dr. solmaz mozaffari

The novel”I turn off the lights”, Zoya Pirzad’s first novel,an Armenian_Iranian writer who has attracted the attention of literary critics and experts from various perspectives. In this novel, the narrator,Kalris Ayvazian,who is the main character of the story, tells the story of her life during her life and residence in Bavardeh Abadan.The narrative of her story is examined and analyzed based on the narrative perspective of Gerard Genet. Gerard G offers .main areas for novel and narrative analysis includes: narrative sound,narrative time and centralization that each of these . axes are divided into smaller sections. In this novel,Zoya Pirzad places the narrator in the position of the main character of the story and in the heart of the narrative. The narrator of the story is the narrator within an event that tells the events of the story in the past tense. The time of narration in a novel is post_event narration,a kind of narrative in which the person narrates the events that took place in the past,the narrator describes it now in the present. In the novel in question,because the narrator herself is the main character of the story and is at the heart of the story ،Her narration is on par with the level of the story itself,and based on this,the level of narration in this novel is the level within the story.The story has an internal focus and because their story is told in the language of a character , the story has a constant inner focus.

Structuralism theory is accepted as one of the most effective theories in the current century. This theory’s final goal is to discover the hidden secret and linguistic aspects of a literary work via structural elements of a work based on this theory. In structural analysis of a work, implications beyond the text are not important and just the text is considered, and also the meaning is wanted from the structure. According to this theory, the current essay tries to study the structure and the interactions of the numerous elements in Nafthat ol-Masdur from three points of view: content, lingual technic and form, to achieve the hidden layers of the writers mind patterns. Besides these internal elements, two external elements, i.e. social and political structure and the writer’s taste and thought are considered. The fiction-narrative pattern of Nafthat ol-Masdur is analyzed with biographical content of this work as well. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a major historical book which is written by Zidari Nasvi, one of the great authors of 7th century. It is the description of hardships of Sultan Jalal od-Din Khwarazmshah. The author also describes his own hardships in the book. The content of the book is historic-autobiography which is explained in literary-artistic form. The author has adopted fictional-narrative form for his writing and with his subtle and precise viewpoint illustrates the governing policy of the society of his time and speaks the issues of the government. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a narrative story in which the narrator -the author- recounts the events with general overview; events which he had witnessed himself and were tied to his emotions and feelings. He expresses his internal reflections in a descriptive-narrative method. The book is skillfully written in figurative prose and it is decorated with the diverse literal and semantic figures and arrays. Using words with compound and derivative structures, especially for verbs, is one of the morphological features of the book. But, heavy and formal sentence structure is a syntactic feature of Nafthat ol-Masdur. Verbosity of the author, redundancy and using scientific terms affected the style, morphology and syntax of his language. One of the salient features of the book is the use of expressive and innovative arrays by which the author has decorated his prose. Although it tends towards sophistication and formality, the author narrates the story with their mask. Recognition which is the most vivid and dynamic metaphor, is a prominent feature of the book; namely, literal arrays by which the author in addition to aesthetic measures, has highlighted the language. However, the story is event-driven.
Sometimes, he describes and illustrates the characters in such a way that it becomes character-driven. One of the issues that is very prominent in characterization of Nafthat ol-Masdur is the offensive attack to the negative characters of the story. The scenery in Nafthat ol-Masdur is a real description as if the audience or the reader is present in the scene. Zidari has coordinated the moods of sadness, joy, fear and panic in each part with the events and incidents of the story. One of the story-telling tools is the narrator being the first-person with prolocutor and narrative style that recounts the events. The author with a general view which is called “bird-like view” opens up and illustrates his memories.
The most important motifs of his story can be noted as escape and evasion, treachery, mean-breeding of the time, gratitude and loyalty to the masters, conflict, dispute and the description of hardships. Nafthat ol-Masdur has a story frame; the author is quite familiar with scribing and teaching words and it is possible to find out the style and manner of teachers of that time from his writings; the style and manner which preserves the concept of redundancy. Nested tales are also seen in Nafthat ol-Masdur so that sometimes they disrupt the sequence of the events. The author, in accordance with the society and the available prose, adopted the mix of Arabic and Persian prose and this is one of the effects of socio-political structure on his prose. The presence of different social classes in his book reflects the interaction between literature and society.

Archetype criticism is one of the modern literal theories based on psychological review which has been based on Jung ideas. This criticism concerns with studying and examining the archetype of a work, in order to understand how it is got in the poet’s or author’s mind. Archetypes is the products of repeated experiences of human life and it has been dedicated to human, therefore it is necessary to analyze and examine the different angles and dimensions. Regarding these studies, heroic journey is possible in order to achieve the perfection and individuality dream relying on archetypes in everybody’s life. The present article aims to review Shohar e Ahookhanomby by Ali mohammad Afghani from the perspective of archetypal criticism relying on the fundamentals of intellectual basis of Carol.S.Pearson and Huo.k. Marr in the light of 12 archetypes of awakening the internal heroes.The authors try to introduce these archetypes briefly, in order to show the fictional characters manifesting these archetypes that they could follow individuation to take heroic journey. The results show that Shohar e Ahookhanomis abound with archetypes as well as the psychological approach. Reincarnating7 archetypes, Ahookhanom takes individuation and the fictional characters act as the breeders on initiation.

Archetypal criticism is among the modern theories of literary criticism and is based on psychological criticism established on the basis of theories of Carl Jung. In this type of criticism، in addition to the study of، and investigation into، the archetypes of a piece of work، the way they are attracted by the poet or writer''s psyche is displayed. Archetypes، which are the result of recurring experiences of man during his life and are deposited in his unconscious، have been studied and analyzed from different angles and dimensions. Based on these studies، to reach perfection and individual dream، the journey of the hero is materialized by relying on the presence of archetypes in any individual''s life. The aim of this article is to examine the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab (''The Prince Ehtejab'') written by Houshang Golshiri from the point of view of archetypal criticism and by relying on the thoughts of Carl Pearson and Hugh Marr and on the basis of the twelve archetypes in Awakening the Heroes Within. The authors attempt to briefly introduce these archetypes and then indicate that the story characters such as the sage can take steps in the process of individualization by representing these archetypes and initiate the hero''s journey. The results of this study show that the novel Shazdeh Ehtejab is replete with archetypes، and due to its psychological approach، can be analyzed on the basis of archetypal theories. By representing nine archetypes، Shazdeh Ehtejab adopts the separation process، and the other characters in the story play the role of the caregiver on the initiation path for him.

Archetype criticism is one of the modern literal theories based on psychological review which has been based on Jung ideas. In this type of criticism، while studying and examining the archetype of a work، it is revealed how they are understood by poem and author. Archetypes which are the products of repeated experiences of human life and have been deposited in the subconscious have been analyzed and examined from different angles and dimensions. Based on these studies، heroic journey is possible in order to achieve the perfection and individuality dream relying on the existence of archetypes in everybody’s life. The present article is aimed to review Boof-e-koor by Sadegh Hedayat from the perspective of archetypal criticism relying on the fundamentals of intellectual basis of Carol Pearson and Hio. K. Marr based on 12 archetypes of awakening the heroes within. The authors try to introduce these archetypes briefly and also show the fictional characters، just like Hoshivar’s characters، manifesting these archetypes، could follow individuation and take heroic journey. The results show that Boof-e-koor is full of archetypes and due to its psychological approach، can be analyzed based on archetypal theories. Reincarnating9 archetypes، Boof-e-koor takes individuation and the fictional characters act as the breeders on initiation.