bahram jamali gharakhanlou

Obesity is related to an increase in free radicals and oxidative stress or a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the body. The purpose of this study is investigate the effect of a period of functional exercises with and without chlorella vulgaris supplement on some inflammatory, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant indicators in overweight and obese men.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design in which 40 overweight and obese men were selected randomly and divided into 4 groups (n=10 each): placebo, supplement, placebo+exercise, and supplement+exercise. Blood sampling was done in four stages to evaluate TNF-α, hs-CRP, MDA, GPx and SOD variables. Functional exercises were performed three sessions per week continued for 12 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes. Subjects took three 300 mg Chlorella vulgaris capsules daily. Statistical analyses were performed at a significance level of p≤0.05 using SPSS version 22.

After adjusting the pre-test scores, the levels of serum TNF-α, hs-CRP, MDA, GPx and SOD in the post-test in the placebo, supplement, exercise and exercise+supplement groups had a statistically significant difference (p≤0.05). Comparing the groups showed that the level of serum TNF-α, CRP and MDA in the exercise group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group and that the serum level of GPx and SOD in exercise group was higher compared with the placebo group (p≤0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, it seems that chlorella supplement along with functional exercise can reduce the inflammatory and oxidative effects in obese people and increase the antioxidant effects.

Type 2 diabetes, as the most common metabolic disease, is a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increases cardiovascular diseases, brain vessels, peripheral vessels, and mortality in affected people. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training and caffeine supplementation on glycemic indices in men with type 2 diabetes.

The current research was a semi-experimental study. As a pilot research, 50 people were selected trough an available and targeted manner, among men with type 2 diabetes (with a history of more than one year) referring to Salamat and Sheikh Al-Rais Specialist clinics, Tabriz, Iran In the period of 2020-2021. 32 people met the inclusion criteria and entered into the study. Participants in the study were simple randomly divided into four homogenous groups of 8 including; Placebo, caffeine, exercise and exercise + caffeine were divided. Drug interventions and intermittent exercises were performed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected during two stages (pre-test and post-test) to measure serum levels of glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR index. The data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc and independent t tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the levels of the glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in the three intervention groups significantly decreased compared to those in the placebo group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the results of post hoc test showed that the combined group of interval training + caffeine, compared to the caffeine group, had double effects on the changes in studied indices (P=0.001).

A combination of interval training and caffeine supplementation may have been adopted as an effective method to improve and treat symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes.

Imbalanced production of adipokines as leptin and adiponectin in diabetic patients may lead to the development of metabolic complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of 2-month of caffeine ingestion along with aerobic training on changes in serum leptin and adiponectin levels and leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) in type 2 diabetic men.

Thirty-two diabetic men participated in a quasi-experimental designs in the four groups for two-months period of a aerobic training (treadmill walking 3 times/week, 1.5 hour/session, 65-85% HRR) with and without caffeine ingestion (3 mg.kg-1.day). Serum changes in leptin and adiponectin were measured during two phases (baseline and 24-hours after completing of the training program). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and bonferroni's post-hoc test at level P≤0.05.

Administration of two-months caffeine (CA) alone and combination with aerobic training (AT) were significantly could reduced and increased in leptin and adiponectin level, respectively (P=0.001). Thus, the combined group (AT+CA) effect were far more appropriate intervention in changing the studied indices (P=0.001). Also, the LAR method was notable reduced in all study groups, although these effects were more significantly in the combined group (AT+CA) (P=0.001).

It seems administration of caffeine supplementation and aerobic training for two-months have a positive effects on the improved relative of leptin and adiponectin levels as well as their ratio in diabetics, although the combination of these two variables has been shown to have far more dual effects.

Heart disease is a multifactorial disease with genetic background and environmental factors involved. And new studies believe that markers such as apolipoprotein AI are a better criterion for diagnosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of regular aerobic exercise on apolipoprotein AI gene expression and lipid profile indices in obese women.

Methods:

In this experimental study, 30 healthy obese women aged 35-30 years were randomly selected and divided into control (n =15) and experimental (n =15) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise at 60-75% of the heart rate reserve three sessions per week for 60 minutes each session. Apolipoprotein AI mRNA expression was measured by Semi-quantitative-RT-PCR method and lipid profiles were measured in both pre-test and post-test.

The apolipoprotein AI gene expression was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, TG (P = 0.003), TG LDL in the experimental group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group and HDL level in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.001)

The regular aerobic exercise has an important role in reducing cardiovascular diseases through increasing apolipoprotein AI gene expression and improving lipid