فهرست مطالب azadeh goudarzi

The present study aimed to evaluate the resistance of 14 common tomato cultivars in the south of Kerman province and Hormozgan province, including Afra, Badro, Basimo, Bernetta, Brivio, Canyon, Comodoro,Elisa, Golsar, Karun, Matin, Sunseed 6189, 4129 and 8320 at the stage of four true-leaves against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, under greenhouse conditions and to study the presence or absence of frlresistance gene in the tomato cultivars based on the SCARFrl marker. Based on the results of comparison of the disease index, morphological characteristics including root length, shoot height, root fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh weight and total fresh weight as well as frl gene amplification using SCARFrl-F/SCARFrlR primers, Canyon, Comodoro, Karun and 4129 were recognized as the most resistant and Bernetta, Elisa, Golsar and Matin were recognized as the most sensitive cultivars to FORL UJFCC1919. Other cultivars including Afra, Badro, Basimo, Brivio, Sunseed 6189 and 8320 showed different degrees of sensitivity to this pathogen. Using SCARFrl-F/SCARFrl-R primers, a 1000 bp fragment was amplified in the cultivars Canyon, Comodoro, Karun and 4129 which indicates the presence of frl gene with dominant homozygous (RR) alleles. Using this primer, a 950 bp fragment was amplified in Bernetta, Elisa, Golsar, Matin and 8320 cultivars, which indicates the absence of the frl gene and the presence of homozygous recessive (rr) alleles. In addition, in Afra, Badro, Basimo, Brivio and Sunseed 6189 cultivars, two 900-1000 bp fragments were amplified, which indicates the existence of heterozygous (Rr) alleles in these cultivars.

Salinity stress is among the abiotic stresses that restrict citrus growth. In this regard, the appropriate suitable solutions to improve growth characteristics and antioxidant responses under salt stress conditions can be useful. The present pot research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the University of Hormozgan during 1401. The used sour orange plants were six-month-old seedlings (height about 60 cm) that were healthy and disease-free. Experimental treatments included water salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (KPhi((0, 1.5, and 3 g/l). The results revealed that the salinity of 6 dS/m compared to the salinity of 1.5 dS/m led to a decrease in leaf number, stem length and root volume (44.09, 11.4 and 37.5%, respectively) and increased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (9.23 and 41.7%, respectively). Application of potassium phosphite (KPhi( (1.5 g/l) compared to the salinity of 6 dS/m increased leaf number, stem length, root volume and root length (43.5%, 34.4%, 67.2% and 27.3%, respectively). In addition, increased protein content and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase increased (33.9, 94.4, 6.24, 22.8, 73.7 and 94.4%, respectively). Potassium phosphite (KPhi( decreased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (28.6% and 24.13%, respectively). Finally, this study showed that potassium phosphite (KPhi( (1.5 g/l) stimulates the antioxidant system, neutralizes oxygen free radicals, improves growth characteristics and moderates the harmful effects of salinity stress in sour orange seedlings.

Sour orange, among the cold, drought tolerant rootstocks, is suitable for planting in poor drainage soils. Since salinity is one of the destructive stresses on the growth of citrus plants,  providing a suitable solution can be effective in reducing its harmful effects. So, a factorial pot research as a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted to evaluate the impact of saline water and potassium phosphite on sour orange plant. Sour orange plants were healthy and free disease six-months seedlings (height about 60 cm). The treatments were included salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1). The results showed that the high level of salinity led to a decrease in stem fresh and dry weight (63 and 60.22%, respectively), nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and iron contents (4, 15.7, 8, 18.6 and 12.2 %, respectively) in sour orange. Potassium phosphite treatment (1.5 g L-1) increased the potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, iron (32.6, 20.6, 19.7, 46.5%, respectively) contents, the fresh and dry weight of the stem (63.9 and 60.2%, respectively), the fresh and dry weight of roots (58.18 and 61.01 %, respectively) and finally the harmful impacts of salinity stress were reduced in sour orange plant. Generally, the application of potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) improved morphological characteristics, absorption of elements and reduced the adverse effects of salinity in Sour orange.

Tomato early blight caused by Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima and A. solani, occurs in a wide range of environmental conditions. Effectiveness of fluxapyroxad+difenoconazole (Dagonis® SC12.5%), tetraconazole+azoxystrobin (Affiance® SC17%) and mandipropamid+difenoconazole (Carial Star® SC 50%) fungicides were evaluated in the control of tomato early blight disease in comparison with boscalid+pyraclostrobin (Signum® WG33.4%) fungicide. Dagonis® at the rates of 800, 1000 and 1200 ml/ha, Affiance® 450, 600 and 750 ml/ha, Carial Star® 400, 550 and 700 ml/ha and Signum® 500 gr/ha and the control group (no fungicide application). The experiments were carried out under the field condition in Fars and Hormozgan provinces, and under greenhouse condition in Alborz province. The disease severity index and area under the disease progress curve were calculated. The results showed that Affiance® at the rates of 600 and 750 ml/ha with 48-82% efficacy, Dagonis® at the rate of 1200 ml/ha with 50-70% efficacy and Signum® at the rate of 500 gr/ha with the efficacy of 48-75% were effective in controlling tomato early blight disease. Although Carial Star® fungicide with the amount of 700 ml/ha was less effective (45-55%) as compared to aforementioned fungicides, but its average efficiency can be justified. Therefore, Affiance®, Dagonis® and Signum® fungicides, at the rates of 600, 1200 ml/ha and 500 gr/ha, respectively, and Carial Star® fungicide (in the early stages of the disease) at the rate of 700 ml/ha are recommended to control tomato early blight disease.

Salinity is among the abiotic stresses restricts citrus growth. In this regard, the selection of appropriate method to improve growth characteristics and antioxidant response under salt stress conditions can be useful. The present pot research was conducted as factorial reperiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of University of Hormozgan during 2021. The used lime plants were six-month-old seedlings (height about 60 cm) healthy and disease-free. Experimental treatments were included salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5, and 3 g L-1). The results revealed the 6 dS/m of salt led to a decrease in leaf number, stem length and root volume (25.27, 13.8 and 47.8% respectively) and increased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (50.47 and 34.5%, respectively). Application of potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) increased leaf number, stem length, root volume and root length (33.87%, 32.38%, 15.5% and 11.05%, respectively). In addition, the potassium phosphite treatment increased protein content and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase (36.9, 95.97, 69.1, 30.20, 65.7 and 78.5%, respectively) and decreased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (75.7% and 40.6%, respectively). Based on the results, it can be expected that potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) by stimulating the antioxidant system and neutralized oxygen free radicals, improves growth characteristics and moderates the harmful effects of salinity stress in lime.

This study was conducted with the aim of isolation, identification, frequency determination and pathogenicity of fungal and oomycota species associated with citrus decline in six different locations of Hormozgan province. Isolation of fungi and oomycota was carried out from Bakraee and Mexican lime roots and local tangerine branches on general and semi-selective culture media. The isolates were identified at genus or species level based on morphological characteristics and sequence of ITS-rDNA and a part of TEF-1α gene. Frequency percentage of identified species was determined in surveyed locations based on numbers of cultivated plant pieces. Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium acutatum, Phoma sp., Fusarium sp.1 and Fusarium sp.2 with the frequency of 93.51%, 1.1%, 0.26%, 0.26%, 0.17%, 0.08%, 0.04% and 0.04%, respectively, and Pythium spp. and Phytophthora nicotianae with the frequency of 4.96% and 3.12%, respectively, were isolated from roots with rot. Fungal species isolated from branches with dieback symptoms were Alternaria spp., Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with the frequency of 81.7%, 10.56% and 0.92%, respectively. Pathogenicity of three isolates from each species was tested on one-year-old seedlings of local tangerine on Bakraee. All the investigated isolates, except for Alternaria sp. and Pythium sp., were pathogenic on seedlings and caused symptoms similar to decline symptoms observed in citrus orchards. Pathogenicity of Alternaria sp.1 and N. mediterraneum isolates was tested on detached branches of local tangerine and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides was tested on one-year-old seedlings of local tangerine and all tested isolates were pathogenic.

Root and crown rot is a common tomato disease in the major production areas of Hormozgan province. The present study was conducted to isolate, identify, and determine the frequency of fungal agents associated with tomato root and crown rot in Hormozgan province. In total, 984 fungal isolates were obtained from tomato plants with yellowing, wilting, and root and crown rot symptoms. Identification of the isolates was done based on the morphological characteristics and the comparison of the obtained sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-rDNA) and parts of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1-α) gene with relevant sequences available in GenBank. According to the results, the highest frequency belonged to Fusarium oxysporum isolates (73%), and afterward to Rhizoctonia solani and F. acutatum species with eight and one percent frequencies, respectively. The results of the pathogenicity tests of the fungal species on tomato seedlings hybrid Sunseed 6189 at the stage of four true-leaves revealed that all three species were pathogenic on tomato seedlings and caused root and crown rot, yellowing, and death of the plant aerial tissues. Pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici using sprl-specific primers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici on tomato in Hormozgan province, and the first report of F. acutatum as tomato root and crown rot agent in the world.

Goudarzi A (2023) Anthracnose disease of citrus. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):117-129.

Colletotrichum species are the causal agents of diseases including leaf spots, fruit rots and dieback in a wide range of plant hosts such as citrus, banana, strawberry, avocado, papaya, mango and apple. In citrus, important diseases including anthracnose, post harvest anthracnose, key lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop are caused by different species of Colletotrichum which are of the major limitations of citrus production in many citrus producing countries worldwide. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been identified as the main cause of citrus anthracnose. The disease symptoms include dieback of branches and twigs, leaf spot, fruit rot and abscission of leaves and small fruits. In the case of epidemic occurrence, the damage caused by the disease on different species and cultivars of citrus is very significant. The economic losses caused by the disease is mainly related to damage to the vegetative parts of citrus trees, as well as decay and reduction of market value of the fruits. So far, citrus anthracnose and postharvest anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. karstii and C. novae-zelandiae have been reported from Iran. In addition, dieback and postbloom fruit drop caused by C. gloeosporioides are of the common challenges of citrus production in the north of the country. Sanitation, management of irrigation and nutrition, control of pests, diseases and weeds and use of chemical fungicides, especially strobilurins, are effective approaches of the disease management. In order to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of the causal agents, the use of fungicides should be carried out with periodicity.

Black scorch disease is considered one of the important and damaging diseases of date palm in many regions of the world, including Oman, Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. The disease was first reported in Iran in 2014 from Tabas in South Khorasan Province, and in the following years, symptoms of the disease were observed scattered in Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr provinces. Two fungi, Thielaviopsis paradoxa and T. radicicola, are known as causal agents of the disease. Disease symptoms include tissue dieback, wilting, canopy bowing, terminal meristem rot, and tree dieback. The disease is commonly observed on trees suffering from environmental stress, particularly salt and drought stress. Although the susceptibility of different cultivars to the disease varies, the disease has been reported in 21 date palm cultivars worldwide to date. This article describes integrated disease management methods, including preventing diseases from entering the area, preventing damage to date palms, adhering to plant health principles, managing environmental stress, and proper ventilation in the grove, as well as biological and chemical control.

Fusarium wilt disease is known as one of the most destructive and fatal diseases of date trees in many date-producing areas of the world, especially date-producing countries in Africa. Currently, a significant portion of date orchards in Morocco and the western and central Sahara of Algeria are affected by Fusarium wilt disease. The economic losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease of dates, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, are significant. Over the past century, the disease has killed more than 12 million palm trees in Morocco and about three million palm trees in Algeria. Fusarium oxysporum (Schltdl.) f. sp. albedinis, a soil-borne vascular pathogen, is known to cause Fusarium wilt disease of dates. The economic losses caused by this disease are very significant, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, and in some areas, the Fusarium wilt epidemic has destroyed more than 70% of the date fruits. Integrated disease management strategies include the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars, prevention of introduction of the disease causal agent into disease-free areas, eradication of the disease, biological control and chemical control. This disease has not been reported from date-producing areas of Iran, although similar symptoms to Fusarium wilt have been observed in some date orchards of Hormozgan province.

Watermelon downy mildew caused by the fungus-like pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzev is one of the most important diseases of this crop in Iran. The aim of this study was assessment of efficacy of the fungicide ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Orvego® 525 SC) to control watermelon downy mildew in a completely randomized block design with four replications in Hormozgan and Mazandaran provinces. Treatments included Orvego® of three dosages 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 ml L-1, Potassium phosphite (Phosphite®530 WSL) of dosage 3 ml L-1 as standard fungicide and a control treatment without fungicide application. The treatments were applied upon appearance of the first disease symptoms and repeated with 7- to 10-day intervals. Statistical data analysis was done using SAS software and comparision of means was carried out using protected least significant difference (PLSD). According to the results, Orvego of dosage 0.8 ml L-1 had the highest efficiency in the disease control (%89.85 in Hormozgan province and %80.05 in Mazandaran province); however, it did not significantly differ with Orvego of dosage 0.7 ml L-1 (%88.88 in Hormozgan province and %77.48 in Mazandaran province) and Potassium phosphite of dosage 3 ml L-1 (%87.72 in Hormozgan province and %75.60 in Mazandaran province). Since the severity of watermelon downy mildew under the influence of Orvego of two dosages 0.8 and 0.7 ml L-1 did not significantly differ, application of the least effective dosage of the fungicide for controlling of downy mildew in watermelon fields is recommended.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-rods with uniform morphology and controllable size have been successfully synthesized in the presence of cationic and non-ionic surfactants by a hydrothermal method. (NH4) 2HPO4 and Ca(NO 3)2.4H2O were used as the phosphorus and calcium sources, respectively. The composition of synthesized powders was characterized using X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and morphology of the resulting powders were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed the as- prepared HA nano-rods have a typical diameter of about 60-80 nm and an average aspect ratio of about 10-12, which indicates that the mixture of cationic and non-ionic surfactants acts as a soft template to regulate the nucleation and crystal growth of HA. Also effect of hydrothermal temperature was studied on the system.

engineering new bone tissue with cells and a synthetic extracellular matrix represents a new approach for the regeneration of mineralized tissues compared with the transplantation of bone (autografts or allografts). in this study, to mimic the mineral and organic component of natural bone, hydroxapatite (HA) and gelatin (GEL) composite scaffolds were prepared. The raw materials were first compounded and the resulting composite were molded into cylindrical shape. Using solvent-casting method combined with freeze drying process, it is possible to produce scaffolds with mechanical and structural properties close to natural trabecular bone. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as cross linking agent. The chemical bonding and the microstructure were investigated by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light microscopy. it was observed that the prepared scaffold has an open, interconnected porous structure with a pore size of 80-400, which is suitable for osteoblast cell proliferation. The mechanical properties of different weight fraction of HA (30, 40, and 50 wt%) was assessed and it was found that the GEL/HA with ratio of 50wt% HA has the compressive modulus of ~10 Giga Pascal (GPa), the ultimate compressive stress of ~32 Mega Pascal (MPa) and the elongation of ~3MPa similar to that of trabecular bone. The porosity and the apparent density of 50wt% HA scaffold were calculated and it was found that the addition of HA content can reduce the water absorption and the porosity. Since GA is cytotoxin, sodium bisulfite was used as GA discharger. The biological responses of scaffolds carried out by L929 fibroblast cell culture and it was observed that fibroblast cells partially proliferated and covered scaffold surface, 48h after seeding. these results demonstrate that the manufactured scaffolds are suitable candidate for trabecular bone tissue engineering. Iran. Biomed.