bahman zahedi

The purpose of this study is to investigate the place of metaphysics of light in the thought of Saint Bonaventure. Bonaventure is one of the mystical philosophers of the thirteenth century who had many influences on later thinkers. How man achieves fixed and common truths is a fundamental issue that Saint Bonaventure has faced in epistemological discussions. He uses the theory of light to explain this issue. In this article, while proposing different views and approaches to Bonaventure's theory of light, an attempt has been made to examine issues related to the metaphysics of light. The results show that Saint Bonaventure uses light as an analogy to communicate with God and enjoy Him in life. A God-centered view that seeks to reconcile the philosophical search for truth with the ultimate truth of Christian revelation. Despite his influence on Aristotle's thought in the form of the physics of light, in the general synthesis of his thought, the use of Neoplatonic and Augustine's ideas and the metaphysics of light is evident. "Lux" and "lumen" are terms used by Bonaventure to describe the metaphysics of light. In his metaphysical thought, light is the most original form on which all other forms depend, and whatever it is, it is formed through the basic form of light.

Due to climate changes and Deficiency of water resources, as well as the importance of cultivating ornamental plants in green space, in order to better water management, an experiment to investigate the effect of water deficit sress and foliar application of different concentrations of selenium on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of Scarlet sage, in factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three levels of water deficit stress (90 (control), 80 and 70% of field capacity) and four levels of sodium selenate (0, 0.5 and 1.5 μM) were performed in greenhouse conditions. Experiment results showed that water deficit stress decreased plant height, leaf area, flower longevity, relative leaf water content and increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde concentration. Application of selenium at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μM by increasing the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase enzymes increases plant height, leaf area, flower longevity, relative leaf water content and reduces electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde concentration and also increases relative it was photosynthesized at the concentration of pigments but at a concentration of 1.5 μM had a negative effect on the mentioned properties. In general, the results showed that under water deficit stress has a detrimental effects on plants growth and development. Selenium in water deficit stress and non-stress conditions at low concentrations improved the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants but at higher concentrations had a negative effect on these parameters.

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate the concept of light and illumination in the Bible. In many Western traditions, the concept of "light" and similar terms (such as "illumination") served as a basic symbol for wisdom. In many of the foundational documents of the Christian tradition, we find light and associated symbols that form basic patterns of thought. The most obvious and important document of enlightenment in the Christian tradition is the first chapter of the Gospel of John, where the Logos is described as "the light that enlightens all men". The results show that in the Old Testament, the "Logos" or the "Word of God" is the superior intellect that He received his light directly from Yahweh. Jewish mystics believe that God Himself is "Light" and He is also known as the Infinite Light "Ein Suf". In the New Testament, God is absolute light, a light that is full of life. Jesus considers himself to be the light of the world, that his followers also have this light, and therefore those who want to become children of light must trust in Jesus Christ and light.

Melatonin plays important and different roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. Recently it has been shown that melatonin has antioxidant properties and plays in processes of germination, maturation, senescence, cytoprotection, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and etc. However, its role in post-harvest processes and water relations cut flowers has not yet been determined. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of melatonin on five levels (0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µM) and three times (2, 4 and 6 hours) on the cut tuberose cv. Pearl were investigated as pulse treatments. cut flowers were then transferred to distilled water and evaluated daily for vase life and water relations. However, pulse treatments for 4 h with 250 µM melatonin solutions extended vase life and suppressed a reduction in fresh weight during the post-harvest period. The amounts of water uptake and water loss by the cut flowers decreased upon melatonin treatment. The results showed that melatonin treatment resulted in prolonged vase life, increasing the number of opened florets in the inflorescence, reducing water loss and maintaining the water balance in cut tuberose. Treatment of 250 µM melatonin resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in vase life of cut tuberose compared to control treatment. The highest water uptake and water loss were observed in control treatment and the lowest water uptake and water loss were observed in treatment with 500 µM melatonin. As the melatonin concentration increased, endogenous melatonin levels increased. Melatonin application caused a positive change in chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. The role of melatonin at high concentrations (500 µM) may be similar to the abscisic acid in stomata closure and reduced transpiration, or at concentrations of 100 and 250 µM melatonin, possibly maintaining cells membrane integrity, may cause turgidity of cells

Rosa iberica Stev. is one of the 14 wild rose species native to Iran. This plant has fragrant flowers and leaves. Therefore, one of the most important objectives of this study was to investigate the of crossability of R. iberica with R. damascena and commercial cultivars of Dolce Vita, Avalanch and Red One, as well as embryonic germination and some morphological characteristics of their offspring. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of crossbreeding of R. iberica with R. damascena and 3 commercial cultivars of Rose Avalanch, Red One and Dolce Vita in a completely randomized block design for hybridization and a completely randomized design for embryo rescue in 5 repeat performed. The results of this study showed that the highest percentage of hip formation and the highest average number of seeds per hip from the intersection of R. iberica with R. damascena was 34% and 13.40%, respectively. Also, R. iberica as a pollinating parent was different from R. damascena seed parent and produced few hip and seeds. The results of crosses showed that the highest height, average number of leaves and green leaf percentage and chlorophyll content were belonged to id5 genotype. The only cross between R. iberica as the pollinating parent and the Red One cultivar as the parent was not successful, and the hips dried up and fell off the plant a few days after the crossing. In the crossings of R. iberica with Avalanch cultivar and also R. iberica with Dolce Vita cultivar, the average number of seeds per hip was 10.20% and 6.80%, respectively, and in the crossings between R. iberica as the pollinating parent with Avalanch cultivar as mother parent and also R. iberica as pollinator parent with Dolce Vita cultivar as mother parent, a large number of seedlings produced in the early stages of growth on MS culture medium were died, and in crossing of R. iberica with Avalanch and Dolce Vita resulted in the highest number of offspring. It can be attributed to gametophytic incompatibility, meiotic abnormalities and accumulation of recessive genes or differences in the ploidy levels of the resulting offspring. Findings of this study showed that R. iberica with production of the highest number of hips and high average seed production is very suitable for selection as a parent and also the resulting genotype is superior to the parent in most parameters studied, which can be used in upcoming breeding program for the traits of flowers, the aroma of flowers and leaves.

The flowers of wild Rosa iberica are investigated to find the chemical constituents of its aroma and essential oil. The measurements were carried out by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. The aromatic compositions emitted from the flowers revealed 11 constituents, among which phenyl ethanol (38.82%), benzyl alcohol (28.48%), and geraniol (12.57%) were the most abundant. The essential oil investigation detected 13 compounds, the most abundant ones being anethole (45.56%) and phthalic acid (32.23%). The scent and essential oil detected de novo in the petals of R. iberica are beneficial as natural ingredients in seasonings, therapeutic compositions, and an aromatic plant in breeding strategies of ornamental shrubs and flowers.

Today in order to produce vegetable fruits tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and increase growth, yield and fruit quality, grafting methods have been created. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important greenhouse products. Heirloom tomato cultivars lack disease genetic resistance and are particularly susceptible to epidemics in the field. Grafting can be used to unite the soil borne disease resistance and enhanced vigor of hybrid tomato cultivars with the high fruit quality of heirloom cultivars. There are deficiencies in vegetable grafting including skills for grafting operation performance and after the grafting, having enough knowledge to select rootstock, farm management in application of required fertilizers, graft incompatibility, excessive vegetative growth of grafting plant and physiological abnormalities, and fruit quality reduction. For grafting herbaceous plants such as vegetables, depending on the type of plant, plant size, grafting purpose, available equipment, preference and experience of the grafting plant producer and post-grafting management, different grafting methods have been introduce which is for different species and the used method is completely different. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are effective in the survival and development of grafting plants. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of grafting methods on yield and vegetative growth of tomato plants.

Three common grafting methods, splice, cleft and approach grafting were evaluated for tomato "SV 8320" cultivar grafted on "Rimac" rootstock. Executive operations were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at greenhouse of Lorestan Agriculture Faculty. Plant height, number of auxiliary shoot, number and length of internodes, number of fruit cluster, number of flower in cluster, root fresh and dry weight, number of fruit cluster, number of fruit in cluster, width and diameter of fruit, fruit weight, fruit fresh and dry weight, length of fruit tail, fruit tissue firmness, total soluble solid, pH, diameters of hypocotyl, pre, middle and total yield , ratio of the marketable fruits to second degree fruits, and fruit tissue firmness were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Grafting method had significantly effect on plant height, number and length of internode, root fresh and dry weight, number of fruit cluster, width and diameter of fruit, fruit weight, fruit fresh and dry weight, length of fruit tail, fruit tissue firmness, pH, pre, middle and total yield, the ratio of the marketable fruits to second degree fruits at 5% of probability level. Vegetative characteristics and yield in grafted plants were higher compared to non-grafted plants.

According to results of this experiment using different grafting methods lead to stimulate growth in grafting plants, increasing production and product quality. Changes caused by the rootstock are controlled through water absorption, synthesis and transition of water, minerals and herbal hormones. Signal generation in the rootstocks and transition of them to the scion, causes changes in the physiology and morphology of the grafted plant. Grafting success varied between grafting methods, so that splice grafting is better than other methods. Graft compatibility was shown by the ability of tissue to regenerate and the vessels ability in wound tissues to rejoint together then grow and develop as a vigorous composite plant. Attempts to increase the productivity of grafted plant should be followed by the application of good agricultural practices.

Water availability is one of the most important environmental factors affects the distribution, growth and successful production of crops. Drought stress, as the main non-biological limiting factor of plant growth and yield, can caused or intensify other stresses in the plant, especially the stress of nutrient deficiency.On the other hand, plants produce similar amounts of primary metabolites under water deficit stress conditions compared The to non-stress conditions. Scince plant reduces its biomass under stress conditions, so higher portion of primary metabolites allocate to the production of secondary metabolites.The present study was conducted to evaluate the growth, esential oil and some physiological traits of four Basil cultivars under water deficit stress condition.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design in greenhous in 2017. Four commercial Basil cultivars (including Iranian green, Iranian violet, Genovese and Amethyst) were used as the first factor and water deficit stress at four levels (including irrigation at 100%, 85%, 70% and 55% FC) was used as second factor. Traits such as fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the root, essential oil content, essential oil yield, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, proline, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and stomatal strength were measured. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using Minitab software and means comparidion were done by LSD test.

The results showed that water deficit stress decreased fresh and dry weights of the plant and photosynthesis in all cultivars. In addition, fresh and dry weights of root and stomatal conductance were reduced under drought stress. While, proline, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased in respons to drought stress. However, the amount of change in traits was different among the cultivars. The reduction of different traits in respone to drought was mostly lower in the genoves cultivar than the others. Iranian green and genoves cultivars had the highest fresh and dry weight of the plant. In addition, the highest percentage of essential oil belonged to the genoves cultivar.

Genoves cultivar had the highest fresh and dry weight of shoot, had the highest percentage of essential oil and the highest stomatal conductance and recommended as a resistant cultivar in order to essential oil production under drought condition. Keywords : Physiological parameters, water deficit stress, essential, photosynthesis parameters

Tuberose flower is one of the aromatic bulbous flowers in tropical and subtropical regions. In order to study the effects of exogenous melatonin (M) on some physiological parameters of cut flower Tuberose, an experiment was performed base on a completely randomized design(CRD) with three replicates and 15 flower per replication. Melatonin (in concentrations of 0 and 250 μL.L-1 for 4 hours) was used as pulse-treatment. Melatonin treatment compared to the control prevented the decrease of Relative water content (RWC), the increase of Electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the tissues (leaves and petals). In addition, melatonin increased the amount of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the 6th day of storage compared to 3rd and 0th days. Peroxidase activity decreased in control treatment on 3rd and 6th days, respectively. While the activity of this enzyme was increased in melatonin treatment. The catalase (CAT) activity content of the tissues (leaves and petals) increased on 3rd day of storage and decreased on the 6th day. Therefore, it seems melatonin may help reduce oxidative stress and the lipids peroxidation and delays process of senescence in Tuberose flower.

The present study was conducted to evaluate some of the morphological and physiological traits of four basil cultivars under drought stress condition in greenhouse. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design. Four commercial basil cultivars (including Iranian green and violet basils, Genovese and Amethyst) were used as the first factor and drought stress at four levels (including irrigation at 100, 85, 70 and 55% FC) was used as second factor. The results showed that drought stress increased root length, but decreased dry weight of the plant. Plant height, leaf area, RWC and transpiration were reduced under drought stress treatments. The rate of membrane stability index increased although the reduction was different among the cultivars. Genovese and Iranian green cultivars showed the highest fresh and dry weights. The highest root dry weight and fresh and dry weights of plant were obtained in Genovese cultivar. Finally, Genovese cultivar showed the highest potential to introduce as tolerant cultivar in order to cultivation in drought condition.

In order to study the germination and growth of pepper seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was consisting of five cultivars of pepper (Marquiza, Cadia, California Wonder, California Wonder 310 and California Wonder 300) and the second factor was gibberellic acid with three levels (0 as control, 250 and 500 ppm), and the third factor was naphthalene acetic acid with three levels (0 as control, 50 and 100 ppm). The results showed that the highest germination percentage (89.9%- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), rate of germination (0.85- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), shoot height (95.99 mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar), shoot fresh weight (6.62 g- California Wonder 300 cultivar) root fresh weight (3.46g- California Wonder 300 cultivar), root length (15.85 cm- Marquiza cultivar), leaf length (5.36 cm-Cadia cultivar) and stem diameter (26.91mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar) were obtained from the concentration of 500 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm NAA. The maximum seed vigor index (749.6) was detected in 0 ppm GA3 and 100 NAA in California Wonder 300 cultivar. The 500 ppm concentration of GA3 and 0 NAA in California Wonder 310 cultivar caused the highest leaf number (3.96). No significant differences were obtained for leaf area and leaf width among all tested concentrations. It can be concluded that seed priming of pepper with plant hormones (GA3 and NAA) is a proper strategy for improving germination and growth traits of pepper plants.

Water stress is one of the main factors of severe damage and limits of plant production in Iran. In this research, a pot experiment was conducted by using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design; there were three replications (each replication contained four pots) to compare physiological and biochemical characteristics of two varieties of tuberose (double- and single- flower) for their tolerance to water stress. Three water stress levels, no stress (W1 = 90 % of FC), moderate stress (W2 = 75 % of FC) and severe stress (W3=60 % of FC), were maintained throughout the experiment.Physiological traits including relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were investigated and also were biochemical traits including total chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car) contents, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, APX and CAT), photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal resistance (rs). Results showed that physiological and biochemical characteristics of tuberose plants were highly affected by the application of water stress. MDA and EL showed a significant correlation with most physiological characteristics. Water stress caused a significant increase of RWC, A, E, rs, Chl, APX, and SOD activities in leaves of single-flower cultivar. CAT, MDA, and proline content in leaves of double-flower cultivar were significantly higher than single-flower cultivar, regardless of water treatments. The results of this study showed that the single-flower cultivar grows better than the double-flower one under stress conditions.

Salinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crop and horticultural products and also reduce plant biodiversity. Today with using grafting method overcome problem of soil salinity and ultimately, higher-quality products are yield of. In this study, water melon (cv. Sugar baby) was grafted on to the hybrid rootstocks of shintozwa (Cucurbita maxima×Cucurbita moschata), pepo (Cucurbita pepo), Buttle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria var gilan), Bitter cucumber (Citrullus colocynthis var kerman), Kermansha and Hamedan water melon (Citrullus lanatus var Kermanshah and hamedan), with using the hole insertion grafting method to the greenhouse.Grafted  and un-grafted plants that exposed to to 0, 30 and 60 mM NaCl, in greenhouse and field conditions were studied. The results of this study showed that the content of sodium and chlorine elements in the leave of grafted plants onto shintozwa and pepo rootstocks in both salinity treatments was lower than of un-grafted plants. Relative variations (percentage increase) of relative water content of leave of grafted plants onto shintozwa rootstock as compared to those of un-grafted plants were 21.16%. Also, the highest (430 g) and lowest (285 g) fresh weight of the shoot was related to sugar baby grafted onto shintozwa and un-grafted sugar baby respectively. The highest (8.76) and lowest (5.84%) of the TSS were related to the salinity level of 60 mM sodium chloride and control treatment (0 mM sodium chloride), respectively. There was no difference between the rootstocks in regarding to TSS, therefore, the studied rootstocks did not have a negative effect on the fruit quality of the watermelon of sugar baby cultivar. Grafted plants onto shintozwa and pepo rootstock showed the highest (18781 kg / ha) and the lowest yield (10154 kg / ha) respectively. Therefore, according to the results of this study, the shintozwa rootstock could be considered as a suitable rootstock for the watermelon transplant of watermelon of sugar baby cultivar. under conditions of salinity stress.

Squash is an annual herbaceous plant and grows in tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and America. Edible species are divided into three groups of zucchini or courgette, gourd and pumpkin squash. The seed of pumpkin squash has high nutritional value due to its high protein and oil content. Iran is ranked fourth in terms of production and cultivation area of squash in the world after China, India and Russia. The present study was conducted in order to determine the most important morphological and physiological characteristics influencing yield in squash landraces from Northwest of Iran. Eighteen squash landraces comprising 11 confectionery landraces, 5 gourd landraces and 2 ornamental landraces were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Saatlou research station of West Azerbaijan. The landraces were evaluated for morphological and physiological characteristics based on International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)) descriptor. The results of phenotypic correlations revealed that the characteristics including number of fruit, fruit weight, 100 seed weight, fruit diameter, seed thickness, plant height, internodes length, primary branch and fruit pH and characteristics including seed weight, peduncle lengths, sepal’s length of female flower and fruit total soluble solids have positive and significant correlations with fruit yield at 1 and 5 percent probability level, respectively. In stepwise regression, four features including internodes length, sepal’s length of female flower, chlorophyll percentage and fruit pH were entered in model. The results showed that fruit pH and internodes length have the most direct and positive effect on the fruit yield, and the percentage of chlorophyll has the highest indirect effect through internodes length on the fruit yield. Sequential path analysis showed that selection of genotypes based on only correlation coefficient may not be effective. Several characteristics were identified to explain squash yield during path analysis. Selection based on identified characters would be more effective in improving yield in squash breeding programs.

To evaluate the effects of superabsorbent polymer and manure on dryflower yield, absorption of sodium and potassium, as well as chlorophyll a, b and total under drought stress conditions in German chamomile, split-factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in 2016. Drought stress treatment in three levels of 95, 65 and 45% of field capacity as the main factor and manure in two levels of use and non-use and superabsorbent at three levels of 0, 0.1 and 0.2 percent of soil weight were considered as sub plots. Results showed that in treatment of 45% compared to the 95%, the number of flowers per plant and dry flower yield decreased by 27.65 and 36.9 percentages. Also, with increasing drought stress the amount of leaf and flowers potassium decreased, but leaf and flowers sodium were increased. Maximum and minimum amounts of chlorophyll a, b and total, were observed in 95 and 45% field capacity, respectively. The use of manure compared with the non-application increased increases the number of flowers per plant and dry flower yield by 13 and 10 percentage. The level of 0.2% weight superabsorbent compared with non-use increased number of flowers per plant and dry flower yield by 6% and 4%, respectively. In total, results showed that application of manure and superabsorbent reduced effects of drought stress and improved growth traits.

Assessment of general and specific combining , heterosis and genes action for traits until the advention of the first female flower, time to first harvest, the number of fruit branch main and plant height up to first fruit the were experiment half diallel 7×7 second and fourth Griffing method using a fixed model for a number cucumber lines in 2014. Result of variance analysis showed significant differences among genotypes. Mean squares of general combining and specific combining revealed significant differences for all traits. These reflects the importance of both addative and dominance effects genes of inheritance traits. Specific combining for traits until the advention of the first female flower and number of fruit branch main was futher general combining which reflects the non - addative genes action. For traits time to first harvest and fruit plant height up to first fruit due to the high general combining controlled by addative and non -addative genes action. Line B10 and B12 due to general and specific combining ability for seed production of hybrid cucumber is desirable and recommended.

Salinity is an important factor in limiting production in many countries. Today with using grafting methodinvegetable production could overcome problem of soil and irrigation water salinity resulted in production of high quality crops. In this study, water melon (cv. Charleston Gray) was grafted onto rootstocks including; Shintozwa, Buttle gourd, pepo, Bitter cucumber, Indigenous masses of Kermanshah and Hamedan watermelon with using hole insertion grafting method and grown under greenhouse and farm conditions in Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University in 2016. Grafted and un-grafted (control) plants were studied for some vegetative and biochemical traits after exposing to 0, 30 and 60 mM Na Cl. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the three levels of salinity treatment at the 5% probability level for leaf carotenoids. In this research, some of the vegetative traits such as length of main branch (220 cm), fresh weight of shoot (420 g) and root fresh weight (30 g) in plants that grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock in all three saline treatments were higher than non-grafted plant that were 102 cm, 225 and 10 g respectively. The highest (28467 kg ha-1) and lowest (10496 kg ha-1) total yield of fruit were related to the watermelon grafted onto Shintozwa rootstock and control plants respectively. Also, Shintozwa, Buttle gourd, Kermanshah and Hamedan watermelon rootstocks were a statistical group in terms of total yield. Thus, Shintozwa rootstock could be a suitable rootstock for water melon Charleston Gray cultivar under saline conditions.

Native juniper of Maymars is one of the valuable species in Mountainous forests of Golestan province and is one of the main pillars of natural ecosystems of Iran’s mountainous forests. At the moment most of these trees have the hardest biological conditions and they try to be survived. So it is needed to practice to find the protection and propagation ways to keep this plants.
Material and To recognize the best season and substrate, and also proper treatment to root the cuttings of Maymars, recent experiment was done with 5 levels of indole butyric acid (0, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm & 8000 ppm) in 4 substrates contained perlite, perlite-cocopite (1:1), Pumice and rooting substrate (combination of sand, perlite, cocopeat, vermicompost and peat moss) and 4 seasons of year on Maymars cuttings with length 15 cm. The experiment was done in 3 replications, and each one contained 9 cuttings. The aim of the experiment was finding the best season; substrate and natural treatment to asexual propagate of this plant (cutting). At the end of each season, rooting percentage, root length, root numbers, fresh and dry weights of roots in each substrate and treatment were registered.
The result showed that the best season for rooting the Maymars cuttings is spring and the best substrate is perlit cocopeat (1:1). The best rooting between all treatments was related to level 4000 and 1000 ppm of indole butyric acid in spring with more than 50% rooting. Lowest amount of rooting was related to all treatments of winter with fewer than 2%. Highest number of roots was seen in spring and level of 2000 ppm of indole butyric acid and also in perlit - cocopeat substrates (1:1) and the fewest one was seen in pumice substrate. Maximum root length was seen in spring and it should be mentioned that between all substrates, the best ones were perlit – cocopeat, perlite and rooting substrate without any significant difference. Highest amount of root fresh and dry weight was resulted in spring. And also highest amount of root fresh weight was found in rooting substrate. On the other hand, highest amount of root dry weight was seen in pumice substrates as well.
So it can be concluded that to propagate Maymars cutting, spring is the best season with the best result of rooting. Also indole butirice acid is effective Plant Growth Regulator to propagate Maymars juniper. The best rooting between all treatments was related to level 4000 and 1000 ppm of indole butyric acid in substrate of perlit cocopeat (1:1) in spring with more than 50% rooting.

We can develop the best kinds for specific uses with precise identification of fruit trees traits. In order to study some properties of three olive cultivars including 'Konservolia', 'Sevillana' and 'Manzanilla', this research was conducted in factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks in three regions, including Khorramabad, Kouhdasht and Veysian. Results of statistical comparison showed that in all evaluated traits, except for the length of the fruit there are significant differences between regions. Also, there were significant differences between different cultivars for most traits, except for chlorophyll (P

In this study, 21 pomegranate genotypes were collected from Lorestan province, and evaluated using morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results of variance analysis showed statistic significant differences between genotypes, except for percent of skin, pH, and soluble solids traits. The amount of variation in total genotypes, showed the highest coefficient of variation was 50.11, 46.06 and 32.22% for vitamin C, weight of fruit and amount of acid, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that four main factors could have denoted 98.91% of the total variation. Distribution of genotypes using Principal components analysis was performed and plot distribution of genotypes showed that A7 (‘Souze shine Shah Taj Kutah’) genotype had the highest fruit weight, the two main components of the first and second highest coefficient was positive. Traits such as single berry weight, the total weight of the skin, weight of 10 seeds, leaf length to width ratio, the percentage of skin in the first component (PC1) and crown length, acidity, leaf and fruit in the second component (PC2), was grouped respectively. Cluster analysis of genotypes was performed by Ward method and 21 genotypes in Euclidian distance 5 were classified into six clusters that genotypes collected from a region were located in different clusters. In this study, important factors in genotype grouping were weight and figure of fruit. These result obtained due to differences between genotypes in each region and no relation betwen genetic distance with geographical distance was found.

Different habitats with various climatic conditions have different effects on the growth and secondary Metabolites in plants. Knowledge of the chemical compounds in plants in different regions helps to study the effect of climatic conditions on these chemicals. In this study, biophenolic compounds of four olive cultivars were identified through the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that different cultivars of olives in various regions were significantly different in terms of the compositions of biophenolic compounds. Among the olive cultivars and regions, the highest coefficient of variation (45.08 and 45.03 percent) was obtained for Dialdehyde-Oleuropein aglycon and Apigenin-7-glucoside, respectively. Mean comparisons showed that Oleuropein compound in all three regions had the highest quantity. Interaction between the region and the cultivar showed that Sevillana cultivar in Kouhdasht and Khorram-Abad regions and then the Manzanilla in Veysian region had a higher quantity for Oleuropein, Apigenin-7-glucoside, Luteolin-7-glucoside and Verbascoside compounds than other the cultivars in different regions. Cluster analysis of biophenolic compounds distinguished the two groups in -19.79 distances. Distribution diagram of cultivars in different regions using the first and second components showed that the distribution of samples based on two main components were consistent with cluster analysis, as samples of Sevillana cultivar in Kouhdasht region, Sevillana cultivar in Khorram-Abad region and Manzanilla cultivar in Veysian region were at a distinct group with the highest quantity of the biophenolic compounds.

Since cucumber is one of the most economically important horticultural crops, production of hybrid seeds is very important for obtaining a profitable fruit yield. Detecting the best combination of the parents is one of the most important stages in each breeding program. By selecting parents with high heterosis in their progenies, breeders will be able to generate hybrids with high yield. This study was, thus, undertaken to examine heterosis effect on yield, yield components, and some qualitative characteristics in some fresh cucumber fruit hybrids and to select the best cross. Eighteen cucumber hybrids along with a standard national hybrid “Guilan 2” generated by VBG Company and a standard international hybrid 'PS' were planted in the Research Field of Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran, during 2013-2014. There were significant differences between genotypes for all measured characteristics. The mean comparison for different traits showed that B10×A4 hybrid had the highest total and marketable fruit yield and B12×A0 hybrid had the greatest early fruit yield. The greatest high parent heterosis, mid-parent heterosis and standard heterosis were belonged to B10×A11 and B10×A4 hybrids, for total fruit yield and marketable fruit yield, respectively. The greatest mid-parent heterosis and high parent heterosis were also related to B12×A0 and B10×A15 hybrids, for early fruit yield and time to first female flower appearance, respectively. Since there were notable differences between studied hybrids in terms of a number of examined traits, they can be used in crossing programs with the aim of releasing suitable hybrid cultivars.

To evaluate the flower performance and its components in terms of morphological traits, 10 genotypes of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), have been cultivated in randomized complete blocks with three replications in a research field in Golpayegan city and studied in 2013. The results of means comparisons showed that for yield per plant, Yazd2 and Khuzestan genotypes had the highest and lowest value, respectively. Esfahan4 genotype was the superior for oil yield/hec. Significant correlations were observed between the characteristics. Positive and significant correlation between plant height and number of flowers with yield per plant were the most important. The results showed significant differences among genotypes for all evaluated traits, but for the qualities of essential oils and petals of the flower weight ratio. In cluster Analysis, the studied genotypes were divided into four groups.

In order to study of genetic diversity of Fritillaria populations (Fritillaria imperialis L.), in the five regions of Lorestan Province, used 40 morphological characteristics. Generally, 140 samples from five regions of the three cities including: Khorramabad, Aligudarz and Dorud were collected and analyzed in spring 2014 and 2015 for two years. From each area 30 samples were studied. These results showed that there is significant difference between populations of morphological characteristics. The results of cluster analysis using Ward method and Euclidean distance grouped the samples to five populations. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results, there were 10 factors that explained 85.34 % of their biological variations. In the first component, threre was positive and high coefficient in length of upper and middle leaf. The classification of cluster analysis was confirmed by principal component analysis. According to this study morphological traits can apply to assess variation among populations of Fritillaria.

This study was conducted to assessthegenetic variety of 12 damask rosegenotypes of Kurdistan using morphological traits in Zaleh Research Farm affiliated to Kurdistan Province Agriculture Research Center. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications and each replication included three stocks in each genotype. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the studied genotypes at the probability level of 1%. Results of mean comparison showed a wide variety for studied traits in different genotypes. Relationship between traits showed that the number of flowers, plant height, average width, average length, average number of leaves, mean flower diameter, and petal to flower weight ratio per stem had positive and significant correlation at 1% probability level. Based on cluster analysis, 12 genotypes of damask rose were divided into four distinct groups according to different traits. Thus, according the results, genotypes Kurdistan 3 and Kurdistan 2 can be introduced as superior genotypes. Kurdistan 3 had high yield in flower per hectare and the number of flowers in per bush, and Kurdistan 2 had the highest flower diameter.