e. amiri

The erosion and transfer of sediment caused by it affects the quality of surface water, and the estimation of sediment and flow quality plays an important role in the management of Water Resources. In the present study, modeling of quality and load indicators of flow sedimentation and providing relationships to predict the amount of flow sedimentation of Khorasan Razavi rivers in 6 stations and statistical period 1986 to 2016 with non-parametric and nonlinear methods of the gated recursive unit Network (GRU) and random forest algorithm (RF) were carried out. By using the bagging method, modeling of flow, sedimentation and total anion and Cation flow in both networks was modeled. MAE, MAPE and RMSE statistical indicators were used to evaluate the performance of the model and the R2 coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of data segmentation. Results of the average value of MAE, MAPE and RMSE indicators the water quality data of the stations examined in the GRU network is equal to 286.16, 0.06 and 1685.34 respectively and in the RF network is equal to 317.4, 0.08 and 1954.11 respectively and the sediment load data in the GRU network is equal to 200.95, 0.55 and 1434.44 respectively and in the RF network respectively equal to 52921.84, 0.90 and 1544.29 showed the superiority of the GRU model over the RF model in the modeling of sediment and water quality indicators of the Khorasan Razavi rivers.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the response of rice crop plant to nitrogen management in in different geographical regions in northern Iran as factorial based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in Mazandaran province (Band pay Babol and Babol Plain) and Guilan province (Lahijan region) during 2019 and 2020. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer including 50, 90 and 130 kg N ha-1 from urea sources were used as main plots and three levels of nitrogen splitting in basal applied, initial heading stage and full heading stage were used as sub plots. The findings revealed that grain yield in Lahijan region (6044 kg ha-1) was 6.57% and 5.53% lower than Band pay region and Babul Plain. With increase of 90 and 130 kg N ha-1 compared to 50 kg N ha-1, panicle length, number of panicle per hill, number of spikelet per panicle, filled spikelet percentage, grain nitrogen uptake, protein yield and nitrogen harvest index (0.77% and 2.44%, respectively) were significantly enhanced which resulted in enhance of grain yield (24.87% and 12.71%, respectively). GY with application of 50, 90 and 130 kg N ha-1 was 5602, 6314 and 6995 kg ha-1, respectively. In contrast, nitrogen utilization efficiency (108.21% and 30.37%, respectively) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (26.02% and 16.53%, respectively) were significantly decreased. Therefore, nitrogen management in the paddy field could be an effective approach to enhance performance of rice and nitrogen utilization efficiency is a major objective of future.

Long-term recognition of river water quality and quantity is important for examining changes in the past and predicting the future. Therefore, in this study, qualitative and quantitative changes in the water of the Polroud River in Guilan province have been investigated using graphical methods and statistical analysis. In this study, the recorded data of water quality variables in from 1999 to 2018 were used. Schuler diagrams were used to evaluate drinking quality, Wilcox for agricultural quality, Piper to use water type, and Mann-Kendal method to examine time series and Pearson correlation test to examine the relationships between parameters. According to the results obtained from the Schuler diagram, the water quality of the River is in a good condition in terms of drinking and for the seasons of Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. The results of the Wilcox diagram show that the river water quality is agriculturally in a good and suitable condition and the results of the piper diagram show the water type is calcium bicarbonate. Also, according to the Mann-Kendal test, there is an increasing linear trend in the annual flow of the river. The results of qualitative statistical analysis of the parameters studied in this study in the period from 1999 to 2018 showed that in the summer the measured parameters have high values compared to other seasons so that the highest mean for the EC index in this season is equal to 290.85, TDS was equal to 246.3, PH index was equal to 7.65. Also, in the flow study, it was found that the highest flow rate is related to spring with a rate of 30.82 m3/s and the lowest in summer with a rate of 10.73 m3/s. The results of Pearson showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between EC and TDS.

Considering the conditions of Iran in terms of water resources, high consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and low consumption of potassium fertilizer, less water use in rice cultivation and balance in chemical fertilizer consumption will play very important role in saving and wasting water. Rice production should increase in the coming years due to population growth, and this is possible due to the use of improved cultivars and agricultural management. Water is the most important factor for sustainable production in many agricultural products. About 75% of the rice produced (50% of the total rice fields in the world) is irrigated. Mineral nutrition includes; Supply, absorption and consumption of nutrients are essential for the growth and yield of crops. Non-use of nitrogen in rice plant at the beginning of tillering reduces plant height and non-use of nitrogen in full clustering stage reduces 1000-seed weight.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield, yield components, water use efficiency and nitrogen consumption efficiency of Gilaneh rice cultivar in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping years. The shredded load was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht. The size of the experimental units was nine square meters (dimensions of the main plot were 3 × 3 m, the sub-plot was 3 × 1 m and the sub-plot was 1 × 1 m). Accordingly, experimental treatments include irrigation at two levels of permanent flooding and irrigation interval of once every 10 days as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer at three levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg.ha-1 as a secondary factor and potassium fertilizer at three levels. Zero, 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 were sub-factors. To determine the grain yield by observing the margin effect (removal of two rows) in each plot in the physiological maturation stage was taken and grain yield was calculated based on 14% moisture.

The results of this study showed that the highest grain yield of 5198 kg.ha-1 in flooding treatment, application of 120 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and the lowest yield in 10 days irrigation cycle and no use of two types Potassium and nitrogen fertilizers equivalent to 887 kg.ha-1 were obtained. Increasing the irrigation distance reduced the number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight and paddy yield. The highest nitrogen crop yield (45.8 kg.kg-1) was recorded in both irrigation regimes at 160 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer with 60 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. By increasing the irrigation cycle, treatments of 60 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer along with 160 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer equivalent to 0.764 kg.m-3 in the first year and equivalent to 0.775 kg.m-3 in the second year increased water use efficiency. With increasing irrigation frequency, 1000-seed weight was reduced in all three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, which was significant only in one level of nitrogen fertilizer. The maximum weight of 1000 seeds per hectare with consumption of 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and 60 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was equal to 23.31 g. Increasing the irrigation cycle in all three levels of potassium fertilizer reduced the number of full grains in the panicle

Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application, in addition to optimizing fertilizer application, increased the yield and yield components of Gilaneh rice. Irrigation period of 10 days and non-application of two types of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers, the lowest grain yield and consumption of 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and 120 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer in flooded conditions recorded the highest grain yield.

  Although everyone needs to adopt a healthy lifestyle, it is absolutely important for people living with chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS to lead a positive lifestyle because these people are more vulnerable than others. Considering this fact, the present study was conducted to investigates the lifestyle of women living with HIV/AIDS in Kerman.

The Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was used in this survey, which includes six aspects as follows: responsibility, moral development, workout, nutrition, individual relations and stress management. Statistical population included 35 women living with HIV/AIDS in Kerman in 2019.

According to the findings of this study, 34.14% of people who participated in this study had a positive lifestyle and the remaining 62.86% had a negative lifestyle. Based on the findings related to the women’s lifestyle, there was a significant difference in family income and job status. No significant difference was found in other variables such as marital status, age group, education and years living with HIV.

As economic variables (family income and job status) play an important role in adopting a positive lifestyle for people living with HIV/AIDS, it is necessary to help them become self-employed or support them financially so that they can lead a healthy lifestyle.

To evaluated ORYZA2000 model, an split-Plot in RCBD experiment with three replication. A two-year field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, from 2012 to 2013. The main factor was irrigation management at three levels (flooded and water stress) and sub-factors include rice genotypes. The goodness-of-fit between observed and simulated grain yield and final biomass was assessed by means of the coefficient of determination (R2), the absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE). The results indicated, the RMSEn for predicting grain yield in calibration and validation phases for rice genotypes was assessed in the range of 4 to 16 and 9 to 17 percent respectively and the RMSEn for predicting amounts of biological yield in calibration validation and phases for rice genotypes was assessed in the range of 8 to 15 and 9 to 19 % respectively. Results show that, coefficient of determination values for grain yield and biological yield, 0.78-0.94 and 0.84-0.88, respectively. Results show that, ORYZA2000 could be used successfully to support irrigation management under the pond and vegetive water stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, plant densities and irrigation treatments on yield and water productivity in maize, a study was conducted as a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018 in Gilan province.The main plots were irrigation treatments (complete irrigation, non-irrigation) and sub-plots with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and three levels of planting density (10, 20 and 30 cm per row). Analysis of variance showed significant differences between treatments on yield, yield components and water productivity. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest grain yield, biological yield, number of kernels per ear, ear length, harvest index in complete irrigation treatments with 300 kgN/ha and 75×20 density and highest plant height in irrigation and 300 kgN/ha treatments and density of 75×10 were obtained. In addition, the highest grain and biological water productivity were 1.85 and 3.53 kg/m3 for full irrigation and consumption of 300 kgN/ha nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. The final results showed that although annual rainfall was high in the study area, complete irrigation and 75×20 densities and 300 kgN/ha were recommended as the best experimental treatment to achieve optimal corn yield.

Due to the shortage of water in the agricultural sector, it is very important to calculate the amount of irrigation water for crops in conditions of limited water resources. In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation treatments on yield and water use productivity in peanuts, a study was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018 in Gilan province. The main treatment included full irrigation with 100% water requirement and adjusted low irrigation with 40, 60, 80% water supply and the sub-treatment consisted of four peanut cultivars (Guil, Gorgani, Jonobi and Mesri). The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation and cultivars on seed yield and seed water use productivity was significant at 1% level and 100% water requirement treatment and southern cultivar with an average of 1732 kg / ha had the highest grain yield. Due to irrigation and cultivars, the highest water use productivity based on seed yield was in the treatment of 40% of water requirement and Mesri cultivar with an average of 0.40 kg / m3. In peanut cultivars, Jonobi cultivar with an average of 1273 kg/ha had the highest seed yield compared to other cultivars. Based on water supply, the Jonobi cultivar had the highest seed yield during two years, which is suggested as a suitable cultivar for the study area.

Nowadays, food production systems need to be explored for supplying the needs of the world's growing population, as well as sustainable production in the face of global climate change. In this regard, Cereal's yield has played a significant role in supporting global food security. The unceasing growth in demand for water in the industrial sector, drinking water, and reduction in the amount of water available for the agricultural sector has led to a reduction of water usage in rice, which threatens its production. Crops simulation models can be used to carry out various studies such as the selection of suitable cultivar and plant, determining the best agricultural management and production capacity of the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ORYZA2000 and AquaCrop accuracy in simulating grain and biomass yields of rice affected by irrigation and planting dates.

To evaluate the ORYZA2000 and AquaCrop models for rice production under irrigation management and planting date, a split-plot experiment based on a complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out on a local (Hashemi) cultivar in the years of 2016 and 2017 in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. Irrigation interval was considered as the main factor at four levels including full flooding, 5, 10, and 15 days irrigation intervals, and transplanting date was assigned to subplot at three levels (April 21st, May 11th, and May 31th). Simulated and observed values of grain yield and biomass yield were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination, T-test, root mean square error (RMSE), Model efficiency (EF), Structural deviation of the model (RMD), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE).

The results showed that normalized root mean square error of the grain yield and biomass yield were 9% and 5%, in the Aquacrop model and were 7% and 6% in the ORYZA2000 model, respectively. Evaluation of the results showed that the efficiency of the model and the coefficient of the explanation were above 0.7 and structural deviations were less than 2% that showed good accuracy in simulating the grain yield and biomass yield during calibration and validation of models. Evaluation of the amplitude of actual grain yield (3000 to 4761 kg.ha-1) and simulated by AquaCrop model (1741 to 4231 kg.ha-1) and ORYZA2000 model (with 2215 to 4766 kg.ha-1 range) showed simulated values had between -15 and 20 percent of error. The results showed that with increasing irrigation intervals, the actual grain yield decreases. The planting date of April 21st and May 11th (with an average of 3795 and 3820 kg.ha-1, respectively) had the highest yield of grain in two years, and the models also had a predicting of changes in grain yield during calibration and validation. ORYZA2000 model, due to the high coefficient of explanation and efficiency (0.83 and 0.81, respectively), has higher accuracy in simulating the grain yield than the AquaCrop model. The results showed that based on the mentioned equations, the ORYZA2000 model is well able to simulate the effect of environmental conditions including water shortage, air temperature, time, and intensity of stress during the growth cycle under the influence of irrigation and planting date on yield production. It seems that due to the better description of plant and soil conditions in the model and better genetic evaluation, it increased the accuracy of yield estimation in the ORYZA2000 model. Also, according to the acceptable results obtained in the AquaCrop model, it can be concluded that the mentioned model has a good simulation of the changes in the plant's water relations under the influence of the interaction effect of planting date and irrigation intervals.

According to the present study, the ORYZA2000 and Aquacrop models can be used to support the results of experiments under irrigation management conditions and planting dates.

The solid state lasers consist of host mediums that are doped by an active ions. The host environment is built in the form of slab, rod, disk and fiber according to the geometric shape. In most cases, the solid lasers can be stimulated by diode pumping. During the pumping, some of the pumping energy at the crystal is converted to heat and this heat causes the temperature gradient in the crystal. The temperature gradient can produce thermal stresses and even lead to fracture in the crystals. In the fiber lasers, these phenomena disturb the laser operation and decrease the maximum input power of the laser. In this paper, the thermo-mechanical behavior of single clad Yb:YAG fiber laser is discussed under continuous end pumping. The single clad fibers have been modeled with single and four cores and they are simulated by finite element software (Ansys). Since the thermal loading and geometry of the fiber have symmetry planes, in the modeling, one quarter model is used to determine the temperature and stress distributions. In the Ansys software, the coupled thermal-structural analysis is utilized. First, the temperature distribution is calculated in the thermal environment of the software and then thermal stress fields for single core and four-core fiber lasers are obtained by applying the temperature distributions calculated through the thermal analysis. In the analysis, the mesh dependency is evaluated and for achieving convergence, the required number of element is determined. The temperature distributions in single and four core fibers, with two positions for cores, are calculated. For any case, the calculated temperatures are compared with each other and the position of core related to smaller temperature is selected. The results show that, in comparison to single-core fiber, a four core fiber has smaller maximum stress at the same power and higher pumping fracture power. Finally the other thermal effects of the pumping, including thermal lensing, for single and four core fiber are compared with each other and it is shown that the four core fiber laser has better performance in terms of thermomechanical output.

Population growth and decreases water availability led to decreases water resources and consequently decreasing in the water portion of agricultural sector .So researchers in this condition have to find new solutions for utilization of low quality water in agriculture .This research was performed in order to assess the possibility of saline water use in Hashemi rice production¡ Rice yield estimation using production function and Find the best time to use these waters in Rice Research Institute during 2010 crop season .Plan was in pot cultivation under shelter with factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design in 4 levels of water salinity i.e. 2¡ 4¡ 6¡ and 8 dsm 1-that were applied at 4 different growth stages i.e .tillering ¡panicle forming¡ heading and ripening . Saline water was made by using NaCl CaSO4 (2:1). Results showed that the effect of different levels of salinity and different growth stages on yield was significant. Applied salinity levels¡ respectively represented 21¡25¡ 37 and 47 percent yield losses .The panicle formation and tillering stages with 1.92 and 2.41 T5on per Hectare of yield were the most sensitive stages to salinity. There was positive correlation between Grain yield and Panicle weight¡ 1000-grain weight and panicle length but negatively correlated with the Percentage of emptiness per panicle .According to results it is possible to predict rice production function under conditions of salinity at different growth stages using Panicle weight¡ Percentage of emptiness and number of tillers¡ can predicted.

Water and nitrogen are among the most important limiting factors controlling yield in crops. With due attention to importance this subject, in wheat a split plot experiment was carried out in the field, using randomized complete block design with three replications under different irrigation and nitrogen levels during the cropping season of 2009-10 in Shirvan region. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation, I1= optimum irrigation (field capacity, FC), I2= Irrigation at 80% FC, I3= Irrigation at 60% FC and I4= without irrigation which were assign to main-plots, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizers, namely, N1= 0, N2= 100, N3= 175 and N4= 250 kg N/ha to sub-plots. The results of experiment showed that the highest amount of seed yield, biological yield, leaf area index during different growth stages, radiation use efficiency and nitrogen content in whole wheat and seed obtained from treatment of optimum irrigation (I1) and applications of highest nitrogen fertilizer level (N4), but there wasn’t significant different between this treatment with treatment of optimum irrigation and consumption of 175 kg N/ha (I1N3). The lowest values were obtained from treatment of no irrigation and nitrogen (I4N1). For nitrogen use efficiency there was two different conditions. In the first condition, nitrogen use efficiency increased under optimum irrigation (I1) and irrigation at 80% FC (I2) with increasing nitrogen level from N1 to N4. In the second condition, nitrogen use efficiency decreased under irrigation of 60% FC (I3) and without irrigation (I4) with increasing nitrogen level from N1 to N4. Generally, it can be concluded that to obtain the highest yield in region, optimum irrigation is necessary. To obtain highest nitrogen fertilizer consumption and seed yield 250 kg N/ha would be required however there wasn’t significant difference between 250 an 175 kg N/ha applications.

The increasing competition in international market and development of advanced technologies as a dynamic tool used for more profit, have increased the number of players trying to win larger shares of world resources though with little concern about its end results such as destruction of natural resources, increase in environmental pollution, poverty and inequality. Emergence of these problems has made the approach of sustainable development (sustainability) as an alternative paradigm replacing traditional growth paradigm. Traditional paradigm development is seeking to achieve economic growth at any cost while in the new paradigm, the quality of the environment and social justice are also considered. Higher education, because of its high impact factor in increased awareness and developing capabilities needed by members of the society, has the potential to initiate and promote sustainable development movement. Thus, with the emergence of sustainability paradigm and changes in fundamental assumptions, higher education system must also adapt to and comply with new situations in all sectors of its organizational structures- especially in the field of education. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of universities in teaching and education for sustainability development. In this article the concept of sustainable development, the role of educational systems- particularly universities- educational approaches and key competencies needed for sustainable development are examined. Finally, certain recommendations for institutionalization of sustainable development are presented.

Simulation models are very useful for prediction of rice phonological stages and crop adaptation to different agroechological systems. The objective of this study was to calibrate and validate the ORYZA2000 model under optimum production conditions for simulatinig and quantifying of the phonological development and crop duration of three rice cultivars as influenced by different seedling ages to improve crop management in rice growing areas of Iran. To calibrate crop parameters and validate of ORYZA2000, field experiments were carried out in Haraz Center for Development and Extension of Technology, Iran, during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The experiment was conducted as a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Main plots were three rice cultivars, Tarom, Fajr and Ghaem1, and Sub plots were three seedling ages consisted of seedlings 17, 24 and 33 days old. Observed crop data set were collected from the first year field trail for crop parameter estimation in ORYZA2000 and those from the second year for model validation. The ORYZA2000 model, with range of absolute RMSE values between 3-4 days, had high accuracy for prediction of different phonological stages of rice cultivars. Considering appropriate ability of ORYZA2000 model in simulation of phonological stages of rice cultivars, it can be used as an appropriate tool for programming of paddy field management and appropriate decision support system for adaptation trials of improved and introduced rice cultivars in different agro- climatic regions.

Most portions of the Arab societies’ modern developments are due to intellectuals and sages who have been living during recent centuries. As regard to the attained information and knowledge on social problems of European and Western world, they tried to apply such paradigms while involving themselves within their local traditional and religious societies. One example of such social problematic was the women agenda and their demands. There had been poets and writers among Arab intellectuals. Women were part of many such people. What had been the most signi fi - cant in such conditions was that the woman question to be raised and discussed by a woman. Who could be a distinguished person that could explain women’s problems except “Mey Ziyadat” due to her reputation for a moderate stand? Mey Ziyade” was a social reformer woman who considered woman as a “real woman”. This article reviewed “Mey Ziyade’s” points of view about woman by using content analysis.

Over the decades, extensive data have been gathered for the design of stilling basins but most of these data are restricted to jumps in rectangular channels. However, geometries different from the rectangular such as trapezoidal cross sections are also considered for stilling basins. On the other hand, unsteadiness of jump and increase in jump length are unwanted changes in the characteristics of such basins. In this study, the effect of basin blocks on the jump characteristics in a stilling basin of trapezoidal cross section is investigated. Five different block sizes corresponding to Froude numbers of 4, 5.5, 7, 8 and 9 for three different block locations of 0.8d2, d2 and 1.2 d2 from the jump toe were studied (d2 is the sequent depth). The results show that the installation of a set of basin blocks may improve the jump condition and decrease the unsafe transverse waves and vortices. It was also found that the basin blocks cause a significant reduction in the sequent depth ratio and jump length, and an increase of the energy loss in the jump relative to those observed in the jumps occurring in a trapezoidal stilling basin without blocks.