فهرست مطالب aref zarei

Monkeypox is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus species and was first identified in Africa. Recently, this infectious disease has spread widely in many parts of the world. Fever, fatigue, headache, and rash are common symptoms of monkeypox. The presence of lymphadenopathy is another prominent and key symptom of monkeypox, which distinguishes this disease from other diseases and is useful for diagnosing the disease. This disease is transmitted to humans through contact with or eating infected animals as well as objects infected with the virus. One of the ways to diagnose this disease is through PCR testing of lesions and secretions. To prevent the disease, vaccines such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are available, but they are not accessible to all people in the world, and their effectiveness and safety need further investigation. However, preventive measures such as avoiding contact with people infected with the virus and using appropriate personal protective equipment are mandatory. The disease therapy is based on medicines such as brincidofovir, cidofovir, and Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous. The injectable format of tecovirimat was approved recently, in May 2022. Considering the importance of clinical care in this disease, awareness about the side effects of medicines, nutrition, care for conjunctivitis, skin rash, washing and bathing at home, and so on can be useful in controlling and managing the disease.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent infections among pediatric patients, making them a very common type of infection. Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of vitamin supplements as supplementary therapies. However, the existing research in this field appears to be fragmented and lacking coherence. Thus, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of vitamin supplements' role in UTI treatment. We reviewed articles in PubMed and Google Scholar from 1950 to 2022. Vitamins C, E, and A have shown promising results as adjuvant therapies in UTI.

Objective:

 Breastfeeding is one of the most important factors in ensuring the health of premature infants. Maternal self-efficacy is an important factor in the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. The present study aims to determine the effect of educational intervention based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory on breastfeeding behaviors of mothers with premature infants.

Methods:

 This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in 2020 on 82 mothers with premature infants, randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (n=41) and control (n=41). Data were collected using a demographic form, Barnes’s perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy tool, and an observation checklist for breastfeeding behaviors mother. Educational intervention in the intervention group was presented individually based on four sources of information proposed in Bandura’s theory at four sessions, each for 45-60 minutes four days before discharge. The questionnaires were completed before the intervention, on the day of discharge, and one week after discharge. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) in SPSS software, version 24.

Results:

 The mean age of mothers in the intervention and control groups was 29.6 and 28.2 years, respectively. Maternal self-efficacy before intervention was not significantly different between the intervention and control groups (P=0.073), but it significantly increased after intervention (P=0.001). The breastfeeding behavior after intervention was also significantly different between the two groups, which was higher in the intervention group than in the control group.

Conclusion:

 The educational intervention based on Bandura’s theory can increase the self-efficacy and breastfeeding behaviors of mothers with premature infants. Given the importance of mothers’ self-efficacy in infant care, educating mothers of premature infants is necessary.

Nowadays, tobacco use among adolescents has become one of the main factors threatening society’s health. The present research aims at investigating Bushehr city adolescents’ tobacco use and the factors pertinent to it.

In this Descriptive-Analytical research, 716 students were selected by random cluster sampling method among the 2nd-grade high school students in Bushehr in 2019. Data collection tools include demographic information forms and questions regarding tobacco consumption status. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney Tests, and Chi-Square Tests in terms of the type of the variable. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05 in all cases.

The average age of the participants of the research was 17.03±0.83 and the prevalence of tobacco use among the students was 24.9%. There was a significant relationship between smoking tobacco and the following factors, having smokers in the house (P<0.001), smokers among the close relatives (P=0.004), hookah (qalyan) smokers in the family (P<0.001), hookah smokers among the close relatives (P<0.001), hookah smoker friends (P<0.001), having a job to earn money (P=0.004), and the amount of pocket money (P<0.001).

The amount of tobacco use in the present research was significant. Being associated with smoker friends, and the family members or close relatives who smoke increases the risk of smoking tobacco. It is recommended that the families shall first stop using tobacco as much as possible or at least not smoke in the presence of their adolescents; second, the families need to supervise their adolescents’ relationships and friendships in order to prevent their children from being friends with people that could encourage them to use tobacco.

High risk behaviors and adolescents’ tendency toward them are one of the main factors that jeopardize community health. The present study was conducted to determine the status of adolescents’ tendency to high-risk behaviors and related factors in the city of Bushehr, Iran.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 716 secondary school students in Bushehr city were selected by cluster sampling method in 2019. The data collection tools included a demographic data form and Iranian adolescent risk-taking scale comprising smoking, violence, and high-risk driving subscales. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation tests, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression analysis. Significance level was considered P<0.05 for all tests.

The participants’ mean age was 17.03±0.83 years. High risk driving had the highest mean score (14.5±88.67). There was a direct and significant relationship among all three high-risk behaviors. The presence of smoker friends had direct and significant relationships with all three high-risk behaviors, and the amount of pocket money had a direct and significant relationship with the tendency to high-risk driving (P=0.016).

The results showed that high-risk behaviors were correlated with one another, therefore, adolescents with one high-risk behavior should also be controlled for other high-risk behaviors. Given the significant tendency of adolescents to high-risk driving and its positive relationship with pocket money, it is necessary for parents to have greater control over adolescents’ pocket money.