evaluate climate change. Also, according to the results of the SPI drought index for the forecasted period, it was found that the situation was close to normal in all the studied stations, and from 2022 to 2024, the conditions have progressed towards improving the rainfall situation, which according to the recent rainfall in Iran, this model It has been able to model climate changes well. According to the SPI index, the drought in the target area is close to normal, it can be a suitable tool for managing water resources, preserving natural ecosystems, and improving the future climate.

Groundwater is one of the important sources of drinking water and agriculture in the northern regions of the country. Population increases and demand for agricultural products, especially rice, in the northern parts of the country have increased the utilization of water resources in the past decade. The aim of this study is investigation of Sari plain aquifer vulnerability using SI model and the qualitative changes of water resources using Mann-Kendall test and age slope diagram for the total cations and anions, TDS, EC, pH and SAR of 38 operation wells registered in Mazandaran province. Firstly, the changes of qualitative parameters were investigated from 2006 to 2018. Then, the maps of SI model parameters (groundwater depth, net recharge, aquifer media, topography and land use) rated and the weight map of each parameter was obtained. The results of Mann-Kendall test and age slope diagram showed that the P-value of SAR variable is significant but total cations and pH is less than 0.05. The coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the total cations, SAR and pH with values of 0.272, 0.249 and 0.235 have most related to the qualitative changes of groundwater resources in Sari plain. The age slope diagram also showed an ascending trend of the parameters. Finally, with the overlap of SI model parameters, most of the areas with moderate vulnerability risk (50.92) included the highest percentage of area. Validation results showed that, 57.19 percent and 0.67 percent of area has moderate and lowest overlap respectively.

Rapid population growth, land-use change, and industrial and urban pollution are currently among the most serious human-caused problems in the natural environment. On the other hand, the change in land surface temperature is a factor in assessing the quality of habitat, which is modeled on land-use change. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the correlation between short periods of land-use change and surface temperature. This study shows the role of different land uses in the study area by examining the effect of land use on temperature parameters during the statistical period of 2013-2019 in the northern watershed of Ilam province with two mountainous-plain parts and industrial location despite oil and gas industries. Random forest and machining algorithm techniques were used to prepare temperature and land use maps from Landsat satellite data of ETM and MODIS sensors with a spatial accuracy of 30 and 250 meters, respectively, in Google Earth Engine. The results showed that during the six years, the level of water, rangeland, agricultural, and garden land uses have increased by 0.15, 3.87, and 3.42 percent, respectively, and other land uses such as forests and barren lands have decreased by 13.33 and 0.11 percent. The temperature algorithm using the LST index and creation of thermal islands showed that the average temperature of the region in the base period (2014) was equal to 31.02°C, which at the end of the study period reached 31.88°C. During the six years the temperature has risen by 0.68°C. According to the results, climate and land use are affected by each other and each shows its effects on the other.

Talar watershed with various land use, hydrological and vegetation characteristics is located in Mazandaran province In recent years, numerous devastating floods have occurred in this basin.In this study, flooding prioritization of Talar sub-basins under different hydrological and physiographic conditions were compared with an area of 189613.6/ha in agricultural, residential, rangeland and forest land-uses.First, the basin is divided into six sub-basins, including Shirgah, Karmozd, Drasleh, Polusfid, Arjangrudbar and Chashem and for each sub-basin, geometric, climatic, permeability and physiographic parameters such as; area, perimeter, length of main channel, length and slope of basin, time of concentration, CN, discharge, etc.have been calculated using GIS software.Time of concentration with methods of Branci Bay Williams, Johnson, Pilgrim-McDremat, Kirpich, California, Chow, Spey, Ventura was evaluated based on the characteristics of the basin but the Bransi-Williams method with 19.2 hours TC, showed the most suitable method for the all basin. Based on SCS method, the share of each sub-basin was determined in the flood of output from the whole basin. The results of the maximum stannous flood peak also showed that Polsefid with a flow of 380 cubic meters per second had the highest flow during the statistical period (1986-2019). Sub-basins are divided into three groups with high, medium and low flood potential in terms of similarity of flood potential, erosion, vegetation, and effects of human impact. The results showed that the highest amount of flooding in each of the sub-basins includes the sub-basin of Chashm with 29.19%, in Draseleh with 23.25% and finally shirgah with 16.76%

From ancient times, stone has always been a symbol of stability and strength, and ancient human beings took refuge and chose to settle in mountains and mountainsides (Santos et al, 2018: 2). However, rocks on the ground or near its surface decay and decompose gradually due to factors such as weathering (Memarian, 2000: 2). Climatic geomorphology is a scientific field in which shape and distribution of landforms are analyzed according to climate type. Specific weathering processes affected by the climate are in place in different morphological zones (Jafaria Aqdam et al., 2012: 1). The present study seeks to investigate the lithology of southwestern mountainsides of West Azerbaijan province using Lewis Peltier model.

Peltier weathering and morphogenetic models were used in the present study. Topographic, geologic, isothermal and isohyetal maps were produced using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method in GIS environment. Temperature and precipitation ​​were analyzed using different graphs and tables to determine drought and humidity conditions. 

Results indicated that the northern mountainside is wider and thus, its ​​precipitation 407-477 mm and temperature of 15-17 ° C have the greatest impact on the region. Data collected from four synoptic stations in the province with a common 30-year reference period (1986 to 2018) were used to investigate weathering and morphological condition of rocks in the study area. Table (1) shows the location of these stations. Climatic data such as average annual temperature and precipitation were reviewed and corrected in ArcGis environment. Then, ArcGis was used to create a basic database to store data and prepare relevant maps. Weathering regimes are determined based on the Peltier chart (1950). In this diagram model, two variables -average temperature and annual rainfall- are used and weathering regimes are divided into seven classes each of which represents a type of weathering condition. The model of morphogenetic regimes is more similar to a climatic or vegetation classification than a weathering model. In this model, two variables of average temperature and annual precipitation are used and morphogenetic regions are divided into nine different classes. Areas having a low temperature are mainly classified as glacial areas and areas having a high temperatures and low rainfall are classified as arid and semi-arid areas. Areas having a high precipitation and temperature classified as temperate and cold areas. To apply Peltier model to the study area, the specifications of synoptic stations were first presented separately in a table. Then, zoning was performed based on the square value of temperature and precipitation using IDW method and then, the percentage of area covered by each ​​temperature and precipitation class was determined. Precipitation class of 407-477 mm covers 32.67 percent of the area. Moreover, temperature changes in the region indicated that 15-17 ° C temperature range has covered the largest part of the study area with a percentage of 39.41. The values of temperature and precipitation along with the results of Peltier model indicated that a very low level of weathering is present in the study area. Farahmand et al. (2015; 10) have shown that temperature and precipitation parameters in this region depend on elevation. To determine the morphological condition of the region, it was divided based on its climatic conditions. To determine the accuracy of weathering results, a map of geographical directions in the region was produced. Vegetation and soil in western and northwestern parts of West Azerbaijan province have a pretty good condition. These were divided into three different classes and weighed based on the weighing parameter. Result was presented as a map and a table in which mechanical weathering with a lower-intensity had a weight of 1 and chemical weathering with a higher-intensity had a weight of 3. The classification results are consistent with Hanafi et al. (2002; 72) who introduced mechanical weathering as a factor leading to rock disintegration in northwestern Iran due to climatic conditions. They are also consistent with Maghsoudi et al. who used climatic parameters of temperature, precipitation, and weathering intensity to determine weights for the Peltier model. In mountainous areas of the country such as Zagros, Alborz and northwestern Iran, low temperature and frost may lead to a low level of mechanical weathering (Maghsoudi et al., 2010; 36).

One of the factors changing the quality and pollution of groundwater resources in plain areas is the presence of nitrate ions. Sari plain is also prone to vulnerability due to the existence of various agricultural, residential, industrial and proximity to the sea. Groundwater quality assessment is costly; But it is possible to save money by using methods to assess the vulnerability of the aquifer. Vulnerability assessment is a low-cost method in identifying areas prone to pollution that plays a key role in water resources management. Therefore, in the present study, two methods, DRASTIC and SI, have been used due to the existence of land use parameter in the SI model and its comparison with the DRASTIC model and the use of the final map to determine the vulnerability of the Sari plain aquifer. For this purpose, first the amounts of nitrate during the years 1393-1397 were zoned and mapped. Then the parameters of both models such as depth to water table, net nutrition, aquifer constituents, soil type, topography, unsaturated zone constituents, hydraulic guidance and land use, which were prepared as a layer in ArcGIS software and weighted and rated Classification and integration of these layers, the final map of paternal damage to contamination was prepared. Based on the results, the two methods were classified into four groups: very low, low, medium and high risk. Medium vulnerability class in DRASTIC and SI methods with 39.75 and 39.56, respectively, have the highest percentage of area in the northern and plain areas with agricultural use. According to the obtained results, the two models showed the same results in terms of vulnerability in the region, but the percentage of area with very low risk in the SI method is higher than DRASTIC.

Today, many analysis of hydrological studies are applicable using ArcGIS, as a valuable tool for engineering analyzes. Determination of the geometry of the watershed and stream network extraction and analysis of physiographic parameters for morphometric analysis, is the most important step for hydrological applications.

Using DEM with 10×10 meter pixel size of Sarbaz watershed, was extracted physiographic parameters such as environment, area, branching ratio and drainage density using software ARCSWAT, HEC-GEO HMS, WMS and ARC HYDRO and was compared with watershed border area.

The results of SPSS showed that they don’t have statistically significant differences in the level of 95% between operations of software. So, the results of Duncan test represented that all softwares are placed in a group. Output parameters of the software in numerical terms was very close. Depending on the expert opinion and ease of use of any of the software can be used to derive physical parameters of watershed. Although the border area of extracted with ARCSWAT, HEC-GEO HMS and ARC HYDRO was closer than WMS with the truth visually.

Because of pre-processing process required the preparation of DEM in WMS software and the difficulty with this software compared to other software, WMS software less frequently used in hydrological studies. But in hydrological studies such as flood control, sediment and erosion due to consideration of more ranks of stream the WMS software could be more appropriate.

It is an area of ​​science that, according to the ecological characteristics of the land and its social conditions, determines the economic and type of optimal use of the land. Meanwhile, the use of spatial data and the organization and analysis of these data is important for exploiting development issues, and has been growing at the research level of the day. Having appropriate maps of the ecological and environmental conditions of the land is very important for the evaluation. In this regard, the research studies multiple applications in a sub-field. For this purpose, the maps required after the preparation using the Arc Map software in the process Land use was integrated into Overlly's orders to evaluate the ecological capability of the ecological resource data of the basin, resulting in a map representing all the characteristics of the combined layers. In this research, based on the utilization, the priority was given to the use of semi-commercial forests with an area of ​​48.50 percent. In agriculture and rangeland, second-rate agriculture with a percentage of area of ​​34.87 percent in the lower parts of the area, including beekeeping, Horticulture included limited cultivation of low rice, such as rice, and in higher levels of sixth agriculture with an area of ​​47.02%, it indicates good conditions for rangelands, a large part of the area with an area of ​​74.02 km, In studying the results of the model at the stage of determining the power of the basin to the types of applications, the most suitable in the dock Watershed is among the most widely used forests and extensive outdoor recreation with an area of ​​37.27 and 35.42 square kilometers, which covers almost a large part of the area, and the lowest level for agricultural use with an area of ​​27.26 square kilometers According to the results of this research, the following studies can help managers in the correct management of the land and the positive productivity of the economic and social potential of the land and contribute to protecting the soil and soil that forms the basis of human life, and the ability of the land For future generations.

In recent years, drought has created a destructive impact on the ecology, water resources management, and ecological processes. In this context, appropriate and appropriate method for predicting and monitoring the drought could have a significant impact in neutralizing the effect of this natural phenomenon. In this research, drought monitoring and evaluation of data from MODIS images were used in the extraction of NDVI and DVI indices. The study area of West Azarbaijan province is one of the northwest provinces of the country. In this study, images of meteorological index of drought or wet year have been used. ArcGIS 9.3 has been used to prepare and perform the necessary corrections on the images, as well as to prepare the vegetation cover index (NDVI) and vegetation difference index (DVI) using ENVI 4.5 software, to classify the results and output in the formg images. The aim of this study was to evaluate meteorological droughts using SPI and ZSI as monthly intervals and also determine the correlation between vegetation and meteorological droughts that happened in this area. The results of SPI and ZSI indices indicate that in the first three months of the year, the vegetation is moderate in the prevailing region, and in the second quarter of the year, the maps indicate weak and uncoated vegetation, because the rainfall is very limited in this time. On the other hand, in these months of the year, overgrazing has caused plant degradation. Vegetation in the first three months of the year seems to have had more favorable conditions due to the melting of snow and winter and autumn rainfall of the previous year. Percentage of vegetation coverage in the study area for the wet years 1383, 1385, 1390 and 1393, was respectively reported as 19.85%, 19.5%, 19.6% and 19.5% and also in the drought years 1384, 1387, and 1389 it was calculated as 18.71%, 18.7% and 19% respectively. The results of SPI and ZSI indices indicate that in the first three months of the year, the vegetation is moderate in the prevailing region, and in the second quarter of the year, the maps indicate weak and uncoated vegetation because the rainfall is very limited at this time. On the other hand, in these months of the year, overgrazing has caused plant degradation. Should be cautious about further action beacause One NDVI index is correlated with meteorological drought indices SPI and ZSI which is varied with respect to the short-term and long-term interval respectively. The result confirmed that NDVI and SPI indices were appropriate for monitoring and assessment of drought.
The highest correlation values between NDVI and DVI was observed for short term intervals of SPI and ZSI (1, 2 and 3 months). Generally the highest correlation values during the statistical period between NDVI and SPI was obtained as well as in the year when normal drought conditions were reported. In addition, the determination of trends of the indices using the Man Kendall test indicated that there exist a downward trend in all indices and there was an increase in drought and vegetation decline during the statistical period.

Rainfall is one of the most important components of the water cycle and plays a very important role in the measurement of climate characteristic in any area. Limitations such as lack of sufficient information about the amount of rainfall in time and space scale and complexity of the relationship between meteorological elements related to rainfall, causes the calculation of these parameters using the conventional method not to be implemented. One method of evaluating and forecasting of rainfall in each region is time series models. In this research, to predict the average annual rainfall synoptic station at Mahabad, Uromiya and Mako in West Azarbayejan provience during 1984-2013, linear time series ARIMA was used. To investigate model static, Auto Correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Auto Correlation Function (PACF) was applied and with differencing method, the non-static data transformed to static data. In next step, stochastic models to estimate the annual rainfall average were used. With regard to the evaluation criterion such as T, P-VALUE

Drought as a complex event that caused by the occurrence of one or more of the dry period¡ has the adverse effects of economic¡ social and environmental in a short period of time. Investigation of the drought spatial variability using appropriate indicators can help to the correct management of drought. In this study¡ using data obtained from the drought indicators of short-term (3-months) SPI¡ ZSI and PNI¡ drought severity zoning map was obtained using the geostatistical methods in GIS software for West Azerbaijan Province. The results showed that among the geostatistical interpolation and definitive methods¡ the method of inverse distance weighting (IDW) with 2 power for ZSI and SPI index has the lowest error of RMSE¡ MAPE and MBE compared to other interpolation methods. The least estimated amount of RMSE for each indicator was calculated respectively 0.22¡ 0.3 and 0.36. The zoning maps showed that the south and southwest of West Azerbaijan Province have less drought due to the focus of forests and the good rainfall in these areas whereas was observed more drought in the north and northeast of province than other regions in West Azerbaijan Province. According to SPI index¡ 48.12 % of the province consist of the severe drought and 32.25 % has normal drought conditions.