babak beikzadeh

Fish immunization using vaccines has been practiced for more than 50 years and is generally accepted as an effective method for preventing a wide range of bacterial and viral diseases. Vaccination contributes to environmental, economic and social sustainability in global aquaculture. Most of the manufactured vaccines are inactive vaccines that are formulated using adjuvants and delivered to fish through injection, immersion or oral routes. Live vaccines are more effective than inactivated vaccines because they mimic the conditions of natural pathogen infections and elicit a strong antibody response. Unfortunately, vaccines are usually not able to provide protection on their own. Especially those vaccines that are based on recombinant antigens or inactive pathogens. Therefore, the use of adjuvants or immunostimulants is often necessary to increase vaccine efficacy and have more potential to be administered through injection, oral or immersion routes. Nowadays, new vaccines (mucous and toxoid) and herbal adjuvants have been more and more noticed by researchers and have had significant effects against infectious diseases. Advanced technologies hold promise for the future of aquaculture vaccines, providing health benefits and increased economic potential for producers. Considering that vaccines have protective and preventive functions against a wide range of diseases, in this article we discussed the types of vaccines and aquatic adjuvants and their methods of use.

Acinetobacter baumannii, as one of the causes of hospital infection, causes the death of many patients every year. Due to the high antibiotic resistance, controlling the infections has faced a challenge. In addition, no effective vaccine has been produced for this bacterium. Therefore, in the present study, using immunoinformatics tools, OmpA protein as a vaccine candidate was used to investigate the immune responses in different time points of administration so that in addition to introducing a vaccine candidate, the best timing of its administration was also provided.

In this study, The Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA protein was chosen and the epitopes of T and B lymphocytes were predicted using immunoinformatics servers. Then, the antigenic properties, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, physical and chemical properties, and binding ability to innate and adaptive immune receptors were evaluated. Finally, the ability to induce immune responses in five different injection programs was investigated.

The results showed that OmpA is an antigenic, safe, hydrophilic protein with good solubility. This protein can bind to innate and adaptive immune receptors and can induce humoral and cellular immune responses in three-time and four-time injections.

In total, this study shows that OmpA, in addition to its immunogenic properties, as a vaccine candidate, can induce immune mediators by administering it three times, however, four times administrations of this protein create a stronger immune response.

Interest in probiotic use for respiratory allergies has increased. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cell wall extractof Saccharomyces boulardii on Aspergillus fumigatus as an allergenic fungus and itseffectiveness in reducing inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells sensitized with A. fumigatus conidia.

Cell wall of S. boulardii was prepared and challenged by A.fumigatus conidia at various concentrations.Secretory protease activity was tested usingthe Casein method. The A. fumigatus allergen 1 (Asp f1) gene expression was calculated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In another experiment,qRT-PCR was used to examine gene expression of interleukin 13 and interleukin 17 by A549 lung epithelial cells exposed to A. fumigatus conidia and treated with different concentrations of S. boulardii cell wall extract.

Saccharomyces boulardii cell wall extract significantly reduced the proteaseactivity of A. fumigatus at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml (P<0.05). The Asp f1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in each concentration of S. boulardii cell wallextract (P<0.05). Aspergillus fumigatus conidia upregulated the expression of IL-13 and IL-17 in A549 cells, and S. boulardii cell wall extract could downregulate the expression of the mentioned cytokines at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be concluded that S. boulardii cell wall extract could be a candidate for IL-13- and IL-17-induced Aspergillus-mediated allergy and asthma therapies. Nevertheless, future studies need to be conducted on the safety of S.boulardii cell wall extract in vivo and its effects on other arms of allergic hypersensitivity.

Along with the global expansion of aquaculture, diseases have increased in this industry. Vaccines and antibiotics are used as accepted methods throughout the world to fight disease. However, in Iran, the path of fighting diseases has gone into the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic overuse puts evolutionary pressure on pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, resulting in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and a more severe recurrence of the disease. On the other hand, antibiotics also affect the function of vaccines. Together, these events affect the economic aspects of fish farming. So, antibiotic use is important in terms of environmental impact and public health, the immune system, vaccines, and aquaculture economics. In this review paper, an attempt had been made to study previous research on antibiotics and vaccines, economic analysis of vaccine uses and its health effects, by answering the question "Vaccine or antibiotics: which one should be used in fish farming?" Shows the importance of using vaccines instead of antibiotics.

In this study,the immunogenicity of streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis vaccine in rainbow trout was investigated in farm.900 fish with an average of 50±5 g were divided into three treatments and three replications (injection treatment, immersion treatment and control group).Fish were kept for 60 days and samples were taken on the 30th and 60th days.Then the fishes were challenged for 14 days with three bacteria, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Yersinia ruckeri.Sampling was done to evaluate lysozyme activity,complement, antibody titer and survival rate. The results indicated a significant increase in serum complement and lysozyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).Antibody titers against S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05).The  relative percentage survival after 14 days of challenge with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri in the injected group was (70, 60, and 76.6%),respectively, which was significant compared to the control group (P<0.05).Also, the relative percentage survival in the immersion group with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri was(30, 36.6 and 53.3%),respectively, which was significant only in the group immersed with S. iniae (P<0.05).In general,it can be concluded that the use of polyvalent vaccine by injection and immersion has significant effects on the immunity and survival rate of rainbow trout. However, the injection method is more effective and suitable than the immersion method.

“Lifestyle” is the way or style of people living in a special time and place and includes behaviors and functions of individuals which are formed in a specific geographical, economic, political, cultural, and religious context and influenced by them. Lifestyle as an essential and efficient agent, impacts different aspects of human health, including immune functions. In the Islamic lifestyle, many recommendations have beneficial effects on human health. Islamic lifestyle influences human immunity with comprehensive recommendations and rules for different stages of life from the beginning until death. Breastfeeding is strongly emphasized in the Islamic lifestyle with an essential role in passive immunity. The quality of breastfeeding has been noticed; therefore, some spiritual words during breastfeeding have been recommended, such as the name of God, which affect the mother’s and baby’s immune systems via the neuro‑immuno‑endocrine network. Islamic lifestyle, especially in nutrition and attention to permission and forbidden foods, can prevent obesity and nutritional disorders and therefore may influence infection spread and prevention of diseases. In addition, there is a good synchronization between the hours of prayer “Salat”, circadian rhythm, and immune response. In fasting according to Islamic rules (Sawm), moderate hunger and thirst may result in the enhancement of T cell function, cytokine production, and NK cell activity and diminish the negative effects of cholesterol on the immune system. Emphasis on the necessity of paying attention to maintain spiritual health and piety (Taghva) and encouraging marriage are other examples of Islamic lifestyle‑related recommendations with beneficial effects on human immune functions. Hence, it is believed that Islamic teaching presents patterns for a healthy life style that could be beneficial for the immune system.

The most widespread gastrointestinal infection globally is attributed to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Given the rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the absence of commercially available vaccines, there is a crucial need for research and development of new vaccines against NTS. The purpose of the present study was to design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting non-typhoidal salmonella serovars (Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis) based on fimbriae protein using an immunoinformatics approach.

The sequences of the fimbriae protein were obtained and the predicted epitopes for B and T lymphocytes were identified. The epitopes' antigenic features, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity were investigated, and the vaccine model was constructed. The characteristics of the vaccine were determined, and its effectiveness was evaluated through docking, molecular dynamics simulation involving the interaction between the vaccine and immune receptors, and immunological simulation. The vaccine was then optimized for cloning.

B and T lymphocyte-targeting vaccine construct was developed by selecting twelve epitopes. Immunoinformatics analyses predicted that the constructed vaccine is reliable and safe, hydrophilic, and exhibits stability under diverse temperatures and conditions. Additionally, it displayed the capability to bind to immune receptors TLR4, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1. Moreover, this vaccine candidate stimulates antibody response and memory B and T cell activation after repeated injection.

This study introduced the primary results of a novel multi-epitope vaccine against NTS based on adhesion protein.  In-silico methods predicted that the proposed vaccine can potentially elicit an immune response and be expressed in the prokaryotic system

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic, with more than five million death. Patients can develop pneumonia, severe symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure. Similar to other viral respiratory infections, immune responses have a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite the understanding of the immune response to COVID-19, there are still major gaps in understanding controversial reactions that impact infection fate and it remains unclear to what extent these responses are helpful or harmful in COVID-19. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss virology of the SARS-CoV-2, viral infection and immune characteristics, immune escape mechanisms and virus strategies in manipulating immune cells such as NK cells, Dendritic cells, T cells and B cells that converts it to the defective system, particularly in severe disease. Finally, we highlight the relevance of these tactics in determining infection fate.

Salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonotic disease, the transmission of which through oral-fecal contact is unavoidable because pet care has been popular recently. On the other hand, excessive use of human antibiotics to treat animals resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serotypes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance to select the appropriate antibiotic for disease control. In this study, the presence of Salmonella serovars in the fecal samples of 256 pet dogs was investigated by enrichment and selective culture. Moreover, the existence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, were assessed. Of the total of 256 fecal samples, 21 samples (8.2%) of pet dogs were positive for Salmonella, including S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, and S. Senftenberg. Based on our findings, all serovars carried virulence genes invA, invF, sitC, fimA and S. Typhimurium resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (50%), oxytetracycline (75%), florfenicol (50%) and lincospectin (100%). While S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. senftenberg were sensitive to ampicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. S. Infantis was also sensitive to all antibiotics. In conclusion, our findings suggest that pet dogs are potential sources of Salmonella strains that carry resistance and virulence genes. Thus, healthy pet dogs could play an important role in human salmonellosis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections around the world. Given the importance of this infection in public health, extensive efforts have been made to develop vaccines. Previous research has been limited to the inactivated vaccine or using an adhesion protein as a vaccine candidate, and no effective vaccine for the disease has been suggested until now.  This study aimed to design a vaccine based on epitopes of parasite adhesion proteins to be used as an immunogenic protein using immune-informatics tools.

First, AP33, AP51 and AP65 protein sequences were retrieved. Epitopes of B and T lymphocytes were then predicted. Antigenicity, non-allergenicity and non-toxicity of epitopes were evaluated and vaccine structure was designed. Then the physical, chemical and structural properties of the vaccine were determined and finally, the ability of the vaccine to bind to TLRs was investigated.

A total of 9 lymphocytes B and T epitopes were selected and a vaccine construct was designed based on them. Immuno-informatics evaluations showed that the designed vaccine is safe, hydrophilic and stable at different temperatures and conditions, that can bind to TLRs and activate innate immunity.

Based on the results, the polypeptide construct can be a suitable candidate for Trichomoniasis vaccine.

The veterinary Rabies vaccine was produced using BHK-21 cells and PV strain. Although various protocols have been suggested for virus purification, they have an adverse effect on the final production and require further optimization.

The present study aimed to optimize the concentration and purification of the virus for rabies vaccine production.

First of all, the Pasteur virus strain (PV) was cultured by using BHK 21 cells with DMEM media contain bovine fetal serum (7 %) for five days. Subsequently, the virus purification was done via tangential flow filtration (TFF) system. The quality of purifying viruses was an assessment with titration and SDS-PAGE. Secondly, the virus inactivation was optimized using Minitab software based on three factors, namely time, temperature, and concentration. Afterwards, the inactivity of the samples was tested on mice. Finally, the virus potency was evaluated by the National Institute of Health (NIH) method.

The viral titration test in TFF samples revealed that viral titer increased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified and concentrated samples showed that the purified virus via TFF had a higher purity compared to the not-concentrated samples. Moreover, the NIH test indicated a 10-fold increase in potency result in the TFF group.

The present study implied that the TFF method is highly suitable for condensation and purification of a high volume of viral fluid and could be applied on an industrial scale to increase the potency of the vaccine produced.

Inflammatory reactions in pathophysiologic conditions of lung are a critical problem in the treatment process, which in some cases lead to death, particularly in neonate. Exogenous lung surfactant has been considered as a candidate to treatment of inflammation in the lungs.

The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of this substance in vivo and in vitro.

Calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) was obtained from freshly slaughtered calves’ minced isolates. For in vivo study: the New Zealand white rabbits as appropriate animal model were treated with formulated CLSE, then peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected and the level and gene expression of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and TGF-β were assessed before and after surfactant treatment for 30 days. In vitro study: four different formulated drug concentrations were added to rabbit PBMC and cytokines level and gene expression were evaluated.

Our results indicate that IFN-γ and TGF-β increased at 24, 48 and 72 h which were statistically significant compared to baseline. While, IL-6 and IL-1β also started to decrease, IFN-γ and TGF-β increased due to surfactant therapy which reached its maximum expression after 7 days.

This study suggested that CLSE could contribute in reducing pathology effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inducing regulatory response in lung which can be used as auxiliary and protective drug in respiratory diseases.

Exogenous lung surfactant (ELS) obtained from extraction of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, is prescribed in some respiratory disorders, which could affect production of lung-related cytokines. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a major cytokine that could affect severity of lung diseases. In this study, we investigate the possible impact of ELS on IL-8 expression, hematological parameters and IgG and IgM levels in rabbits.     

ELS solution obtained from fresh calf’s lung bronchoalveolar lavage was infused into the lungs of five rabbits via tracheal tube. Blood samples were collected before and after ELS treatment for 30 days.        

Serum IL-8 levels decreased over time following ELS administration. IL-8 expression also decreased after exposure to ELS, but leukocytes count increased significantly 24, 48 and 72 hours after ELS therapy compared to baseline values (P<0.05). IgM level increased significantly 72 hours after the ELS therapy and returned to normal range at the end of study.         

Our findings suggest that ELS could down-regulate IL-8 expression in mononuclear cells while increasing leukocytes population and total immunoglobulins level, which can trigger immune responses without lung damage. However, further studies should be performed to confirm the regulatory effects of ELS on inflammatory responses in lung diseases.

Among pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are more important. The secreting outer membrane vesicles of the bacteria are important role in physiology, virulence, and the interaction between host and pathogen. These vesicles allow bacteria to transmit enzyme and its contents as conserved form and also these involved in viability. Since they are represented as bacteria candidate, study of them can be help to learn more about bacteria and their interaction with the environment. Therefore, the isolation methods of vesicles are important. So, the aim of this study was to introduce a new method for isolation of Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles.
The bacteria of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were cultured under standard conditions. Supernatant was removed and then the tangential- trans flow filtration was used for concentrating vesicles, after that high speed centrifuges were used for obtaining the deposition. Isolated vesicles confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and molecular weight of the protein concentration was determined.
Vesicle morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and size of vesicles were determined between 50 to 100 nanometers. Electrophoretic pattern reflects the strong and weak bands in the region between 22-41 kDa and concentration of protein was determined 542 micrograms.
In the present study these results shows that the use of this method, in addition to provide same product, had positive benefits from time and economic perspective in compare to common procedure and It can also use to isolate the vesicles at the industrial level.

Fluoride (F−) is a trace element that is incorporated into bone mineral during bone formation. This study assessed the effect of increasing Fluoride doses on the bone formation and microarchitecture on the Femur of rats by histological, and histometrical methods. A total of 16 rats was divided into one group of control and three groups of animals that received 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/kg of Fluoride daily for 3 weeks by gavage. Rats which were exposed to inorganic Fluoride in drinking water produced significantly more levels of bone lesions than the controls. Numerous osteocyte lacunae buried at various depths were evident, and the lacunar walls were irregular with mineralized segments running in all directions. The trabeculae of cancellous bone in these animals contained large amounts of osteoid. The results of the present study indicated that the ingestion of Fluoride affected morphological changes in the Femur of rats.

Peripheral blood is the main source of monocytes to investigate immunology and biology properties. Therefore، isolation methods of these cells are important. In this study، several methods were compared، while the MACS (Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting) technique cannot be used، we offer the most appropriate method with lowest cellular damage and highest purity. methods such as coated flask with Chitosan (7)، gelatin (8)، plasma (2)، gelatin-plasma (2) were compared with MACS (9)، From the microscopic views and time of required isolating monocytes (Comparison between the mentioned methods)، cell count (9)، cell viability (9)، the expression of CD14 as a monocyte marker (10) were compared with MACS (9) by using One-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The findings indicated that lowest cell count was belonged to controlling group and Chitosan، the highest numbers refer to gelatin-plasma and MACS. Moreover، the highest monocytes CD14 expression was observed in gelatin- plasma and MACS method. Hence it can be concluded that each gelatin and plasma methods were better than the control group in the isolation of monocytes. But covering gelatin with plasma has higher purity than other methods to compare with MACS; it can be a good method beside that.