فهرست مطالب behjat yazdkhasti

The conflict between husband and wife seems an inseparable component and an inevitable thing in married life, which usually occurs after passing the first passionate period of joint life. Unlike in the past, women as active members of society refer to  counseling centers when conflicts arise to find effective solutions to resolve conflicts, live with less worries, learn how to face problems correctly, strive for family cohesion, and find a way out of it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the genre of experience of women with marital conflict from visiting a family counseling center. This research was carried out using Rogers' person-centered therapy, Chesler's feminist family therapy approach, White and Epstein's narrative therapy, and the typological narrative analysis method in 2021 in a counseling center in Isfahan. The participants in the research were 17 married women with marital conflict who had visited the counseling center. They were were selected using maximum variety method and subjected to narrative interviews. The findings showed that most women's experience of consulting a counselor is narrated in the genre of romance. Based on the issue that women rely on their abilities as heroes of life, they are looking for a solution to resolve marital conflicts and consider going to the counseling center as a part of this inner motivation, whether their efforts lead to solving the problem or not. A group of women who have problems, take the common life lightly and make it possible to continue the common life with skill training. On the other hand, another group who perceive marital conflicts as chronic and do not consider their efforts to continue life fruitful, also experience the divorce. It can be concluded that women's experience of visiting counseling centers is a step towards solving conflicts.

Participation has often been considered as one of the main components and indicators of development by various thinkers and experts because social life is possible when people interact and cooperate with each other as members of one body. People's participation in the development process is so important that development is basically considered a participatory process because people's participation is the basis of social and economic development. Thematically, participation is divided into political, social, economic, and so on. Although their exact separation is difficult due to their entanglement, overlap, and complementarity, in the present study, economic participation is considered. . The benefits of participating in the development process should go to all individuals or groups involved. One of the groups participating in the development process that should have a fair share of development benefits is the category of women. Because in today's world, overcoming family, economic, cultural, and political crises and achieving sustainable development require the full participation of different groups and women are the first hope for the development of families and the growth and development of their society. Women's success not only benefits the country economically but alsoit creates social and cultural benefits.  

The present study seeks to investigate the semantic understanding of the experience of entrepreneur women regarding economic participation in Shiraz. The purpose of this study is to investigate what entrepreneur women understand about economic participation and what conditions, contexts, and strategies are considered important in this field. This research is based on a qualitative approach using the systematic ground theory method. The method of data collection is the semi-structured interview. The interviewees of the present study were entrepreneur women in Shiraz who were selected through purposive sampling for the interview. A total of 25 interviews were selected. In the interview processcare was taken to conduct the interviews with appropriate quality and  avoiding bias in order to maintain the validity of the research. To assess the reliability, the two experts also coded several interviews and the difference between their coding results was small and negligible.The research data have been analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s (2012) three-stage coding approach (open, axial, and selective). The related codes were obtained focusing on a major category of organization and the main categories of research. Discussion of Results and

After analyzing and interpreting the information extracted from the interviews regarding the entrepreneurial model of women in Shiraz, 69 sub-categories and 19 main categories were identified. The findings indicated that broken family interactions, the experience of multiple deprivations, favorable entrepreneurial spirit, and multiple sources of capital are categories that causally affect the economic participation of women entrepreneurs. The resilient femininity, integrated femininity, authoritarian parenting style and support, and lack of family support shaped the ground conditions for the economic participation of entrepreneur women. The institutional disorder, economic disorder, lack of applied skills, and a sexist work environment are interfering factors. Such factors  were effective for economic success and economic participation. Women's entrepreneurship and economic participation could have a variety of consequences including attitudinal changes, identity changes, lifestyle changes, and passive lifestyle changes. Finally, it can be said that women have presented alternative female entrepreneurship as a model of economic participation, as opposed to a model based on masculine structures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to remarriage among women. Research hypotheses were formulated using economic theories of marriage, social exclusion, changing roles and cultural values. The research method was descriptive and the data were collected by survey method and questionnaire. The statistical population was all widows (divorced and dying wife) 18 to 55 years old Covered by the Relief Committee in Sanandaj. The sample size was 377 according to Krejcie and Morgan table. Sampling was done by simple random method. The hypotheses test results show that there is a significant and direct relationship between the social exclusion and belief in cultural stereotypes with no remarriage variables. There is also a significant and inverse relationship between the modern attitude to remarriage and self-reliance with barriers to remarriage variables. it can be said that Cultural change and the rise of individualistic values, along with financial independence and self-reliance among women, can not only reduce the tendency to remarry, but can also be accelerating factors for remarriage among women.

Among development theories, perhaps the theory of modernization can be considered the most sociological one. The main presumption of modernization theory is that changes in material conditions lead to changes in attitudes, values, and lifestyles. One of these material processes is “Urbanization”. The main question of the present study is whether in line with modernization theory, living in a city that has a higher level of socio-economic development than a rural one, has it been a factor that makes women more willing to work or not? In fact, the purpose of this study was to identify the differences between urban and rural women in Isfahan province in their tendency to work in different types of jobs.The main method of conducting this research has been survey, using multi-stage sampling. In the first stage, among the twenty cities of Isfahan province, three cities of Isfahan, Shahreza and Semirom were selected with high, medium and low levels of development. In the second stage, individuals were selected and studied based on two variables of age group and residential area by quota sampling method. The total sample size is 1815, of which 1017 are urban and 798 are rural. In the present study, the tendency of women to 29 jobs in three categories: "Traditional jobs", "Traditional jobs in the new form" and "Modern jobs" was studied. The findings show that although rural women in general are more willing to be employed in a variety of jobs than urban women, this difference in tendency is not significant for most modern jobs. The main finding of the present study is that in the current situation of Iran,modernization and socio-economic development, rather than affecting the level of women's willingness to work, affect the type of their tendency to work in a variety of jobs. Urbanization causes women to be less inclined to work in traditional jobs and to avoid jobs associated with traditional feminine roles.

This research, by adopting a theoretical and methodology approach of phenomenology, describes the lived experience of girls in Tehran. Data were collected through a deep interview with twenty girls over the age of 18 years with Purposive sampling and analyzed by Smith's six-step technique. From data analysis, there are twelve themes. The themes are: "only-child benefits, re-thinking of position, extreme expectations, feeling alone, need for family support, compensatory alternatives, credit linkage, weakness in emotion management, destructive worries, upbringing manner, self-adjustment, and stereotyping" Which describes the Lived experience of Actors, was extracted. The findings of this study could provide a clear picture of only-child lived experience. In a conclusion, the lived experience actors show that only-child usually in terms of life skills and individual capabilities, different from other and this is often in the form of going to extrmes show. Of course, it should be noted that only-child because of the lack conflict of interests, usually have more Features and prosperity That this Cause in some of the specific themes Listed above.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethnicity on mental health, social support and marital satisfaction and rate of spousal abuse in Iranian women. in the form of a causal-comparative study of the population, including women ethnic fars, Lor, kord and tork, 320 women randomly selected (n1 = n2 = n3 = n4 = 80). Research instruments were SCL-90-R, social capital questionnaire (mobarak bakhshayesh, 1389), the scale of spousal abuse (Hudson, 1992), scale of marital satisfaction (schumm, 1986) and demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS-20 software and Analysis of covariance was performed. The results of analysis of covariance showed that by control of education, duration of marriage, number of children and family members, spouse education and socio-economic status, there was no significant difference between mental health and its dimensions, in terms of ethnicity. In addition, there was no significant difference in social support and marital satisfaction between women of ethnic fars, Lor, kord and tork. but there was differences in component of sexual abuse. such that the sexual abuse of lor women was significantly more than fars and tork women and in kord women was significantly higher than tork women. Therefore, based on these results, it requires taking into account the role of ethnicity in the occurrence of the domestic violence. this is necessary to Investigate Why the sexual abuse is higher in some ethnic groups and provide appropriate interventions in these areas be addressed.

This research has been carried out on the strengthening of civil society in Iran. Civil society means a coherent, democratic and ethical society, including executive bodies and defined cultural values and it is assumed that the strengthening of this kind of ideal civil society in the first place requires the existence of certain cultural characteristics in the activists. In order to explain this, the concept of "cultural Prerequisites for reinforcing the civil society" was used. Ultimately, research has examined the works of classical and new scholars on the ten cultural elements: equalityism, individualism, discreteness, theoretical rationality, libertarianism, collective belonging, trust, moral discipline, activism, and legalism. These variables are classified in two dimensions of independence and convergence. In this research, by collecting data from 1016 Tehrani citizens, the variables were studied and it was found that these elements are relatively low. On the other hand, there is a moderate and negative relationship between the two dimensions of convergence and independence. The two independent variables of religious affiliation and education are the most important variables affecting the two main concepts that indicate a kind of social disruption.

In recent decades, Iran has experienced significant fertility decline. The sharp decline in fertility in Iran, has attracted the attention of many experts and much research has been done in this area. This article is a review of research on fertility decline in the two decades leading up to 1390. The purpose is to combine fertility decline research results to achieve a macro analysis and integration of research results. This article reviews the findings of 50 research titles, which have been screened and selected by multiple criteria. In this review, the research is presented in the form of four components (time interval, researcher gender, type of source and specialized domain of authors) and their methodology in the form of three components (research method, statistical population and sample size) and research findings as the most frequent determinant of fertility decline in Iran, it is mentioned. The results show that the theory of population transition is the main theoretical topic during several decades of demographic studies in Iran. In these studies, the explain the sharp decline in Iranian fertility has been studied through structural components. Also, a review of these studies shows that most of them, with a small sample size and a different statistical population, have traversed the same, common path and achieved almost identical results. Therefore, changing the statistical population or Sample and repeating the structural determinants of fertility reduction in several studies does not lead to any knowledge in this field.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease with a detrimental effect on functional status. The present study investigated the effect of a sexual therapy program on the quality of life (QOL) of women with multiple sclerosis.
Women with multiple sclerosis and sexual dysfunction (n = 30) were selected, and were randomly assigned into the treatment (n = 15), or the control groups (n = 15). Participants of the treatment group (n = 15) received 12 weekly sessions of sexual therapy. Participants in both groups completed the Female Sexual Function Inventory (FSFI) and the MS Quality of Life- 54 (MSQOL-54) in the onset of the program and at the end of the program.
ANCOVA(s) using pre-test scores as covariate(s) revealed that in comparison to the control condition, MS patients within the treatment group showed a significant improvement in their sexual desire (0.0001), arousal (0.022), lubrication (0.001), orgasm (0.001), satisfaction (0.0001), overall quality of life (0.001), energy (0.023), cognitive function (0.005), and social function (0.001) at the end of the program. In addition, they were less limited in their roles due to the emotional and health problems.
The present study revealed that addressing sexual dysfunction in MS patients could improve their quality of life. In the future, this research can extend its results, and apply the same method to men with MS to find whether sexual therapy enhances their quality of life.

Quality of life (QOL) is one of the health indexes for which many efforts have been made to define and measure during the last four decades of the 20th century in many countries. This paper is aimed at studying the QOL in relation to socioeconomic status of the general population of Isfahan in 1390.

We applied a descriptive-analytical and sectional method. In this research, 385 women and men over 15 years of age from 14 regions of Isfahan's municipality were studied using multi-stage quota sampling. We examined QOL using the SF-36 standard questionnaire, along with two domains of mental and physical health and eight subscales within the validity domain of 65–90%. Social (81%) and economical (70%) status was also measured by the questionnaire instrument in both objective and subjective domains after confirming the validity and reliability of the instruments. The given data were analyzed by SPSS 17 software and using descriptive and statistical tests.

The indicators of QOL showed that a score deviation of the SF-36 questionnaire in physical health (SD = 2.31) and mental health (SD = 3.22) domains was obtained from the population. Of the eight subscales, bodily pains and limitations on functioning as physical and mental had an inverse relationship with socioeconomic status. However, physical health, mental health, social activities, public health, and vitality had a significant positive relationship, including different strengths and weaknesses, with socioeconomic status. Also, sexuality and housing status had no relationship with QOL.

There is a direct and significant relationship between quality of life and socioeconomic status variables in Isfahan.

out how women problematicity is in the recent decade in the cinema of Iran and through what mechanisms subordination of women is formed in the society. Despite changes in situation of women in the representation system of Iranian movies referred to as “gender ideology blurring”, women's position in the cinema of Iran is still controversial and women are still a problematic stratum in the society. Proposing such a claim, the researchers in this study made an attempt to analyze two movies, i.e. “About Elly” and “Nader and Simin, A Separation”. Using semiotics and Ferdinand de Saussure analysis techniques of paradigmatic and Syntagmatic, it has been tried to find The results of the study revealed that in spite of employment, personal autonomy and appropriate academic and social position, the problematic of femininity could initially be raised by “gender ritual-like representation” subordinately. Moreover, the findings of the study indicated that the subordination mechanisms of women were rendered more mysterious, dangerous and secretive so that the modern represented woman has been characterized and found an identity with moral stigma including treachery, infidelity, lack of commitment, secrecy, lying and selfishness. In addition, the characterization and representation system of the recent decade associated family instability and breakdown with self-centered individualism of women and noted the destructive side of the subject, namely the modern woman of the Iranian society repeatedly and emphatically.

Elections could be boosted or undermined under various factors, one of which is mass media in general, and IRIB in particular. The present article aims to study the role of IRIB in the electoral behavior of Isfahan citizens. A survey was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire with a quota sampling of 384 individuals aging above 18 residing in 14 main districts of the city in the first half of the year 1391 (Iranian calendar). The findings indicate that IRIB has influenced the level of participation in elections. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between intra-organizational factors and people’s electoral behavior, however, there is a positive and direct relationship between independent variables such as religiosity, education, extra-organizational factors, age on the one hand, and electoral behavior on the other. There was an inverse relationship between social-economic status of people and electoral behaviors. The level of women participation was more than men’s.

Gender factor can have a significant impact on the organization or even an individual with certain gender characteristics can be different from organization to organization, the degree of acceptance of the models and assumptions underlying the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gender and culture at the National Library of the Islamic Republic. This study applied a descriptive- survey. For collecting the survey data, standard questionnaire used. Denison with 60 questions and four sections were collected. Statistical analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 20 software has been made. The results showed that the average overall score of "corporate culture based on the National Library of Dennison" Less than average level is. Most points after engaging in work (participatory) (mean 01.3) and lowest points in the mission rocker (Mission) (mean 83.2) have been obtained in the field theory has been achieved. The results showed that among the four dimensions of organizational culture that includes gender and conflict at work (participatory), adaptability (stability and integrity), adaptability (flexibility) and taking the mission (mission) are not statistically significant and researcher's claim was not confirmed and the observed difference between the mean scores based on gender, according to the twelve indicators of organizational culture, empowerment, team building, development potential, intrinsic value, consistency and coherence, flexibility, customer orientation, organizational learning and landscape variables, gender was not significant, but Indicators such agreements, strategic direction and goals and this difference was significant.

The purpose of the present study was the meta-analysis of researches done on harm reduction and addiction treatment. In this study, researches done on harm reduction and remedy were collected by the meta-analysis method. This was done using related keywords, searching the sites and theses of postgraduate studies. Finally, studies which were consistent with the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis were selected and desired information which were prepared by the author for testing the hypothesis with a negative questionnaire were extracted. Out of the 11 studies selected, the appropriate statistics to calculate effect size and other required information were recorded and the effect size as well as hypothesis analysis were calculated by CMA2 software. The results of this study show that identified independent variables on harm reduction and remedy have been effective. The value of combined effect size is 0.8 (d =0. 8) and it is statistically considered significant. Since this value is in the range of 0.8 to 0.7, according to Cohen's classification, it is evaluated as average. Variables such as having a theoretical basis, the status of entry (New 6 months and more), the average of daily injection, integrated holistic therapy, medical interventions, quality of healthcare services, social esteem, methadone treatment and therapeutic interventions had statistically significant influence on harm reduction and remedy. In order to achieve harm reduction and remedy, the status of entry (New 6 months and more), the average of daily injection, integrated holistic therapy, medical interventions, quality of healthcare services, social esteem, methadone treatment and therapeutic interventions related to nations must be considered.

National policy is an important issue in Leader’s Remarks, Despite many discussions and conversations has been between managers and leaders But still this concept and its instances in a scientific and systematic pattern that is not crystal clear, although it has been for about five decades of ethnic policy in West society. This study examines the ideas of the leader as model to deals with ethnic policy. The purpose of this study is to investigate fundamental questions of what, why and how national policy develops and can be used as a model. This study is a descriptive – heuristic to investigate the pattern of ethnic policy from the perspective of the Leader. To gather and identify different perspectives and theoretical implications, first Western scholars in recent years has been reviewed then by study of Supreme Leader’s words, contents are extracted and coded. The results show this model has three dominant: nature, why and how, so Relations among these themes are presented in the form of a general pattern.

Entering the virtual space of such social networks as Facebook, affects deeply the Iranian students’ identity and their lifestyles due to certain characteristics, options and functions of these media as well as the social, political and cultural status of Iranian students in the transitional context of the country’s metropolitan cities. The present article studies the relationship between using and interacting with Facebook and the students’ rethinking identity. This study is a survey carried out through stratified sampling and the research population consists of Tabriz University students using Facebook. The subjects consisted of 424 students from this university. The findings indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between duration of membership, usage extent, participation extent, the type of facilities, Facebook capabilities and the social media of Facebook.

The present paper aims to study the status of job satisfaction among the NIGC employees as well as the role of social capital in explaining the satisfaction. The study was a survey research and the data was collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population included all the employees of the NIGC Tehran headquarter (=1000 people), out of which, 290 employees were selected as sample. The independent variable of the study was social capital and the dependent variable was job satisfaction. The results were indicative of a significant relationship between the two variables. Moreover, the most important variables explaining the employees’ status of job satisfaction included participation in organizational decisionmakings, prevailing norms, employees’ trust, and working background.

Along with improvement and expansion if computational communications and increasing access of various peoples to the Internet and virtual social networks, a lot of theoretical endeavors have been spent for studying the Internet and its political and social effects. During these attempts, the concept of public sphere in the framework of Habermas's theory has a significant status. Accordingly, among the groups and pages which Iranian users have created in Facebook, 10 cases were investigated according to purposive sampling using qualitative content analysis.
The findings of the present study indicate that although using Facebook among Iranian users has resulted in increasing access to information, producing too much content results in fragmentation and diversification of reality. In other words, we encounter a mess in the Iranian groups and pages available in Facebook in which the other's voice is not heard. Therefore, producing information cannot contribute to formation of the public cyber ​​sphere. Moreover, although Facebook gives this opportunity to people to equally participate in a dialogue, in Iranian pages and groups rarely a dialogue is formed, even in cases that a dialogue is formed, in these kinds of dialogues, there will be seldom a logical debate and accessing to compromising or agreement seem impossible. At last, it should be noted that however Facebook enjoys capacities for reviving public sphere, in practice it has not been able to reach to the level of a public sphere.

Growing concerns regarding preserving as well as promoting the possibility of a fair and peaceful coexistence, both at national and transnational levels, has unprecedentedly increased the importance of dialogue. Accordingly, factors affecting dialogue have presumably been the subject of a number of studies. Among the given factors, the virtual social networks have great effects on all areas of the lives. This study is to investigate the effects of social networks on cross-cultural dialogues within virtual public sphere. In this framework, it is argued that although the possibility of communication and exchange of information promotes the opportunity of dialogue, it is restrictive and confounding as well. This restriction essentially arises from the uneven distribution of facilities associated with these technologies; the special status of virtual public sphere confounds the cross-cultural dialogues, as well. Indeed, virtual social networks, due to the virtual public sphere they make, can confound dialogue and cross-cultural dialogues.

Body is an important subject in sociological literature. It is so important that sociology of body has contributed to social theories. Body appears as a competitive field which is controlled and changed by numerous power elements. Female body has an important role in this field. The female body has numerous characteristics though which mechanisms of consumption, power game and market place gain profits by encoding and forming it. This paper aims to investigate the female body and woman labor in the work place. The present research attempts to answer this question: How is female body encoded in work place? Our question was inspired looking at the manner of controlling the female body and its commodification at the work place. Grounded theory which is theoretically oriented has been used in this research. The method of collecting data is, studying documents and observation and the questionnaire. According to grounded theory, data has been encoded and conceptualized in some steps. Findings show that power makes female body an ideological medium by manipulating it, on the one hand, and the market commercializes female body for obtaining capital and profit, on the other.

In this article, the distinctive nature of Islamic revolution is initially examined with regard to marxistic viewpoint about revolutions as the most prominent non-monotheistic revolution theory. Later, it has been tried to explain dynamicity of the Islamic revolution in its own intellectual and cultural context. This article concludes that belief in th Imam's ruling is one of the Islamic revolution's intellectual bases. This along with monotheistic nature of the revolution which separates it from other non-monotheistic revolutions has become a secret of Islamic revolution's sustenance.

The reflections of the Ashura Revolution are still alive in the 21st century. The Islamic Revolution of Iran too which is only thirty years old was influenced by the Ashura and those who were involved in the Ashura event. The main question of the present paper is: What elements of the Ashura Revolution played a greater role in the Islamic Revolution of Iran and how Imam Khomeini used those elements to make the revolution successful? The research method applied in the present paper is descriptive-analytical and relying on the element of religion tries to find out the roots of the revolution in the Ashura event. Imam Khomeini relied on the model of Ashura and employed its potentials, attraction, inspiration, organization power and excitement inherent in mourning ceremonies, martyrdom-seeking, demonstration and rallies which dealt a blow on the Shah’s regime in his final year in power.

According to many experts the Islamic Revolution of Iran enjoys many unique features which distinguish it from other revolutions, including the cultural and ideological features prevailing the public opinion in the course of the revolution. There are many factors which are analyzed in the causal study of the revolutions, including the economic, social, political and cultural issues. The present paper is delimited to the cultural issues. Since the Shia ideology played a stronger role compared to other ideologies in the course of the revolution, it is pertinent to pay attention to this issue as well.Attempts have been made in the present paper to study the cultural issues that were effective in the course of the revolution as well as the Shia ideology, role of leader and other religious scholars, clerics, academics and intellectuals within the framework of the theories of such theorists as Hamed Algar, Nikki Keddi and Michael Foucault.

National and ethnic identities are very serious subjects in the late decades especially in countries that have many minorities. There are many factors that influence these subjects, but globalization is very important in this process. Some researchers believe that ethnicity and ethnic identities have inevitably grown in globalization process, but the other researchers disagreed with this idea, and believe that perhaps we will witness national solidarity and national identity stronger than past, and individuals have combined identity and there isn't any conflict between national and ethnic identities. The main objective of present research is the study of relationship between national and ethnic identities of Azari, Kurd and Arab students in the state universities at 1387 and relation between both identities (national and ethnic) with ''relative deprivation" feeling. The sample size of this survey was 687. In general, the results showed that there is a positive and medium relationship between "national and ethnic identities" and there isn't conflict between them. Also findings showed that there is a negative and high relation between "national identity" and "relative deprivation feeling" and there is a positive and low relation between "ethnic identity" and" relative deprivation feeling".

During last two decades, the girls’ entrance rate to university has been raised substantially. There are various viewpoints about causes and consequences of this observable fact. The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for proportional increasing rate of girls’ entrance to university. In this paper we addresses following question; “Regarding the knowledge-based development discourse, what is the critical approach through which the reasons of increasing rate of girls’ entrance to university can be analyzed?” To answer this question, seven hypotheses were examined. The analysis of a survey data, which collected a set of likert scale items among a group of 364 students of Ahwaz University in the academic year of 2006/2007confirmed all the seven hypotheses of the research. In brief, findings showed that the reasons of the increasing rate of girls’ entrance to university must be scrutinized on the basis of an eclectic approach in the form of a complex set of multiple reasons. These multiple reasons, which are in fact summarize the research hypothesis as well, are the change in the attitude of the society concerning participation of women, increasing knowledge of women in regard to their rights, job accessibility, achieving social status, development of the scope of spouse choosing, university attractions and growth of womens’ expectations as well.