فهرست مطالب bahram aminzadeh goharrizi

The unplanned growth and development of cities in most regions of the world has led to the destruction of agricultural and natural lands. Transfer of Development Right (TDR) is one of the land use approaches and policies that prevent the destruction of agricultural lands, valuable natural lands such as forests and historically valuable land uses in the countries of Western Europe and America. During the last decades TDR approach raised in the other countries of the world. This approach seeks to reduce or eliminate development in places that should be protected, and instead encourages the willingness to increase development to areas that demand growth. The concept of TDR is proposed in Iran since the 1980s and several researches and urban development plans carried out in this field but has never been used practically. In this research, the aim is to investigate implementation obstacles and the reasons for the failure of this approach in urban development plans in Iran. The methods used in this research are Delphi and Analysis Hierarchy (AHP). The results obtained from this research indicates that economic factors are the most important and effective factors and this criterion has a greater effect than other factors on the realization of TDR programs.

Moving towards sustainability is not a recommendation, but an "imperative" in light of Tehran's challenges, which include air pollution, traffic, excessive energy consumption, and etc. The critical aim of this article is to assess the compatibility of the development model in Tehran's comprehensive plan (approved in 2007) with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as one of the main models for achieving sustainability. The TOD development model, which includes five components of "development structure", "development scale", "development intensity", "development direction", and "development quality" was derived from a review of the literature and global experiences. Then, the content analysis method was employed to extract the development model of Tehran Comprehensive plan 2007, and therefore, two development models were compared with each other using "adaptive evaluation". To this end, expert judgments were applied as the basis of evaluation in four components, while quantitative methods were used in the component of "development intensity". The results showed that the component of "development structure" has the lowest rate of compliance with the TOD model. It is due to the density distribution in the Tehran Comprehensive plan, which is based on road network hierarchy rather than subway stations. Furthermore, the highest level of compliance is associated with the "development direction" component, the reason for which is the use of the infill development approach in the Tehran comprehensive plan, which is perfectly consistent with the TOD principles. Taking into account all variables, the average rate of compliance of the Tehran Comprehensive plan's development model with the TOD model is in the "poor compliance" range.

Cities as the most complex human-made manifestations face a wide range of risks due to a wide range of hazards and multiple vulnerabilities.Natural disasters have always been a major challenge in achieving sustainable development of human societies. As a result, ways to achieve this development have become necessary through vulnerability reduction models. Today, disaster management and sustainable development perspectives and perspectives seek to create resilient societies against natural hazards. Hence, according to many researchers, resilience is one of the most important issues for achieving sustainability. Resilience is a way to strengthen societies by using its capacities, and different definitions, approaches, indicators, and measurement models have been developed. The view that has existed in disaster management and urban management has long been the focus of coping and mitigation. In the meantime, the concept of resilience is a new concept that is used more in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. It can be said that the domain of literature on hazards and disruptions has changed in a paradigm shift from (hazard assessment) to (vulnerability analysis). It can be understood that the system can absorb and manage risks ). The framework for the Hyogo plan was approved by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) on January 22, 2005, which is a positive move in this regard. This research is aimed at: the attempt to explain the components and characteristics of resilient constructivism and to determine the contribution of factors affecting the resilience strengthening, Emphasis on recognition of different levels of resilience of individuals and groups of society, efforts to provide solutions to reduce the natural disasters of earthquakes in urban areas.Considering the study and explanation of the relationship between urban community resilience to reduce the effects of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, in order to better understand the resilience dimensions and strategies for risk reduction policies, the four dimensions of the resiliency approach have been investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze Indicators and resiliency measures, explanation of different models of resilient measurements, survey of resilience of Mashhad 9th district in accordance with selected indicators in resiliency. 9 area of Mashhad municipality in terms of accumulation of main branch faults Mashhad is of high importance in terms of crisis. Therefore, after analyzing the indices in the field of resonance and measuring these indices in the region and comparing them with the optimum level, the numerical value of the area's resilience was calculated using the average distance of the optimal range. In this The three dimensions of social, economic, and spatial dimensions were studied and the numerical values of the IIF, DSF and URF indices were calculated. Finally, the numerical value of the resilience of the area was 0.89, which shows a rather resilient state. Given the degree of resilience The weaknesses in the area were studied in the indexes and crisis in the economic dimension was strongly observed. At the end, suggestions are also given to maintain and improve desirable indicators and to improve desirable indices.

Projecting the spatial distribution of population and employment is the basis of urban planning, particularly in metropolitan areas. Errors in these projections may lead to significant economic, social, political and environmental costs for local authorities, residents and businesses as well as other stakeholders. In this paper, we first evaluate the accuracy of population projections of Tehran’s master plan (2007), Tehran’s transportation and traffic master plan (2004) and Tehran’s transcendence plan also known as Tehran’s second master plan (1992) against the results of 1996, 2006 and 2016 national population and housing censuses. Measures used include coefficient of determination (R squared) for evaluating goodness of fit, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for measuring average relative errors, number of outliers (extreme errors) and bias (prevalence of over- or underestimates). Then, potential factors leading to projection errors as well as variables potentially affecting spatial distribution of population in urban regions which have been neglected in previous projection models are investigated. For this purpose, a number of inferential statistical analysis tools including means comparison, linear regression coefficient and goodness-of-fit hypothesis tests have been applied. The results of the aforementioned analyses are as follows: 1) performance of all projections as measured by relative error, number of extreme errors (outliers) and bias in projections are not satisfactory, 2) amongst potential factors affecting the accuracy of these projections, length of projection period and mutual effects of sectional projections on the performance of each other are found to be significant, while other factors including the effects of inaccurate inputs and magnitude and direction of changes in population are insignificant, 3) amongst the potential factors affecting increases / decreases in population, area of the region’s urban decay is found to have significant negative effects on the tendency of people moving to the region (i.e. leading to lower population growth rates and in some cases decreases in the region’s population). Additionally, distance from the Central Business District (CBD) is found to have significant positive effects on population growth. Other potential factors including area of the region, population density, transit accessibility, perceived conditions of environment, urban services and entertainment facilities, average property prices and changes in property prices are not significant. Accordingly, it seems that most factors regarded to affect spatial distribution of population are not addressed in previous projections and simple Land Use Transportation Interaction (LUTI) models are not capable of accurately projecting the spatial distribution of the population. In order to improve the performance of the population projections, implementing register-based up-to-date urban databases including economic, social and demographic data of the residents and businesses as well as shortening the projection and consequently planning horizons are suggested. Furthermore, it is recommended that population’s tendency to avoid settling in urban decay areas as well as area adjacent to activity centers be regarded in future population projections as well as urban planning practices. Finally, it is highly recommended that instead of sectional projections, local authorities collaborate in projecting future population and employment and unanimously adopt the results.

Land-use location planning is one of the most important urbanism issues with different scales. The choice of location planning method is determined by the kind of problem and the importance of the supposed Land-use to be location planned. For example, to choose a location from some limited options, the multi-attribute decision making methods should be used; but when there is no initial option for location planning, the multi-objective decision making method should be used. Nowadays, the use of computational techniques for location planning is inevitable. The reason is that a manager's decisions in this field are influenced by various qualitative and quantitative factors, generally in conflict with each other, so that optimization of a factor may lead to the destruction of other factors. Thus, to prevent errors in decision-making, multi-objective decision-making techniques have been considered and used in recent years. There are different methods for solving multi-objective decision making problems which are categorized into two general groups: decomposition methods and direct methods. In the decomposition methods, first, the multi-objective optimization problem turns into a single-objective problem and then the problem is solved. However, in multi-objective optimization methods, the problem is solved in a multi-objective manner. Decomposition methods comprise of the 4 techniques of Weighted sum, Goal programming, Goal Attainment and -Constraint. Each of the 4 techniques tries to simplify the problem and solve it with specific measures. To turn a multi-objective problem into a single-objective one, these methods are forced to lose some of the space decision information. To solve this issue, the problem should be solved several times, which is very time-consuming. Furthermore, each time the problem is solved with these methods, a different answer is obtained. However, direct methods are not faced with this problem and are much faster and more accurate. The purpose of this study is to introduce an efficient technique of direct methods to solve all the multi-objective location planning problems and resolve classic and decomposition methods issues. Therefore, an airport location planning problem for the one of the major cities, based on Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was considered as a case study. Based on indicators such as easy access, noise pollution reduction, visibility, and access to infrastructure, the problem was modeled as a mathematical programming problem with 6 objective functions such as the minimum distance from main roads and highways, maximum distance from industrial factories, minimum distance from power transmission lines, maximum distance from the city and traditional gardens, minimum distance from the main gas transportation pipeline, the maximum distance from residential areas around the city and a certain number of required conditions. Finally, amongst the 200 final solutions of the proposed algorithm, including different front solutions, a solution with 4 points was chosen as the optimum location for the construction of the airport. Because of greater speed and accuracy, as well as providing a decision support system, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) which is a direct multi-objective location planning problem solving method, can be considered as an appropriate alternative to the Decomposition and other traditional multi-objective location planning methods.

Nowadays more than half of the world''s populations live in urban areas. The figure is estimated to increase to about 60 percent by 2020. Therefore، the phenomenon of urbanization has become inevitable today. Despite the many benefits of urbanization، many policy-makers in different countries are warning against the perils of increasing urbanization. They are specifically warning against profound effects of urbanization on environmental issues such as on traditional and conventional relations، preparation and provision of public services and infrastructure problems، proliferation of informal settlements، deterioration of environmental conditions، and increased social problems related to unemployment and others. These problems are increasingly grabbing the attention of researchers in various fields of study، like Life Quality، Quality of Place، and Human Life Improvement in Urban Areas. On the other hand، we should always pay attention to the fact that civil society encompasses a wide range of the cultural–social and occupational groups. Each of these groups according to the type of insight and norms has different criteria for choosing a place to live and work. Therefore، they have also different criteria about satisfaction of the city environmental quality. However، in developing societies، paying equal attention to the demands of all the people is very difficult. But in this research، we emphasize on the differences between the mental image of citizen and planners about urban environmental quality in distressed areas. As was mentioned، when human habitats can yield the greatest utility to man، that meets his expectations. These expectations are defined in all aspects of human life like the environment، society، economy، etc. If any of these factors do not have good qualities in a person''s life، they can influence the perception and the level of satisfaction in that individual. As we know، distressed area refers to legal limits of urban life where environmental deterioration and low quality structures cause particular problems for cities. It is normal to see that in these areas، citizens’ expectations in relation to quality living environment are unrealistic. Perhaps this is due to the fact that citizens have a non-aligned image of a desired biological space. Therefore، this research، in order to improve environmental quality in urban distressed area، is trying to determine the priority criteria and indicators of environmental quality in urban distressed areas in both the mental images of citizens and urban planners. To achieve this، first of all، the concept of urban environmental quality and its component، deterioration and the features of distressed area in Iran are defined. The next step is to develop the theoretical model for evaluating the level of satisfaction. The model is divided into five levels; each level evaluates the benchmark of one component such as environmental، socio–cultural، economic، physical and management criteria involved in the quality of the environment. In this regard، a questionnaire was designed according to the range of five-point Likert scale (1 < X < 5) to assess the quality of the urban environment. The researchers distributed 378 questionnaires based on the formula of Cochran is distributed between citizens residing in Qazvin distressed area and 42 questionnaires between urban planners who work at municipalities as urban experts as well as university professors. The method used to analyze the data was analytical – descriptive method and SPSS software in data analysis and one-way ANOVA and Duncan grouping test to evaluate and rank components of environmental quality in the urban distressed area. This approach helped with the determination of the value of each criterion and its rank among others. To determine the validity of the research instrument of the questionnaire، the help of professors and experts was sought - all of whom were positive with the reliability of the results. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach''s alpha test. The value of this coefficient is 0. 927 that shows a high reliability. We see in classification criteria and rating on them by citizens that the first priority is managed measures by 2. 3 points then economic measures with 2. 5 points، physical measures with 2. 9 points، environmental and social criteria with 3. 2 and 3. 3 points are in the next line of priorities. But in urban planner’s rating، physical and managed measures with scores of 2. 5 and 2. 6، environmental and management criteria of 2. 7 and 2. 6 points، economic and social criteria with 3. 0 and 3. 1 points show the order of importance. In general summary and conclusion، the results indicate that the first priority in low quality of life in citizens’ view involved lack of attention to physical problems and low economic status of residents. This is while in urban planners’ approach in urban distressed area environmental standards and management are suffering from the ravages more than the other components. Therefore، the results show the lack of convergence in mental image of citizen and planners to the quality of the urban environment. Therefore، to improve the quality of urban environment، both citizens and planners should take serious steps to draw their viewpoints closer and pay more attention to each other’s demands.