bahman ahmadi

A distinguishing coloring of a simple graph $G$ is a vertex coloring of $G$ which is preserved only by the identity automorphism of $G$. In other words, this coloring ``breaks'' all symmetries of $G$. The distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is defined to be the smallest number of colors in a distinguishing coloring of $G$. This concept of “symmetry breaking” was first proposed by Babai in 1977 and after the publication of a seminal paper by Albertson in 1996, it attracted the attention of many mathematicians. In this paper, along with studying some relations between $D(G)$ and some other important graph parameters, we introduce the concept of a $(D,\alpha)$-ordinary graph which displays the comparison between $D(G)$ and the independence number $\alpha(G)$. Then we consider the classification of $(D,\alpha)$-ordinary graphs in various families of graphs such as forests, cycles, generalized Johnson graphs, Cartesian products of graphs and line graphs of connected claw-free graphs. We also propose some conjectures and discuss about some future research directions in this topic.

This article addresses the bi-level multi-objective optimization problems raised in reliability-based robust design optimization of mechanism synthesis through establishing a state-of-the-art game theoretic scenario. A novel bi-level decentralized decision-making approach is proposed using the synergy of reliability-based robust design optimization (RBRDO), Stackelberg/cooperative game theory, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and genetic programming (GP). The application of the proposed approach is elaborated in a case-study of multi-objective robust synthesis of high-speed path generating four-bar. The four performance criteria, namely, accuracy (), robustness ( and ), reliability () at upper level and quality of motion () at lower level are assigned to four players so that each of whom is in charge of one objective criterion being optimized. The peak input driving torque as the dynamic constraint is associated with the upper-level problem. The genetic programming (GP) metamodel is used to capture the Stackelberg protocol between two levels i.e., constructing the follower’s rational reaction set (RRS) and the Nash arbitration scheme is hired to model the cooperative behaviors in upper level. By this way, the four-objective optimization problem of four-bar linkage is reduced into a single-objective robust design problem. The obtained results show a considerable enhancement in reliability and robust behavior of mechanism, whilst the deterministic criteria of accuracy and quality of motion is preserved.

Predicting penetration rate of tunnel boring machines (TBM) is a decisive factor in scheduling and budgeting of tunnelling projects. This paper is aimed at predicting the TBM penetration rate (ROP) in the southern lot of Kerman water conveyance tunnel by means of Group method of Data Handling (GMDH) neural network. Having compiled the database using the geomechanical data of rock mass and machine performance data, correlations between ten various parameters were explored and two linear and nonlinear multivariate regression equations for the penetration rate were set up. Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm in the form of bi-objective optimization was applied for designing the optimal structure of the network and the dataset was randomly divided into training subset (70% of the total data) and test subset (the remaining 30%) as two objective functions. A multi-layered polynomial penetration rate function in terms of the parameters having the strongest correlation with ROP, i.e. compressive strength of the rock mass, quartz content, the angle between plane of weakness and TBM-driven direction, and the average force acting on the single cutter was obtained. Application of the rock mass compressive strength led to reducing the number of involving parameters and making the prediction model simpler. The comparison of the observed and predicted values showed high determination coefficient (R2) of 0.81 (R2=0.6 for nonlinear multivariate regression) which reveals high prediction capability of the proposed GMDH model. Unlike other neural network prediction models which produce their outputs as a “black box”, the suggested ROP GMDH model was expressed as a recurrent polynomial function in terms of the inputs. This outstanding feature of the GMDH model enables the proposed prediction model to be used in other projects as well as future research.

Intelligent fault detection diagnosis methods are one of the common topics in recently investigations. In this paper, a new hybrid technique is presented based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and multi – class support vector machine (Multi-SVM). The considered vibrational signals are collected in three conditions: normal, chipped tooth and worn teeth. These signals are decomposed using DWT methods with different wavelet base functions and the most appropriate level of decomposition are selected by the cross - correlation concept. The feature vector for each sample is extracted using different time domain statistical functions. «One – against - one» support vector machine (SVM-OAO) is utilized for detecting the gearbox conditions. The condition recognition of a gearbox is depended on the extracted features type and setting the SVM parameters. Therefore, in this study, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used for identifying the most sensitive features to the defect and its type and determining the optimal parameters of SVM method. The obtained results show that the identification accuracy of the gearbox conditions is significantly increased with improving the feature matrix and the SVM classifier method.

The Constitutional Revolution in Iran, as a turning point in the political history of the country, in addition to extensive socio-political developments, introduced new concepts such as justice, law and freedom, etc. into Iranian political literature. Meanwhile, "freedom", the concept and dimensions of which have always been one of the most challenging scientific issues in the humanities, during the constitutional period, various approaches to its study, meaning, perception and dimensions emerged and thinkers, religious leaders and political activists. They expressed a different view of this basic concept of political philosophy, and each defined freedom according to his own intellectual foundations and with the tendency to which he was bound, and expressed his conception of freedom. However, the analysis of the discourse of different thinkers about the concept of freedom can make us more aware of a more accurate understanding of the intellectual foundations of the spectrum related to that thought. Based on this, in this treatise, an attempt has been made to analyze the discourse of one of the prominent personalities of the constitutional era, from the range of legitimate scholars on the concept and dimensions of "freedom", ie "Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri". In the present study, which was conducted by analyzing the discourse of Laclau and Moff, it was concluded that the central signifier of Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri's discourse on freedom is the discussion of security, order, stability and intellectual and religious cohesion of Iranian society, and his discourse on freedom On concepts such as "chaos in the country and weakening in Islam", "danger of the decline of religion", "prevalence of denials and intoxicants", "conflict of the constitutionalists' concept of freedom with religious teachings", "abuse of deviants" and "elimination" "Going for integration in the country" can be articulated.

The concept of tenure security in spontaneous settlements is largely linked to the right to live for the inhabitants of these areas and is defined as living in a place without fear of losing it. In other words, tenure security is the right of all individuals and groups to have adequate support against forced eviction. The fact is that securing shelter is a basic and necessary principle for improving the living conditions of the poor that are living in these settlements. Also, it is the best way to reduce poverty and considered as the first step in reducing the vulnerability and constraints facing urban poor. Now this question arises that what factors affect the formation of tenure security in spontaneous settlements. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the formation of tenure security in Tehran Metropolitan Area. For this purpose, based on theoretical foundations, including important theories and significant researches in association with framework of mentioned objective, a two-level approach to explain the tenure security has been proposed. According to this approach, the merging and combining of factors that create security tenure in legal, de facto, and social dimensions in minds of individuals, make them perceive security. In order to measure the aforementioned model, which was determined by 13 criteria and 48 indicators, the settlements of Eslam-Abad, Khat-e Chahar-e Hesar, Hesar-e Amir, Emamzadeh Ali and Mian-Abad (located in Tehran's metropolitan area) were selected as case studies. The research method of this study is causal-analytic and used the survey include administration and completion of 473 questionnaires which to gather the required information. In order to measure the performance of the proposed model, the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in the AMOS software have been used. The results of research indicate that the model fit is acceptable and about 90% of the security of tenure variance at the 99.9% confidence level is explained by the model. The effect of criteria on the perception of tenure security indicates that the existence of supportive networks (with coefficient of 0.947), cohesion and social solidarity (with coefficient of 0.753), and the criterion of the type of possession and ownership document (with coefficient of 0.650) had the greatest impact on tenure security. Altogether, the legal, de facto, and social dimensions of tenure security, with effect of 15.4, 61.3 and 23.3 percent, have been able to influence the perception of residents security status. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that establishment of any attitude, drawing of vision regarding the tenure security and, at the same time, planning and action to improve it in spontaneous settlements due to simultaneous attention to legal, de facto, social and perceived tenure security will be possible. Accordingly, the promotion of tenure security should be part of interconnected actions such as: respect for the right to live, strengthening of support networks, promotion of local capital, creation of employment opportunities, provision of vital infrastructure, local and urban services, provision of social services and appropriate legal options to meet the needs of residents.

The Constitutional Revolution in Iran, as a turning point in the political history of the country, in addition to extensive socio-political developments, introduced new concepts such as justice, law and freedom, etc. into Iranian political literature. Meanwhile, "freedom", the concept and dimensions of which have always been one of the most challenging scientific issues in the humanities, during the constitutional period, various approaches to its study, meaning, perception and dimensions emerged and thinkers, religious leaders and political activists. They expressed a different view of this basic concept of political philosophy, and each defined freedom according to his own intellectual foundations and with the tendency to which he was bound, and expressed his conception of freedom. However, the analysis of the discourse of different thinkers about the concept of freedom can make us more aware of a more accurate understanding of the intellectual foundations of the spectrum related to that thought. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to analyze the discourse of one of the prominent personalities of the constitutional era, from the spectrum of Western intellectuals, about the concept and dimensions of "freedom", namely "Mirza Malek Khan". In the present study, which was carried out by the analysis of Laclau and Moff discourse, the results were obtained that the central signifier of Mirza Malek Khan's thinking in relation to the discourse of freedom, law, security and order is Mirza Malek Khan's discourse on freedom in The Constitutional Revolution

In this paper, a new method for removing the noise from the vibration signals acquired from the rotating machinery for its condition monitoring is presented. Firstly, each signal is decomposed into its modes using the empirical mode decomposition method. Then for distinguishing the noisy modes from the noise-free modes, the similarity measure between the probability density function of the raw signal and its modes is calculated. Finally, the noise-dominate modes are denoised by the improved thresholding function, and the denoised signal is reconstructed. In this study, the proposed method is implemented for denoising the simulated signal and real data corresponding to different bearing conditions. Finally, the kurtosis and the envelope spectrum of the denoised signal are calculated for detecting the fault presence and its type. The results show that the proposed technique can improve the quality of the reconstructed signals so that the sensitivity of the kurtosis factor to the presence of the defect in the inner and outer rings is increased. Also, the defects frequencies appear in the spectrum of the signals denoised, and the fault type can easily be detected. The results indicate that the proposed denoising technique is superior to the conventional empirical mode decomposition-based denoising method.

The process of development in urban areas, after the horizontal expansion and land acquisition of national and natural resources and agricultural land in the suburbs, has led to the use of protected areas for urban services and an increase in construction density and has hit the citizens by increasing population, density, environmental pollution, and degradation of life quality. A plethora of several factors has led development to diverge from its original path; as a result, physical changes have not been realized based on what is envisaged in the approved plans. One of these factors is the lack of monitoring the process of development and physical changes based on urban and regional development plans. Accordingly, utilizing the principles of strategic planning, the present study tries to put forward some strategies to modify and improve the existing processes based on examining critical points and identifying the potentialities and constraints of of the monitoring system of the physical changes in the country. To this end, by means of the IEA technique and a survey of 40 experts, the current conditions for monitoring physical changes based on the SWOT framework have been identified and analyzed. The findings of the study showed that multiple management and the lack of an integrated monitoring mechanism, the lack of defining and clarifying the responsibilities, and separate performance of relevant institutions in physical change monitoring and the lack of legal support for the implementation of monitoring mechanisms have seriously damaged the development in urban and suburban area. This is indicative of the need to redefine the legal and institutional framework for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of development plans in the form of a coherent institution to manage and monitor the physical changes in urban areas in an integrated manner. Finally, while it is suggested that the deficiencies in the system of monitoring the physical changes be removed based on the priorities set out in this study, the legal and institutional framework necessary to establish an integrated system of management and monitoring is to be secured.

Shiiaian Utopia is one of the issues have been raised against certain ideologies both in the past and recent centuries in the world. Given the dominance of Shiism in Iran, a clear image of Shiiaian Utopia will be an appropriate base point for social and urban policy-making. The diverse range of Shiiaian scholars have offered various opinions on the Shiiaian Utopia. Based on the differences of those opinions, it can be categories to two groups: Modernist and traditional religious thinkers. Both of two groups interprets the religion based on them assumption. However, it seems that trying to explanation of this various opinion and consensus building between them is a significant contribution to Shiiaian Utopia. In this context, the present article is based on traditional approach to Shiia have tried to explain desirable utopia rely on the views of two Shiiaian leaders, Mulla Sadra and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli with diachronic approach. Two aims of this research are to explain what the Shiiaian Utopia is and to understand what relation is between Shiiaian Utopia, time, and place. The results show that the opinion of both thinkers about desirable utopia is that utopia is the means of nearness to god and substitutionary of man on the earth that is achievable under the leadership of innocent imam and in case of impossibility under the leadership of religious authority (Vali-Faghih). However, the opinion of Mulla Sadra is society-oriented but the opinion of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli is man-oriented and it seems this difference is due to condition of era that thinkers live. With scrutiny in the comments of both, it is clear that in traditional view of religion, Shiiaian Utopia is regardless to time and place and is the matter of existence. Therefore, it could be said that physical aspects of Shiiaian Utopia deposit to context and condition of time.

The current study proposes a two-step approach for pore facies characterization in the carbonate reservoirs with an example from the Kangan and Dalan
formations in the South Pars gas field. In the first step, pore facies were determined based on Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data incorporation with the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) method. In the next step, polynomial meta-models were established based on the evolved Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) neural networks for the purpose of pore facies identification from well log responses. In this way, the input data table used for training GMDH-type neural network consists of CALI, GR , CGR , SGR, DT, NPHI, RHOB, PEF, PHIE and VDL logs. The MICP-HCA derived pore facies were considered as the desired outputs. Moreover, multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to the evolutionary design of GMDH-type neural networks. Training error and prediction error of neural network have been considered as conflicting objectives for Pareto multi-objective optimization. The results of this study indicate the successful implementation of GMDH neural networks for classification of pore facies in the heterogeneous gas bearing carbonate rocks of South Pars gas field.

One of the features for urban and regional development in the region and country is desirable urban system. One of the factors affecting the urban system, is spatial distribution of population which largely defines the desirability of this urban system through its own desirability. Accordingly, the study of population distribution, moving toward the concentration or balance in urban system is essential and important in regions and provinces of the country. According to what mentioned, this paper attempts to analyze the evolution of urban system in Kurdistan province in the period 1976 to 2011. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method is adopted regarding the type of research and measurement criteria of primate city, concentration and balance are employed to analyze population development in urban system of Kurdistan Province. Although primate city index shows the tendency of Sanandaj toward polarization during 2006 to 2011, the final results indicate non-existence of primate city phenomenon and clear concentration of a central area than other urban area and they also indicate that their intensification has been reduced in the period of 1976 to 2011. According to Shannon entropy index, the rise of eleven cities during1996 to 2006 caused the urban system of Kurdistan province move towards imbalances, mainly the conversion of rural to urban cities formed and had no much success in attracting population. Rank-size graph, also indicates an imbalance in population distribution, especially in medium cities of the province.

Urban housing informality has been receiving increasing attention in recent years; an interest reflected in the number of initiatives that have been launched by development organizations and a steady stream of academic writing on the subject. In most of these writings and initiatives, the problem solving potential of tenure security for improving living conditions in informal settlements features prominently in one way or another. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In national document of Empowerment on informal settlements in Iran, it has been mentioned that lack of tenure security in informal settlements is one of the main reasons that reduces participation of households with local and governmental organizations. It is also the main reason for growth of legal uncertainty among dwellers in informal settlements. Secure tenure has been assumed to encourage investment by households and communities, stimulate economic initiatives, alleviate poverty, facilitate the provision of urban services and infrastructure, improve health conditions, make credit accessible, enable land markets, and contribute to the realization of the right to adequate housing. Following these results, different approaches have been taken in tenure security. These approaches classify into two distinct sets: traditional and new approaches. Traditional approaches have focused on tenure security more than legal aspects. They consider the tenure security as having ownership document for the official occupancy in one place. In recent years, scientific and practical experiences on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Although the new tenure security perspective does not negate the possibility that title can generate tenure security, argues that tenure security can be achieved by different factors that have been called extralegal (de facto) factors. The aim of the present research is to analysis the role of tenure security on housing investment; for this purpose, the relation of tenure insecurity and investment range in Koshtargah neighborhood – the biggest center of informal settlement – in Urmia has been examined. Research method is descriptive – analytical, along with discovering relations of variables. Since the present study has both features of fundamental and applied research, we used survey method as the methodology of this research to achieve the research objectives and hypothesis test. According to this method, questionnaires were prepared and completed in Koshtargah district. Finally, using statistical techniques of partial and Pearson correlation, Factor analysis and multiple regressions, we completed our data analysis. After assessing this relation, 13 explanatory index of tenure security have been found through factor analysis in three following factors: de facto, legal and perceived tenure security. In examining investment range in housing two indexes, namely kind of building material and roof covering, are used; and four perceived indexes - namely willingness for increasing floor area, willingness for receiving housing loan, willingness for purchasing house and land for offspring and willingness for improving the house- which indicates willingness of inhabitants for investment in housing. The finding show that three factors of legal, de facto and perceived tenure security have positive and significant impact on housing investment, this relation has been confirmed with degree of correlation 0.000 at 99% confidence level. In the other words, positive relationship between tenure security and investment range in housing in Koshtargah, and the factors like de facto and perceived tenure security have more effect than legal tenure security on investment willingness in housing. According to the conducted analysis, it can be found that theoretical and practical research results are compiled together; because the Payne (2002), Cresol (2004) and Van Gelder (2007) argue that perceived and de facto tenure security can be more effective than legal tenure security on existing variables - especially housing quality and investment range in housing- in informal settlements. Therefore to offer suggestions for organizing Koshtargah neighborhood and Planning for investment of housing, these two factors (consist of de facto and precived tenure security) are the priorities.

Achieving development needs establishing a kind of balance within the city which can be defined as Spatial Justice. Equal social opportunity is one of the most important factors of urban justice based on which most of citizens can find appropriate opportunities for their specific qualifications; the realization of this goal can bring the sense of fairness among residents and give originality and identification to the development of city, a kind of development. Thus, the society get closer to the realization of the justice because justice cannot be achieved without access to equal opportunities. This research aims to evaluate the Spatial Justice in the region1 of Qazvin City (in which the historical urban area is located) according to accessibility of social opportunities. It is an applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical; in addition to use the documents and library studies, data collection is done by field observation, questionnaire and interviews, and Cochran formula has been used for calculation of the sample size. According to the conceptual model of the research, equal social opportunity can be evaluated by three categories of main indicators: the right to be present in the city, access to the basic needs of life and the right to be different. Also, for each of these main indicators, sub-indicators were defined. All of indicators and sub indicators have been weighed by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results show that there is an equal access to the basic needs of life in the region, but low level the indexes of access to social opportunities and the right to be different have reduce the level of spatial justice in case study.

Tenure security is a fundamental right of households lack of which leads to economic, social, psychological and political problems; thus, tenure insecurity has become a deprivation index in informal settlements. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements and thus was the research subject carried out by UN-HABITAT in 2003 and 2006. Scientific and practical experiences in tenure security index show that tenure security is a sense that cannot be achieved only by formal means such as ownership of a title deed. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds and involves social, economic and life-quality indexes nowadays. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. Moreover, sustainable development of informal settlements became one of the main topics of a seminar held by the Habitat in 2004 with particular emphasis on sustainable social development in order to empower residents and promote tenure security in informal settlements. At present, the application of mediating tools has become prevalent in the enhancement of tenure security instead of through legal procedures.. Based on the question of whether it is possible to consider social sustainability as a mediator tool, the purpose of this research is examining and evaluating the impacts of social sustainable development on tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia. Two main indexes have been used in this research to explain social sustainability: spatial justice (accessibility to urban services such as daily shopping centers, educational centers, sports centers, cultural centers, recreational centers, administrative services and remedial centers) and social cohesion (duration of residence, amount of power and solidarity of local organizations, the cohesion of family and friends and willingness of residents to work together in order to improve neighborhood). For Examining perceived tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood, five criteria (concerns about informality of neighborhood, concerns about municipality dissatisfaction of residences in the neighborhood, concerns about homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and concerns about forced eviction in next 5 years) are utilized. Research method was descriptive – analytical, and field data collection was carried out by means of questionnaire surveys. To analyse the data, ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. According to the correlation analysis it could be concluded that the impact of social cohesion on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood has been positive and significant; this relation was confirmed by significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and correlation coefficient of 0.873. Furthermore, it could be concluded that spatial justice has had a positive and significant impact on the sense of tenure security in Koshtargah neighborhood; this relation was confirmed by a significant degree of 0.000, confidence degree of 99% and a correlation coefficient of 0.792. The results illustrate that by increasing social cohesion and providing justice in urban services accessibility, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah neighborhood became stronger; thus it can be predicted that moving toward social sustainability promotes the sense of land and housing tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants.

The design of complex mechanical systems usually involves multiple mutually coupled disciplines and competing objectives which requires complicated and time-consuming interactive analysis during the design process. Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a systematic design methodology to improve the design efficiency of complex mechanical systems specifically in non-cooperative design environments. In the other hand game theory is set of mathematical constructs that study the interaction between multiple intelligent rational decision makers. In this paper, a new game theoretic approach is proposed and applied for multi-objective MDO problems in non-cooperative design environments, considering the intrinsic similarity between the MDO and game theory. In this way, genetic programming is used as a surrogate to construct the approximate rational reaction sets (RRS) of players. Furthermore, in order to find the intersection of RRS of players in Nash game models, an objective function is proposed which should be minimized. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated by the design of three cases study in the field of engineering design optimization in non-cooperative environment. The results show that the presented approach is able to approximate complicated RRS, in addition has the ability to find multiple Nash solutions when the Nash solution is not a singleton and generally found solutions better than those reported in the literature.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure in security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been on the main research pivots on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure in security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. In this research, relation of tenure security with habitant's willingness for improving Koshtargah neighborhood in Urmia is examined. In examining this participation relation, 13 explanatory indexes of tenure security through factor analysis, in three following factors: de facto tenure security, legal and perceived tenure security factors have been used. In examining inhabitant's willingness, three indexes namely significance of neighborhood problems, willingness for participation in problem – solving and cooperating with urban organizations of Urmia used. Research method is descriptive – analytical, and survey as well as questionnaire and factor analysis techniques, along with multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient for analyzing raw materials are utilized. Results show security of tenure in the Koshtargah neighborhood beside indexes such as type of ownership and title depends on indexes of extralegal and perceptual such term residence, access to employment opportunities, the correlation of local organizations, fear of discharge or likely discharge rate. Willingness of residents to participate in the improvement and organization of the neighborhood is too much moderate this indicates that residents are concerned with the problems in their neighborhood and the person or partnership with Urmia urban management institutions, are trying to reduce them. The relationship between the amount of security of tenure and willingness to participate in the organization of the area has shown that: no relation between legal tenure security (type of ownership and title deed) and inhabitant's willingness for participation in Koshtargah neighborhood. Meanwhile, inhabitant's motive for participation is largely depended on explanatory indexes in perceived tenure security. In a general conclusion it can be said that the title of the most basic indicators of the degree of security of tenure especially in societies such as Iran, but it was not meant to lack of security of tenure. In addition, other factors that are de facto aspects (supra legal) and had conception of reality in informal settlements have been effective in tenure security and the motivation of households living in these areas contribute to its location adds to reduce the problems are in their location.

Tenure security is one of the primary rights of households that its lack leads to economic, social, psychological and political challenges. In recent years, special attention has been given to tenure security in improving informal settlements, in such a way that in 2003 and 2006 this has been among the main research topics on informal settlements in UN-HABITAT. Thus, tenure security has become a deprivation index in settlements. Tenure security is much more than simply examining legal title deeds, and now involves social, economic and life-quality indexes. In recent years, scientific and practical experience on tenure security index indicate that the expensive process of title deeds issuance has made the inhabitants reluctant to pursue the mentioned process due to their financial inability, and also because of powerful and influential forces in land market, land hoarding and speculation have come into existence. Indeed, de facto and supra legal and perceived indexes along with legal ones, hold sway on tenure security scale in informal settlements. These days, instead of enhancement of tenure settlement through legal procedures, the application of mediating tools like urban services has become prevalent. In the current research the impact of urban services accessibility on perceived tenure security of inhabitants in Koshtargah neighborhood is examined. Examining urban services accessibility scale reveals that five explanatory indexes of perceived tenure security consist of concern about the informality of neighborhood, concerns about the municipality dissatisfaction with the people living in the neighborhood, fear of homelessness after evacuation, possibility of forced eviction at any moment and possibility of forced eviction in the next five year, and seven criteria, as well as fifteen sub-criteria are identified. Research method is descriptive-analytical, and survey, questionnaire, as well as ArcGIS techniques, fuzzy analysis and statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression are used. The results shows a positive, direct relation between urban services accessibility and perceived tenure security in Koshtargah and the more urban services will be accessible, the perceived tenure security of Koshtargah inhabitants will be stronger, in such a way that about 60 percent of variance of perceived tenure security in this neighborhood is depend on urban services accessibility. According to the results, to formalize the informal settlements, providing the urban services can be considered as a mediating tool in these settlements and providing legal property deeds can be considered a long-term plan. Improving the urban services for residents in Koshtargah Neighborhood has led to reducing fear from forced evacuation and as a result, had increased the residents’ perception of security of tenure. Increased sense of security in tenure housing has led to increased confidence among residents and this has led to the creation of investment in housing and providing some incentives for voluntary cooperation of residents to improve their neighborhood. Access to services could represent the beginning of a movement of formal recognition of the neighborhood and It is a sign of acceptance of the area by urban management authorities in Urmia.

Assessment of the serum lead’s concentration in the newborn immediately after birth can be effective for the detection of lead poisoning in the early stages and prevent of developmental disorders and neuropsychiatric behaviors. This study aimed to assess the serum lead levels of cord blood in some of the hospitalized newborns. This cross-sectional analytic study conducted in the newborns ward of two hospitals (Rasoul Akram and Akbar Abadi) From December 2011 to October 2012 in Tehran, Iran. After non-probability sampling, 60 newborns in the first days after birth, underwent the cord blood sampling and the cord blood lead levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Then all of data were collected and analyzed. The serum lead concentration greater than 5 μg/dl was considered valuable. In total, 61.4% of samples were boys. The mean (±SD) of gestational age was 37.4±2.64 weeks and mean (±SD) of birth weight was 2701±642.8g. The mean (±SD) of maternal age was 29.20±6.73 years. 70% of mothers were urban. 13% of mothers had a history of drug use, and 5% were current smokers. The mean (±SD) of the serum lead level of cord blood was 2.97±2.24 μg/dl. This level was not associated with fetal gender, place of residence, drug history and current smoking. This level in the 16.7% of samples was greater than 5 μg/dl (high risk cases). High risk level was associated with maternal age, weight and fetal age (P=0.02, P=0.004, P=0.03), but this level was not associated with fetal gender, place of residence, drug history and current smoking. Serum lead level of cord blood was relatively higher than other studies, although the prevalence of the high risk newborns (serum blood lead levels greater than 5 μg/dl) was low. Further research has recommended assessing the serum lead level in other newborns in the different areas to identify risk factors of neuromotor outcome in infants to prevent.

In recent years the informal urban housing and followed by property insecure have attracted to attention of many researchers and organizations in worldwide. As far as the Habitat has mentioned in tenure insecurity as deprivation index in informal settlements. In this study, has been investigated the relationship between tenure security and quality of housing in the neighborhood of Islam-Abad 2, an informal settlement centers of Urmia. In assessing the relationship,11 indicators of legal, custom, and perceptual aspects security tenure has been reduced by Factor analysis to the four factors that comprises the lack of secure housing, lack of support networks, ownership instability and fear of homelessness. For Physical quality of housing have been used the four indicators that consist of foundation area, type of construction, type of roof and satisfying of the residents of the physical condition of the housing. The research method used in this paper was an analytical method and were used the survey and questionnaire method and techniques of factor analysis and multiple regression to analyze the raw data questionnaire. The results indicated that the security of tenure and physical quality of housing has direct positive relationship and the lack of guaranteed settlement as the main factors in reducing security of tenure in the neighborhood of Islam Abad 2.

This paper proposes a two-step approach for characterizing the reservoir properties of the world’s largest non-associated gas reservoir. This approach integrates geological and petrophysical data and compares them with the field performance analysis to achieve a practical electrofacies clustering. Porosity and permeability prediction is done on the basis of linear functions، succeeding the electrofacies clustering. At the start، an unsupervised neural network was employed based on the self-organizing map (SOM) technique to identify and extract electrofacies groups. No subdivision of the data set was required for the technique on account of the natural characters of the well logs that reflect lithological character of the formations. The second step was examining a supervised neural network which is designed based on the back propagation algorithm. This technique quantitatively predicts the porosity and permeability within the determined electrofacies. The final part of the study was calibration and comparison of the electrofacies clustering results with core and petrographic data. Based on the porosity and permeability maps at different depth levels، the target reservoir is classified into six electrofacies clusters (EF1-EF6) among which the EF5 and EF4 show the best reservoir quality.