فهرست مطالب ashraf sheibani aghdam

Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy-i Juvaynī is a historical-literary work with technical prose. One of the features of this book is the use of imagery to express political concepts. The main question of this research is what role imagery plays in Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy to establish the political and religious authority of governments. Based on a descriptive-analytical framework, the analysis of imagery in Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy indicated that imagery was a tool for generating power discourse and for organizing specific political thoughts. The use of all kinds of imagery and expressive techniques in Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy was not only for the purpose of embellishing the speech and representing aesthetics, but it also served the purpose of persuading the audience and instilling political concepts in addition to reporting historical events. In his work, like other writers of prose texts, Juvaynī tried to use the persuasive and inductive functions of all kinds of imagery to political concepts such as the divinity of the source of power, the sovereignty of the sultans based on destiny, kingship, the requirements and duties of the king, absolute obedience to the sultan, the military power of the state, and suppression of enemies to instill the political and religious legitimacy of states, establish their authority, and justify their actions.

In cognitive stylistics, the theory of probable worlds is used to understand the contradictory plots of narratives. The principles of this theory explain the type of reading of the literary narrative and the interactions between the text and the reader. Similarly, Quantum physicists emphasize the multiplicity of universes and call them parallel universes. This issue can be explored in narratology under the name of possible worlds. Ryan divides multi-world narratives into three types of stories: fantasy and science fiction (world exploration narrative), intermittent history, and time travel. The fit of probable worlds with the real world can be studied in terms of access to real-world conditions that include 1) access to a time when the history of the probable world is different from the history of the real world, 2) linguistic access, 3) the use of language that leads the reader to the probable world, 4) natural access, 5) violations of the laws of physics, logic, mathematics, etc. 5) the real world, and 6) access to objects that are incompatible with the probable world with the real world.

Problem Statement: 

Martin Seligman, the father of positive psychology, in search of what Aristotle called the “good life”, by focusing on the positive aspects of human beings, replaced virtues and abilities with the components of the Guidelines for Diagnosing Psychological Disorders. This new movement has been formed with the motivation of optimizing the quality of life by promoting mental happiness in the context of satisfaction with the past, the happiness of the present, and hopeful optimism for the future. The Welfare Theory refers to positive emotion, positive relationships, meaning, fascination, and achievement to achieve prosperity. The six virtues of justice, altruism, excellence, wisdom, courage and moderation, and twenty-four abilities underlie it.

 Research Methods: 

The present study, using content analysis and statistical findings, investigates the characteristics of the Welfare Theory in Shams’ sonnets based on Seligman’s positive psychology in order to introduce new dimensions of this work with a different perspective. 

Because the common goals of literary and mystical works with positive psychology are to acquire satisfaction from the past, hope for the future, and gain satisfaction in the present in order to cultivate a capable human being on the path to prosperity and meaningful life, the mysterious ocean of Shams’ lyric poems with the dominance of music and love, the field of wave formation and expression is one of the elements of the Welfare Theory that has been addressed in this interdisciplinary research. As a result, it looks at the ideas of Rumi and Seligman’s adaptation to the category of prosperity and the necessities of human endeavor in this direction to achieve perfection.

Masnavis "Homay and Homayun" and "Gol and Nowruz" are among the works of Khajoo –e-  Kermani in the 8th century, which describe the love and passion of two Iranian and Shami princes for the daughters of "Caesar of Rome" and "King of China". . According to the classification of literary types, these two poems can be placed in the "romance" group. In a descriptive-analytical way, this research deals with finding evidence and examples of Gerard Genet's views in the lyrical works of Khajovi Kermani and tries to answer the question that in the structure of the love stories of Khajovi Kermani, which of the components Can Gerard Genet's opinion be checked? Narratology or narrative grammar, by examining the form of a literary work, tries to achieve a semantic system beyond the text and make the narrative speech or text understandable. Narratology is a set of general rules about narrative styles, systems governing narration or storytelling, and plot structure. Genet considers five topics important for describing and analyzing the structures of literary texts: order, continuity, frequency, aspect and tone. These five factors are included in the framework of the "time in narrative" theory. The present research describes and analyzes these five topics in the narrative structure of two masnavis "Homay and Homayun" and "Gol and Nowruz". The findings indicate that the analyzed systems have a stable story and narrative structure and these five topics are clearly expressed in them. Among these components are The instantaneous and linear form of the narrative without reference to the Past, Psitive and Fixed acceleration, Existence of repetition and Frequency, addressing the details,…

In most books of literary criticism, the point of view is considered as the narrator. But the conditions of the narrator and the type of narration and other issues related to the narration such as the time of the narration, the place of the narration and the reliability and other elements of the narration are something that has been addressed by critics such as Kenan. With the same approach, the narrative logic of the text will be analyzed in the stories of "Uncle John Napoleon" by Iraj Pezeshkzad and the story of "Azita" by Hosseingholi Musta’an.

The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical which has been collected through library studies and search of primary sources of narratology.

Iraj Pezeshkzad, along with the satire that is the main component of most of his works, through the intermediate narrator, presents the narrative logic of the text in a completely coherent way. The chronological order of the events of the story takes precedence over its causal relations. The narration in the story of Husseinghli is called "the hidden author". Through the meta-narrator, he incorporates the events into the story inconsistently, and this confuses the reader of the text.

Some writers provide storytelling credibility to the audience through the intermediate narrator and regular events. On the other hand, without considering the causal relations of the events, they confuse the audience in the story space only with the aim of presenting a moral, social or other message.

The authors of persuasive prose texts in Persian have strengthened the foundations of governments by using the views of Muslim policymakers and policy makers. One of the most important tasks of these writers is to legitimize, instill and instill formal and legal sovereignty over governments. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical and the authors of this article seek to answer the question that what are the common components of the political authority of governments in the two books of the Tarikh-i Beyhaqi and Rahat al-Sodoor? The research findings show that the main requirement of political authority is to gain political and religious legitimacy. In these works, the rulers of the society try to consolidate their rule by gaining political legitimacy, delegating power from the caliph to the sultan, establishing efficient governmental apparatuses and institutions, strengthening military and financial power, instilling supernatural characteristics, justice and dealing with Muslim affairs. The induction of religious legitimacy of governments is done by emphasizing the divinity of the source of power of kings, the role of destiny in the rule of rulers, the obligation to obey them, religiosity and repression of enemies.

The present study examines the women's functions in the Kohkiluyeh-and-Boyer-Ahmad's folk tales. Myths have long played a significant role in the preservation of ancient cultural heritage among all nations and societies, so the legends of the people of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad are not exception. In the structure of these stories, women, like the driving force of the events, have had a significant role in the ups and downs, and protagonist and antagonist characters.

The theory of possible worlds is one of the theoretical foundations of cognitive stylistics that is rooted in Leibniz's philosophy. Understanding how narratives are narrated is central to this theory; it illustrates the text-reader interactions and the relationship of reader with literary narrative. Masnavi Manavi, as one of the largest source of the mystical literature, encompasses the foundations of practical and theoretical mysticism. By using descriptive-analytic method and based on the theory of possible worlds, in the present article the attempt is made to propose a new reading of Masnavi Manavi. Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī, as the narrator of the stories, speaks subtly about narrative discourses and creates worlds, including epistemic, fantasy and ideal worlds, in the mind of reader. In the story of Dezhe Hooshroba (the castle of Fortress), the theory of possible worlds is mostly portrayed as an epistemic world with the aim of teaching mystical doctrines based on the pattern "if ... so". In the ideal world portrayed in the story, Rūmī uses the conjunction of "or" and terms that include desiring, yearning, and demanding. For him, love is the most important means of discovering, constructing and taking intuition of the ideal world. Love helps the sālek (the holy traveler) in the path of intuitive knowledge. We have access to these worlds in temporal, linguistic and natural way, but the frequency of temporal access is greater.

In this study, the main question is how to achieve the mystical style and the distinctive linguistic-semantic features in Masnavi based on the Halliday`s Functional Grammar. The perception of Rumi’s methods in the expression of spiritual matters and its linkage with the material and concrete experiences could express the properties of the context. To this end, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the characters of two stories of Masnavi with a focus on Pir (Sufism) character according to the transitivity system. Therefore, the linguistic and stylistic features of the studies context is identified after presenting the frequency of the processes associated with each character in each story; so, initially, the verses related to the original story plot is separated and then qualitative analysis along with statistical and quantitative frequency is presented by specifying the percentage and frequency of processes used. Applying a variety of processes in order to teach mystical issues and the position of Pir (elder) shows that induction of Rumi’s attitude using various processes within verbal and sometimes mental processes reflects a distinctive feature of mystical style and induce the superiority of the verbal process and dialogue method from the point of view of the poet of this eternal work.

Poems and proverbs always have dual function, proverbial commission is an important element of literature which poets and authors use it to increase sweetness of speech and due to the fluency and clarity of concepts and meaning and making the truth more clearly and proving the words to show their capability and artistic ability in poem. One of the most important issues of linguistics in field of applied style is “speech act”. This article investigates the aspects of pragmatics of language, which is a scientific tool for analyzing speech based on John Searle ideas, the American linguist and also explain the sonnets of Saib Tabrizi in pragmatic area and the type of speech acts. This article is related to the Master thesis of the researcher. One outcome of this study is explaining and analyzing the applied style in practical form by categorizing the speech acts and the practical aspects of it which are the clear framework to consider differences of acts in proverbial commissions of Saib and his attitude toward his universe by different quotations enriched with messages and themes which reveal the social aspects of individuals in its interactive language.

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other kinds of verbs. In modal constructs, modal adjectives and adverbs help enrich the meaning of necessity, possibility, capability and wanting in addition to modal verbs. Regarding the contextual and functional meaning, the concepts of commitment, necessity and … are more considerable in a work like Atbat-al Katba. Political, narrative and mystical insights, character, social power and status are among the factors the affect their amount of application and degree of modal elements. The study shows that the difference of genres brings about even little differences. The depiction of general features of a period style and personal experiences of every author are related to a subject which is dealt with in this study.