aziz babapoor

In this research, phase change materials (PCMs) have been examined as innovative tools for temperature control in thermal systems. These materials, operating intelligently without the need for mechanical equipment, undergo phase transitions naturally, adapting to environmental fluctuations and thereby enhancing energy efficiency in thermal systems. The study delves into the investigation and classification of the characteristics of these materials, along with their applications in various building components such as walls, windows, bricks, artificial stones, ceilings, and floors. The obtained results from the use of these materials indicate their potential as a novel solution for optimizing energy consumption in buildings. For instance, incorporating PCMs in walls leads to a reduction in thermal energy consumption, and utilizing nano-insulation in windows decreases the need for heating and cooling systems, providing users with greater independence from these facilities. Furthermore, the effect of PCMs in stones contributes to thermal stability, and in bricks, it significantly diminishes greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, the integration of PCMs in building floors enhances thermal storage capacity. These findings underscore the practical utility of PCM as an effective solution for improving the energy efficiency of buildings.

Currently, storing energy in a suitable form that can be converted and released to the desired state is one of the challenges facing modern technologies. Energy storage not only reduces the mismatch between supply and demand, but also increases the efficiency and reliability of energy systems and plays a very important role in reducing energy loss. In this research, the nanofibers of polyethylene glycol as a phase change material and polyamide 6 as a preservative in pipelines have been simulated in different conditions via COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software. For this purpose, the oil is placed inside a tube and a cylindrical tank and the container is covered with a thin layer of polyethylene glycol-polyamide nanofibers. In the following, the thermophysical properties of composite nanofibers of phase change materials in different weight percentages were investigated and the effects of changes in temperature, density, viscosity and thermal conductivity on them were compared. The results of the research showed that the most suitable system for heat management is related to the nanoparticles of phase change materials with the highest weight percentage of polyethylene glycol. Also, the use of nanofibers of phase change materials is very effective in improving thermal management and temperature control and can be used as suitable materials for energy storage and transfer. In addition, with the passage of time, more heat is absorbed by polyethylene glycol and energy storage is done better.

This article investigates the utilization of thermal management systems for electric car applications and their optimization through the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) and nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, with the expansion of the automobile sector and the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the market, new challenges have emerged. One critical challenge is managing heat in lithium batteries, as the performance of these batteries can deteriorate significantly outside the normal temperature range. Consequently, this research delves into the reasons favoring passive thermal management systems over active ones in the electric vehicle industry. Additionally, it elucidates the motivations behind opting for active thermal management systems and explores research on various types of phase change materials (PCMs) utilized in this domain, along with the impact of nanoparticle additives. The objective is to comprehensively understand why researchers employ different types of phase change materials (PCMs) in this field and how these materials can influence battery cooling, including factors such as the thermal conductivity of PCMs. It also scrutinizes which materials and simulations have been proposed for these systems and assesses their potential applicability to other vehicle components, as several components of electric vehicles that remain unexamined in the literature become increasingly apparent. In conclusion, the proposal is considering the use of phase change materials in other automobile components.  

Environmental concerns and the scarcity of fossil fuels have led to the rapid development of rechargeable battery technologies. It has been proven that the performance of lithium-ion batteries is susceptible to temperature, and temperature significantly affects the capacity and power of batteries. Therefore, it is necessary to build an efficient battery thermal management system to maintain the battery's operating temperature in a safe range. Utilizing PCM.s can be an exciting option in thermal management systems of lithium-ion batteries, and several studies have been conducted about them. The biggest challenge in PCM-based BTMS systems is to overcome the problems related to the poor thermal conductivity of PCMs. Many researchers in this field proposed different types of metal fins (pinned fins, circular fins, longitudinal fins, and triangular fins), metal foams (aluminum, copper, and nickel foam), metal meshes, and carbon-based nanomaterials to increase the thermal conductivity in PCM-based BTMS systems. Some proposed carbon-based composite nanomaterials are expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fiber. In this article, recent developments and new methods of thermal management and performance optimization of lithium-ion batteries have been reviewed.

Nowadays, the separation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is one of the most important issue to protect the environment. The core-shell structure of Fe3O4 @ SBA-15 is a proper solid base for functionalization and separation of mixture reaction. The SBA-15 nanoparticles have a very high surface area that can be functionalization with the huge amount of organic groups. In this project, magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized with the co-precipitation method then coated with high-ordered surface area SBA-15 then functionalized with the organic ligand. The surface of these materials functionalized with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)-propyl amine. In order to the characterization of nanocomposite properties, some techniques such as IR, TGA, SEM, XRD, and BET analyzes were used. After synthesizing and characterization of Fe3O4@SBA-15@(CH2)3- NH-(CH2)2-NH2, this compound was used for the separation of heavy metals from in vitro manipulation matrix. The advantages of these materials can be noted such as high surface area, magnetic properties, and recoverable and non-toxic properties.

Diabetes is a disease that requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels to control its complications. At present, blood glucose is measured using portable devices; most of the electrodes of these devices work using the enzyme glucose oxidase. Due to the high cost of the enzyme and its instability, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors can significantly contribute to the emergence of new generation devices.

In this study, keywords of glucose measurement, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors in the period 1962 -2020, were searched and studied from Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases. In this review, first, the different generations of glucose sensors and how they are made are mentioned, and the types of materials used in the preparation of enzyme-based sensors are discussed. The progress made in non-enzymatic sensors is mentioned in the following, and the advantages and challenges of these types of glucose sensors are discussed.

Materials used to prepare non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors are platinum, copper, platinum alloys, gold and platinum nanomaterials, and molecular mold polymers. The main problem of these compounds is the lack of selectivity of these compounds and their weak signal due to the intervention of disturbing species. However, using molecular mold polymers seems an excellent option to solve this problem.

Non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have the advantage of high stability and low cost, and measuring the amount of glucose in biological fluids can be helpful in controlling diabetes. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology and molecularly formulated polymers have made it possible to produce new nanomaterials to create enzyme-free systems for glucose detection, but several studies are needed to bring these sensors to market.

Currently reserves are proven to be the most economical method of oil and gas storage worldwide. In this work, the effects of different parameters on possible incidents of oil storage tank via modeling and analysis with the PHAST software was investigated. In this modeling, a pressurized crude oil storage tank with an input pipeline was considered and the possibility of leakage from the pipeline was studied. The results showed that, depending on the weather conditions, the diameter of the simulated oil pond can be extended up to 40 meters. Moreover, in the wind and assuming a fire pool in the oil pond, the heat radiations with an intensity of 4 kW/m2 can affect the pond up to a distance of 20 meters. The areas affected by the wave from explosion and flash fire were also 27 and 30 meters, respectively. The results also showed a high evaporation rate of oil the first time  and after about 2000 seconds, due to lower oil in the pond, the rate of evaporation is reduced and leads to a decrease in the radius of the pond. The rising storage tank temperature, as well as the amount of evaporated oil over time, are the most important issues, which make it difficult to control the system and also endanger the safety and health of the environment.

The substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energies is a meaningful way to mitigate global warming and air pollution. Phase change materials could store and release a high amount of energy. The solidification phenomenon is an essential factor that should be considered for choosing Phase Change Materials (PCMs). In this work, attempts have been made to improve the thermophysical properties of paraffin as a PCM during the solidification process. 1-3 wt.% of Al2O3, CuO, TiO2, and graphene nanoparticles were used during the solidification process. No reports had yet been made on the effect of graphene nanoparticles versus metal oxide nanoparticles on the thermal properties of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NEPCMs). The DSC, TGA, SEM, and FT-IR analyses were done to investigate the transition temperature, nanoparticle distribution, and nanocomposites morphology, respectively. It was seen that the addition of nanoparticles could effectively increase the thermal conductivities of paraffin. The maximum and minimum increases were in thermal conductivities were recorded in samples with 3wt.% of graphene and 1wt.% of TiO2. The results showed that selecting suitable nanocomposites depended on various parameters, such as the type of nanoparticles and the weight percentage of nanoparticles. The PCM nanocomposites can be used to control the thermal management of different systems. The results can be applied in thermal design and management concepts, especially in the solidification process.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are currently used for many heat management applications. However, the heat transfer performance of PCMs is limited by their low thermal diffusivities. This is a critical issue for high heat flux applications, such as in the thermal management of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The present work aims the study heat transfer enhancement in a cylindrical Li-ion battery thermal management system consisting of a PCM (paraffin) loaded with randomly distributed and radially oriented carbon fibers. The system was simulated numerically under various cooling conditions, including naturally convecting air, in the presence of pure paraffin, and the presence of carbon fiber-loaded paraffin. The results for orderly arranged carbon fibers were compared with those of random distribution. Numerical results indicated that better battery thermal management can be achieved for the radially distributed carbon fiber arrangement in the PCM. The advantage of radial over random distributions can be due to the constant, uniform, and non-agglomerating distribution of carbon fibers under which thermo-physical properties of carbon fibers are better realized in the composite medium. The presence of carbon fibers with thermal conductivity of k=50W/m K in the PCM has caused more uniform temperature profiles in the radial direction because of the improved thermal conductivities. The results of this research can be used as a guideline for designing a battery thermal management system.

Nowadays, due to the population growth and the developed economy of most countries, there is increasing need for energy consumption in the industry and agriculture sector. Over the past decades, supplying this energy with fossil fuels has led to environmental pollutions and climate changes. So, it has imposed a lot of cost on different countries. Over the recent decades, many countries have tried to supply energy with renewable energy resources. Due to the significant role of agriculture sector in the countries’ food security and the increased non-petroleum export of oil-producing countries, it is necessary to develop this sector more than in the past. The important issue in this area is focusing on sustainable energy supply. The present research aims to study and identify different technologies that are related to agricultural industries in which, the necessary energy is supplied by renewable resources. The results showed that different types of renewable energies, can be used in devices such as solar desalination system, solar dryer, solar seeder robot, water supply pneumatic pump, wind farm, Solid biofuels, biogas and biodiesel systems, greenhouse heating systems using geothermal water resources, and ground source heat pump. Using these systems can result in the significant reduction of fossil energy consumption, reduction of air pollutants, development of the related jobs, energy security, and the decrease in the social costs of using fossil fuels. These findings can be widely used in designing and management of different energy systems in agricultural industries.

The energy crises of the current century, led humans to ponder new energy sources. One of the interesting methods is the application of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), which is not only used for the purpose of storing heat energy but also is used for the purpose of heat insulation. Besides their advantages, PCMs may have some limitations such as leaking problems and low thermal conduction coefficient. Thus, adding metallic nanoparticles and shell-core structures can improve their thermal properties. In this research, N-octadecane is chosen as core and methyl methacrylate as a shell to synthesize nanoscale materials with core-shell structure. In this work, instruments including SEM, DSC, TEM, and sonicator have been used. The results of the experiments showed that synthesized phase change materials have a mean 79 nm diameter and have a core-shell structure. On the other hand, slurry nanophase change materials have maintained their thermal properties after many cycles and this can be considered as the main advantage in thermal management of different systems. In summary, it is revealed that PCMs and their composites possess advantages in thermal applications. These materials can have a critical and valuable role in thermal management.

A majority portion of energy resources in the world is supplied by fossil fuels. Excessive consumptions of fossil energy resources have instigated many environmental issues such as climate change. Burning fossil fuels release toxic and dangerous pollutants that will affect the environment and finally the human food chain. Overconsumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels concerns the global community to develop concepts such as sustainable renewable energies, energy storage, thermal energy and phase change materials within the framework of energy management. The idea of using phase change materials for storage of renewable thermal energy is growing.  Having variety types of phase - change materials with different characteristics has led to the possibility of using these materials in several industries such as textiles, medicine, smart clothes, civil and electronic industries. Additionally, storage and release of renewable energies are important factor in the development of energy management. Therefore, in this study, the role of phase change materials in smart clothing is investigated.

Thermal energy storage is among the highly efficient approaches to overcome the energy crisis. Using phase change material (PCM) is one of the most effective techniques in thermal energy storage application. Several types of PCM with distinct characteristics and different ranges of melting and solidification temperature have found their way in various industries. However, commercialized PCMs generally suffer from low thermal conductivity which limits their application. In this study, the effect of adding different weight percentages of various nanoparticles, such as CuO, TiO2, Al2O3 and graphene to paraffin, as a standard PCM, on improvement of the thermal properties of PCM was investigated. Thermophysical properties and morphology of the nanocomposites, such as phase change temperature and latent heat of melting were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). SEM images display the proper distribution of nanoparticles in phase change material. FTIR results verified the formation of nanocomposites. Comparison between the investigated PCM nanocomposites showed that the nanocomposites containing 2 wt.% TiO2 with the enthalpy of 179.88 J/g, and 1 wt.% graphene nanocomposite with the enthalpy of 120.38 J/g had the highest and lowest energy storage capacity compared to paraffin, respectively. The results indicated that Nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCMs) could be particularly useful in applications in which temperature control is crucial. The new types of nanocomposites used in this study showed remarkable thermal performance, and they are capable of being used in thermal management applications

Nitrobenzene (NB) has a wide range of usages as a chemical intermediate and also as a dye in printing applications. Despite its advantages, NB is harmful to human and animals and hence is an environmental pollutant. In this research, NB removal from water was studied via adsorption on graphene oxide (GO) coated by polythiophene (PT) nanoparticles. The resulting nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET, and SEM. While the FTIR tests proved successful incorporation of PT, the SEM images displayed a relatively larger surface area compared to other studies. The BET analysis confirms this finding by reporting the surface area as 917.8 m2/g for the adsorbent. The adsorption mechanism was assessed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results show that the Freundlich isotherm better describes the adsorption process compared to the Langmuir isotherm. On the other hand, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better regresses the experimental results, which indicates a chemical adsorption mechanism. The adsorption-desorption behavior of the samples was evaluated at optimized pH, time, adsorbent dosage, and eluent type. The results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite can efficiently remove NB from solutions in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.0, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 15.6 mg/g.

The energy crisis in recent years has to lead us to think about new sources of energy. Phase change materials are one of these efficient sources. They can be used as thermal insulators besides their heat storage applications. Also, implementing these materials has erased our need for immunization of energy consumption systems. Despite all the benefits, phase change materials have some limitations such as leaking problems and low thermal conductivity coefficient. Nanoparticles are therefore can improve their properties. In this study, the melting process of paraffin wax comprising nanoparticles of Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and ZnO (with weight fraction percentage 2% and 8%) in a rectangular container is simulated by Comsol software. Influence of nanoparticles with different weight fractions on temperature, velocity distribution, density, thermal conductivity coefficient and liquefy process are subsequently investigated. The results presented a 12.5% increase in the thermal conductivity coefficient by adding 8wt% nanoparticles. The rate of melting process in 8wt% nanoparticles is bigger than that of 2wt% nanoparticles and pure paraffin with similar initial and boundary conditions for all states, which indicates that adding nanoparticles to paraffin for increasing the melting rate can be useful in various thermal management purposes such as storing energy.

Kombucha Scoby is a colony consisted from bacteria, yeast and cellulosic pellicle that present fantastic performances in various fields. Besides anti-toxicity and antimicrobial specifications of Kombucha scoby, this unique colony can be used for waste water treatment and removal of heavy metals. Herein, efficiency of graphene oxide/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (GO/Fe3O4) and Kombucha Scoby in the removal of Pb (II) from synthetic wastewater were examined and compared. The characteristics of GO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR and SEM. Moreover, the effect of significant parameters such as pH (1-7), temperature (10-60 oC) and amount of adsorbent (1-200 g/L) on the removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. Obtained results showed that the maximum adsorption efficiency was obtained at a temperature of 50 oC and adsorbent amount of 0.3 and 15 g using GO/Fe3O4 and Kombucha Scoby, respectively. Additionally, pHPZC values of 6.1 and 6.2 were obtained for GO/Fe3O4 and Kombucha Scoby, respectively. The maximum adsorption efficiency for GO/Fe3O4 and Kombucha Scoby were found to be 98.08 and 99.73 %, respectively. Likewise, the adsorption isotherm behavior of Pb (II) on adsorbents were investigated using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Achieved results showed that the Langmuir isotherm model was better fitted with experimental data. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity by Langmuir model for GO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Kombucha Scoby were found to be about 114.9 and 126.6 mg/g, respectively. Generally, achieved results revealed that Kombucha Scoby, which is a cost affordable colony, can remove Pb (II) ions from water better than GO/Fe3O4.

Much of the energy consumed in the world is fed by fossil fuels. These fuels have a variety of toxic and hazardous pollutants. Through various means to the environment and finally enter the human food chain. Although the environmental impacts of the use of fossil fuels on surface water, groundwater, soil, air, vegetation, and so on are numerous. But the topics of air pollution, greenhouse effect and particles and their cooling effect More attention is being paid. Maintain current situation of life in human society in the future without regard to cost-effective energy supply is not possible. Environmental impacts associated with each energy production at the current rate continues to unacceptable conditions and the harmful environmental effects are expanding extensively. Renewable energy as a power source and free of environmental pollution can Play an important role in reducing pollutant emissions such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Therefore, in this research, we try to investigate the role of various renewable energies in reducing environmental pollution.

In this study, the amount of generated pool fire, as a result of the release of chemicals in the case of an accident in tunnels, was simulated and the results were compared to the experimental data. At first, various amounts of spatial resolution (R*) were considered to compare the existing experimental data at different heights at the upstream, downstream and above the pool fire. The comparison studies showed that both numerical predictions and experimental measurements were, in general, comparable. Furthermore, FDS code was used to simulate the tunnel fire scenario for both cases of natural and forced ventilation. The grid using in the simulations is assessed by cells with the optimal spatial resolution and the influence of the ventilating systems on pool fire dynamic and its development was investigated. As a consequence, the temperature profile, O2, CO2, and visibility were compared in the two cases. These results showed that the ventilation system plays an important role in both fire development and heat removal by providing a safely evacuate rout in the tunnel.

Due to environmental pollution as well as being non-renewable fossil fuels¡ the need to use modern methods to produce clean fuels and renewable energy such as solar¡ water¡ wind¡ nuclear energy and thermal energy even more sense. One of renewables is thermal energy. One of the most important methods of storage¡ thermal energy or the phase-change material that during the phase change¡ thermal energy storage and release when necessary. Phase-change material with all the benefits that they have a series of problems such as leakage and low thermal conductivity. This can be improved by using nano composite materials. In this study¡ paraffin as phase-change material and nano-particle TiO2 as to improve the thermal properties during freezing process is used. To study the properties of nano composite thermal behavior such as phase change temperatures¡ freezing latent heat as well as morphology¡ respectively tests¡ DSC¡ SEM¡ FT-IR was performed on samples. The results showed that by taking all circumstances¡ TiO2 nano composites in three wt% are suitable samples. These results can be used in thermal management systems designed to be large.

A small amount of nanoparticles those are uniform and stable when suspended in base fluid, thermal properties and dramatically expand the base fluid. Lubricants, hydraulic fluids used. The nanoparticles are made of various materials, for example, can be named the following materials: ceramic oxide, nitride ceramics, carbide ceramics, metals and synthetic materials such as alloy nanoparticles and nanofluids combination of solid-liquid in which metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles. Too fine suspended particles alters the mobility features are the ability to increase heat transfer and heat transfer nanofluids show. According to previous research carried out, nano-fluid for increasing the thermo-physical properties is considered. Properties such as thermal conductivity, heat dissipation, viscosity and heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid displacement such as water and oil increases. Here the influence of several factors such as particle size, particle shape, particle type, operating temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity in particle concentrations also have been studied for the we review.

In this study chitosan hydrogel beads with porosity ~ 0.86 and diameter ~ 2 0.07 mm were prepared from 85 % deacetylated chitosan for removal of Cd 2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Chitosan powder was dissolved into dilute acetic acid as solvent and formed into spherical beads using a phase inversion technique. The effect of temperature, initial concentration of Cd 2+ ions, and the period of agitation were perused to achieve the best isotherm model. Freundlich model was better fitted than Langmuir model (R2 > 0.99 and R2> 0.93 respectively, at pH of 6.3, and shaker speed of 200 rpm), the constants of Langmuir and Freundlich models were calculated, which RL value and qmax (mg/g wet weight) at 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C showed maximum uptake capacity of 61.35 (mg/g wet weight) obtained at 30 °C. The calculated heat of adsorption was -8.69,-7.051, -5.513 kJ mol -1 at 30, 40, 50 °C respectively which verified an exothermic process. Kinetic studies of the adsorption phenomena were conducted in a batch system by initial concentrations from 100 to 500 mgL-1 until the equilibrium concentration Ce (mgL-1) was reached. First-order, and second-order kinetic models were used; the experimental data were in reliable compliance with second-order kinetic model with R2 value greater than 0.97. The rate constants of the kinetic models were also calculated and tabulated. To investigate the surface morphology of the chitosan beads before and after adsorption process, they were observed by the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface characterization of the beads in both cases showed metal ions binding toward the surface of porous chitosan beads. All of the experiments carried out at pH of 6.3 and agitation rate of 200 rpm, which were opted according to optimum status of previous researcher’s reports