badrieh ghavami

The present study investigates the narrative element in Vahshi Bafghi's poem "Nazer and Manzour" (the observer and the observed) in the light of the theory of "Tzutan Todorov". The structure of the narrative refers to the method of organization, the set of relationships and elements and components of the work. The structural analysis examines the relationship between these elements including attainment of the proposition, the sequel as well as examining the plot, narrator and different echelons of the storyline. Of course, in addition to the mentioned cases, thoughts and notions of the content of the work are also examined. Therefore, considering the emergence of schools of literary criticism, which has opened a new chapter in Persian language research, as well as the position of Persian love poems that have been considered as prominent works from the beginning to the present and contain many features of Persian language and literature, the present research has extracted narrative aspects in this work through descriptive-analytical method together with using library resources. Existence of eight sequences and propositions, amongst which balance and imbalance are sometimes seen, and that the sequences do not reach the final balance, aspects of causality and causation to continue the narrative, the process of characterization considering the two elements of the lover and beloved and the existing obstacles on their way to reach each other and the propositional materials in the narrative are among the findings of this research

The Gothic style was a mode of story writing which became popular in the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in Europe when suppression caused by church and religious beliefs on the people was dominant. These stories are created based on imaginary and unreal situations. The role of gothic writers is to analyze the psychological disorders; therefore, novels written in the gothic style are also known as black romance. In Eastern literature (Kurdish and Persian), some socio-political events encouraged story writers to go for surrealism and magical realism adapted with social infrastructure of their community. In this research, Gothic elements in Hoshang Golshiri’s Prince Ehtejab and Bakhtiar Ali’s Death of the Second Single Child have been explored through their relevance to Iranian and Kurdish society. Moreover, the style of both authors has also been investigated. The results indicate that Hoshang Golshiri and Bakhtiar Ali have used Gothic techniques in their stories in accordance with the social conditions of their society. The Gothic is a means to reflect the social and political conditions of these authors' era, where tensions caused by social issues in turn, yields to socio-political situation of their era in a Gothic format.

Undoubtedly, Vahshi e-Bafghi is one of the famous poets of the Safavid period, whose importance lies in his special style of expression. Art creation in the subject and expression of poetic feelings and emotions with his smooth, simple and intimate language has made him the most prominent poet of the school of occurrence. Poetry can be examined from different aspects. Examining the manifestations of the mystical elements in Bafghi's poems, especially in Khold e-Barin, is one of the novelties and beauties of his language and thoughts. By descriptive-analytical processing of Bafghi’s poems, the writer has come to the conclusion that with all the emotional passion and poetic inspiration he had, mystical love was one of his intellectual and poetic themes. In most of them, the poet's intense emotions, feelings, pain and inner anguish are expressed with a smooth, simple and pleasant language with the most force. He has revealed him, but at the same time he has considered it as a bridge to the truth.

The present study investigates the intertextuality in the stories of Azadaran Beil and Tatar Khandan by Gholam Hossein Saedi based on the theory of Mikhail Bakhtin. What is referred to as intertextuality today is a term that can be called discourse between texts. Intertextuality is the study of the discourse of texts in literary and cultural works of the world. Before Ferdinand de Saussure's theories, everyone believed in the independence of texts, but Saussure's theories lack the validity of these theories. Based on this theory, Bakhtin believes that texts and their speakers consciously or unconsciously benefit from each other's intellectual and literary sources. The authors of this article intend to analyze these two works with the method of content analysis and with the aim of knowing more about the works of this author based on Bakhtin's theory and with the library method; The findings of the research show that the author was influenced by the Quran and Islamic beliefs and also mentioned some popular beliefs during the stories. The expression of proverbs and myths, irony and bringing part of prayers and supplications are other indicators of these works. Saedi has sometimes mentioned other stories in his works, and in terms of content and theme, he has been influenced by Sadiq Hedayat's Buf Kor and Kafka's Metamorphosis.

Semiotics is an interdisciplinary approach that examines sign systems in a literary work; Among the approaches to semiotics is the theory of Michael Riffaterre, a French-American theorist on the semiotics of poetry. According to this approach, the reader is a very important factor in the process of reading the text; Riffaterre believes that meaning is always present in the text of a poem and only the reader should extract it. In his view, the meanings of poetry should be understood on its own, not by referring its signs to external realizations, and understanding poetry requires the reader to try to find an intertwined network of signs, and in this regard, her approach can also be considered as a reader-cantered critique. In this research, Ebtehaj's poem " Arghavan" [English Equivalent: purple] has been analysed using Riffaterre approach. The central idea of ​​the poem is "the isolation of the poet in an inappropriate social space", which is expressed in different ways in the text of the poem. Although this idea is not mentioned directly in the poem, the widely used propositions and clichés of the language that the poet uses by repeating them in the process of "over determination" or through the "conversion" process, by modifying those propositions, or using the "expansion" process, by extending the general idea to more detailed ideas. In addition, by discovering two semantic processes of "accumulation" as well as "descriptive anthologies", which all come from the same source and guide the poem to induce a single theme, the descriptive anthology of " Azadi" (freedom) that evokes words such as "morning", "spring", "candle", "lamp", "sun", "dawn" and "sun"; In contrast to "Sharayet-e Namonaseb-e Ejtemaei" (unfavourable social conditions) that the "forgotten silent corner", "crypt" and "night of darkness" evoke the same concept.

Marxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories.

Carnival is one of the prominent  theories of  Mikhail Bakhtin,the great critic of the twentieth century in literature. Features  that make  a literary work  can be  called carnival are the language  of  the street and market, humor, laughter , imcompetence, Grotesque, etc  that  can be mentioned in describing a carnival work. Carnivals are public and folk festivals in which different classes of society are worded and the wise, fools, clowns and kings are ridiculed. One of the works that can be read by carnival” Azadaran-e Bayal” is the work of Gholam Hossein Saedi. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method and library method. The research  finding indicate  that the author disrupts the dominant and one-  sided discourse in this work and provides space by creating multiple  and reciprocal characters and situations to creat discourse and reflect  different voices to express social and cultural truths. In this novel, The explanation of the multilateral and functional contradiction between characters and cultural and religious situations in society, combining contrasting things by creating  situations and artistic spaces ,as well as, reflecting the effects of death and love at the end of stories, creating distorted and crazy characters who breaks balance of logic  and formality, the use of slang in different situations, the existence of fear and panic in the atmosphere of the stories, the creation of humorous and funny situation with special and self- attributed methodes, etc  expresses the signs and components of carnavalism in this work.

The word narcissism was first used by Freud. Of course, others, before Freud, used it in the sense of selfishness and humiliation to describe the psychological attitude in clinical psychology. This personality disorder often leads to projection. Projection is one of the psychological mechanisms through which one can understand the conscience and inside of human beings and gain a relative knowledge of their personality. Mawlana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi (Rumi) in his works, especially in Masnavi, has paid attention to the psychological aspect of human behavior. This study tries to analyze narcissism and projection as one of the new concepts of psychology in the story of the Hunting and lion of Masnavi, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources. The findings show that the disorder of narcissism and pride in our psyche leads to not seeing the facts and death. Rumi considers narcissistic personality to be the general problem of humanity and the way to cure it is self-knowledge and polishing of the soul. In the story of the lion meets himself and comes to his truth. In fact, the rabbit did not kill the lion, the lion's anger and narcissism and his lack of trust in God caused his negligence and eventual destruction. The issue of meeting in Rumi's language is sometimes expressed with interpretations and signs such as water, spring, stream, face, seeing one's reflection in water, etc., which evokes the myth of Narcissus in the world of myth.

Literature is one of the social affairs that has always been influenced by the political events of its time and is a place to express and reflect those currents. One of the consequences of the rule of tyranny and oppression on society is the approach of poets to symbolic expression. Savareh Ilkhanizadeh is one of the new Kurdish poets in Iranian Kurdistan, who under the influence of the conditions of society and modern Persian poetry and the influence of Nima Yoshij's poetry, in his poetry to socialism and attention to the pains and sufferings of people and committed Knowing himself in the suffocating atmosphere that was the gift of the rule of the age. Some poets in modern Persian poetry used symbolic language to express the problems and aspirations of the people. The rider also had a symbolic language in poetry due to the influence of the prevailing conditions in the society. In this article, by looking at the historical and political situation of the rider's poetic period, he examines the language of the poem "Khawa bardina" We use his poetic symbols and use them to express the problems and ideals of the riding community, and we achieve the important point that the riding is a combination of symbolism and socialism, which are two prominent features of social symbolism. Is a narrator of the historical, political and social events of his time