dr hasan daneshmandi

In addition to high cost of treatment, anterior cruciate ligament tear leads to lesser participation in sports, secondary injury and mental problems. Therefore, prevention of ACL injury in athletes is a top priority in many studies. The aim of this study was to conduct a review over screening tests for neuromuscular imbalance causing non-contact ACL injuries. Scientific citations search engines such as PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect were looked for relevant articles using the following keywords: "Screening Test", "Neuromuscular Imbalance" and "Non-Contact ACL Injury" during the previous two decades. Hop tests have high reliability and there is a statistically significant correlation between lower extremity symmetry index of this test and isokinetic knee extensor strength. Static and dynamic balance tests have high reliability and validity and their results have correlation with ACL injury. Both double-leg squat test and single leg squat test are used to assess poor neuromuscular control of the trunk, dynamic flexibility, strength of hip, and balance. Modified Landing Error Scoring System Tests are used to identify movement patterns that increase the risk of non-contact ACL injury. In order to identify the most common neuromuscular imbalance related to ACL injuries, we used tuck jump test. Video drop-jump screening test was used to assess valgus alignment in knee. Familiarity with reliable and valid screening tests related to non- contact ACL injuries will be of benefit to researchers specialized in ACL for prevention of injuries. They will be able to select appropriate tests to identify neuromuscular imbalance in people at risk of ACL injury. Therefore, researchers can provide more specific corrective exercise programs.

Although intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been investigated extensively، the neuromuscular and the biomechanical risk factors associated with this injury in female athletes are not yet well understood. This systematic review summarizes all the relevant biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors associated with ACL injury. We used electronic databases of PubMed MEDLINE (1966– 2012)، SCIENSEDIRECT (1982 – 2012) and SportDiscus (1985– 2012) for literature searching to identify the studies on ACL injury risk factors. We found a total of 152 articles. 52 of these studies had focused on neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors. Investigation of the articles showed four neuromuscular imbalances: ligament dominance، quadriceps dominance، leg dominance، and trunk dominance. Existing evidence suggests that these four neuromuscular imbalances may be associated with the underlying ACL injury mechanisms. Also، review of the studies indicated that ACL injuries are more likely to occur during multi-planar rather than single-planar mechanisms of injury. Screening and detection of these imbalances are important in order to identify athletes at risk of ACL injury. Identification of faulty movement patterns would allow for implementation of specific interventions، targeted at prevention of these problems.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the respiratory parameters in different body positions (standing, chair-sitting, supine and side-lying) in chemical veterans. 10 chemical veterans (age 42.7±5 yrs; height 174.8±5.4 cm; weight 80.8±6 kg) participated in this study. Respiratory parameters such as Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), Tidal Volume (TV), Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), Minute Ventilation (VE), Breathing Frequency (fb) and FEV1/FVC ratio were measured by spirometer in different body positions. ANOVA with repeated measure was used to show the mean difference in each parameter between body positions. The results showed no significant difference in any respiratory parameters between different body positions. Educating chemical veterans and they putting in proper body position can have a positive effect on pulmonary function and also, putting in improper body positions lead to occur variety of musculoskeletal problems that can have more effect on pulmonary system in chemical veterans.