ebrahim azizi

Fraudulent phoenix occurs when the managers of a company, with the aim of avoiding some or all of its legal obligations, declare the company bankrupt and continue their business by creating a new company. One of the most important debts that remain unpaid during this operation is the company's tax debt. In section 198 of Iranian Direct Taxes Law, the legislator has held managers jointly and severally liable for paying the company's taxes. The subject of this research is to discuss the similarities and differences between the legal systems of Iran and Australia in relation to the liability of managers for tax debts arising from fraudulent phoenix activities. The result of the research shows that in Iran, unlike Australia, it is not possible to release managers from the responsibility of paying taxes of a bankrupt company under any excuse or defense. Also, while in Iran managers are responsible for paying all sources of taxes, in Australia directors are only responsible for paying taxes in which the company is the tax collector and not the actual payer. Nevertheless, there are similarities between the two systems in terms of responsibility of managers and stipulation of other restrictions for directors. Given the inflexibility of the regulations in Iran, it is suggested that the legislator changes the basis of manager’s liability to presumed fault liability and provide the opportunity of defense for managers who have taken all reasonable measures to fulfill their tax obligations but have not succeeded. It is also necessary to establish regulations regarding disqualification of directors who have been involved in the bankruptcy of numerous companies.

Examining the dimensions of the competence of the legislature in the matter of legislation is an important part of the constitutional rights of any country, and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the seventy-first to seventy-fourth principles, determines the main framework of these competences and assigns them to the Islamic Council. has done
The experiences gained from more than four decades of legislation show that despite the dominance of different political currents in different periods in the Islamic Council, in none of these periods has the parliament been able to present a defensible and brilliant record in the field of legislation. Because the previous, during and subsequent processes of legislation have challenges and damages that have affected the functioning of the legislature, which is the software for the movement of various institutions of the country and among the guiding pillars of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The improvement, dynamism and agility of the legislative system requires a detailed and well-founded understanding of its harms and challenges and providing suggestions for a way out of the current situation. Therefore, this article seeks to pathologize the existing state of legislation and present its key defects by relying on the constitution and other upstream documents and related laws, to provide suggestions for drawing the ideal state of the legislative system.

The profound emotional and sexual needs of a devout individual drive them toward marriage with the opposite gender, and thus, the most sacred foundation of society is established. The satisfaction of these needs, however, has taken various forms throughout human history. The aim of this research was to examine the commonalities and differences between temporary marriage and Misyar marriage. The findings of the research indicate that Sunni jurists, by accepting and considering Misyar marriage similar to permanent marriage, do not regard conditions and rights such as alimony, cohabitation, or living under one roof as essential elements of marriage. They have considered the marriage valid even without these conditions and referred to it as Misyar marriage. In Shia jurisprudence, by specifying a time and duration for marital intimacy and not requiring alimony or nightly cohabitation under one roof, temporary marriage is deemed legitimate. Sunni jurists, however, disagree with the equivalence of temporary marriage and Misyar marriage, as they believe that the foundation of Misyar marriage is based on permanence.

Governmental development plans have always been a point of concern for countries in terms of how to use national wealth in these projects. Governments have tried to devise possible ways to make better use of public resources in development projects. One of the solutions provided in Iranian law is the establishment of a legal body called the Supreme Technical Council. This council was established according to Article 80 (amended) of the Budget Law of 1977, approved in 1979, and was responsible for duties and powers, such as the authorization of price floors and the revision of general contract rates. In 1999, according to paragraph (c) of Article 53 of the General Conditions of Construction Works Procurements (a uniform regulatory document issued by the government that prescribes some general conditions that apply to all construction projects engaged in by a public authority), it was considered to be the arbitrator in disputes arising from development projects and so, this role was added to its aforementioned capacities. In this study, by analyzing the nature of these duties, powers, and authorities of the Supreme Technical Council, we will examine whether, first of all, the assigned missions are in line with the existential philosophy of this council. Is there a need to plan such tasks or not? further, is there a consistency between the duties, authorities, and powers of the council? Finally, some solutions and suggestions will be provided accordingly.

In this article, by collecting data through library resources, we answered questions with the analytical-descriptive method.

1- According to parts "a" and "b" of amended Article 80, the Supreme Technical Council is responsible for reviewing and approving the basic prices and related market regulations and instructions, as well as reviewing and approving the prices of special items (which are marked with an asterisk). This has so far been the best way in preventing the unusual increase in the cost of public construction projects and the abuse and waste of public resources. In this role, the Supreme Technical Council has an executive duty.2- According to part "c" of the amended Article 80, the duty to revise the general contract rates has also been assigned to the Supreme Technical Council. The appeal request by the general contractor is subject to the approval of the highest administrative authority of the public party (the employer) and after that, the Supreme Technical Council makes a decision regarding the request. This type of adjustment is a contractual price adjustment and the role of the Supreme Technical Council in agreeing to the appeal is to be a part of the decision-making elements of the public party's executive body which makes it a party to the contract (on the side of the employer). Therefore, in this perspective, the legal nature of the role given to the Supreme Technical Council is as a party to the contract.3- The last duty assigned to the Supreme Technical Council in part "D" of amended Article 80 is to review and make a decision on issues that have been raised by the public parties (employers) for which the contract has not provided a specific solution beforehand. it has been discussed that, in this role, it seems that the Supreme Technical Council is, again, a part of the decision-making side of the public party, and therefore, as a matter of its legal nature, it plays the role of party to the contract.4- The last power that has been considered for the Supreme Technical Council is the authority of arbitration in construction projects, which is derived from paragraph "C" of Article 53 of the general conditions of Construction Works Procurement, which is a judicial role and the Supreme Technical Council acts as a judge between the parties in this role. In addition to the problems that exist in terms of the possibility of exceeding its legal powers in setting guidelines about the general and specific conditions of Construction Works Procurements, and in providing templates for drafting arbitration clauses and the terms used in them, it seems that this authority causes the litigant to be the judge of its own case. Because as mentioned, in some cases, the Supreme Technical Council is on the decision-making side of the executive board of the public contracting party and is somehow involved in this litigation.

According to the aforementioned results, the suggestions are as follows:1- Considering the practical benefits of the duties mentioned in clauses "a" and "b" of the amended Article 80, we suggest keeping them as they are until a better solution is found in this regard.2- Regarding clauses "c" and "d", considering their negative effects in terms of time and money, it is suggested that these powers be assigned to the highest authority of the executive body of the public contracting party just like they were before the amendment of Article 80.3- Finally, regarding the duty of the arbitration, it is suggested that the position of alternative dispute resolution methods in the General Conditions of Construction Works Procurements should be strengthened and it should be mandatory to refer to them and not be at the discretion of the parties (as it is). Also, by amending the laws, the parties of construction projects should be given the right to choose an independent and validated arbitration authority active in the country.

The judiciary needs internal reconstruction and fundamental transformation in order to transcend the goals and dynamics of performance at times. The purpose of this research is to gather and achieve coherent discourse of the Supreme Leader on the essentials of the Judicial Transformation Model. To this end, the qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the data and the data theory method of the foundation have been used to analyze data from the collection of statements, writings, and notices of the Supreme Leader in the period since his inception. 14/3/1368 Until the announcement of the appointment of Ayatollah Raisi to the Presidency of the Judiciary (16/12/1397), obtained after three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding simultaneously extracted using Max QD software. The findings of this study show that, from a supreme perspective, priorities such as revolutionization, corruption, independence, and judicial authority, along with factors such as promising, salvaging and comforting the judiciary, are key components of the judicial transformation model.

Considering the role of will in private law, especially in contracts and transactions, some legal systems have also proposed the interference of the parties’ will in determining the competent court to deal with the civil liability claims of the road transport operator. The main question is that, does the will have such a role in the studied systems or not? The primary premise is that in the scope of private law, will has a fundamental role and is even effective in choosing a court. By using the comparative research method, we come to the conclusion that in the studied legal systems, with respect to the public order and imperativeness party of the rules of civil procedure, examples of the manifestations of will can be seen in it. This can be seen implicitly in the legal system of Iran, Afghanistan and the CMR Convention. It is suggested that, as necessary, the scope of will in the proceedings should be expanded like other parts of private law, and the law of civil and commercial procedure in Iran and Afghanistan should be amended in line with the CMR convention and the change in the approach of the countries.

goal of this research ; Investigating the causes and roots of divorce, social harms resulting from divorce and strategies to prevent its occurrence. The present article has been done with a descriptive-analytical method, which has been done in a library manner and using electronic resources. With the passage of time and the prevailing conditions and changes in the society; Witness the normalization of divorce, an event that was reluctantly talked about until several years ago. But today it is so common that society and people look at it as a normal event, unaware that this phenomenon is to a detriment. It has become a society whose consequences on individual and social life have left an adverse effect along with the transformation of societies and its transformation from traditional to industrial, lifestyle change, urbanization, following new values and raising the level of education and. ... has caused the foundations of cohabitation to be shaken.

This study investigated the possible role of Genistein as a combination with Imatinib in controlling leukemia cell line proliferation.

Three cell lines, K562, Kcl22, and CCRF, were cultured and analyzed for MTT, LDH, apoptosis, and cycle cell gene expression in the presence of different dosages of Imatinib and Genistein in combination or separately.

Data has shown a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis activity during combination treatment. LDH assay has shown no additional toxicity due to Genistein consumption in combination therapy. Analysis of the expression of responsible genes for cell cycle demonstrated both G1 (p53, p21 upregulation) and G2 (cdc25c downregulation) inhibitory effect in combination treatment.

Altogether, this study suggests thatthe combination treatment of Imatinib and Genistein for leukemia cells resistant to Imatinib can increase treatment efficiency

Civil liability for damage from nervous shock is one of the most challenging issues in the legal system due to the fear of self-physical harm or the observation of an accident and harm to close relatives. In legal systems, personal compensation resulting from physical damage to nervous shock has been almost recognaized. But compensation for a person who is only at the risk of physical damage and suffering from a nervous shock (Primary Victim) is place of reflection. Civil liability for people who witnessed an accident or injury to relatives and suffered from nervous shock (Secondary Victim) is not explicitly recognized. In the civil liability of English Law, Nervous Shock damages to Primary and  Secondary Victims offset by constraints and conditions, and is accepted in judicial precedent. In the Iranian legal system, the design of such claims is not common, and in addition to the law of Islamic punishment, adopted in 1392, which recognized the mental disorder as having arisen, there was no explicit law in the past. However, according to the principles governing compensation, including the principle of dismissal, and the article one of a Civil Liability law, compensation for the damage caused by the shock caused by the moral damage is acceptable. In other words, the findings of this article show that there is no difference in the need to compensate for the damage caused by nervous shock in Iranian and English law.

When the rights of the defendant are violated or denied. The plaintiff, in order to oblige the defendant to return the right or to accept it, resorts to a lawsuit that ethics requires that the defendant's right not be violated as a result of any unsupported lawsuit. The legislator, in order to provide legal and moral protection and to protect the rights of the defendant, and in case the plaintiff is sentenced to injustice, can receive damages resulting from the plaintiff's lawsuit or execution of the sentence. For this purpose, it has been predicted to obtain security. The purpose of this article is to examine the cases of obtaining security from the plaintiff in civil lawsuits. In this article, it has been prepared and compiled using descriptive-analytical method using library methods and using library resources. The findings indicate that; The legislature has proposed an establishment in the Code of Civil Procedure so that the defendant can seize the equivalent of the damages from the property of the plaintiff. This establishment can be described as obtaining security. In addition, these findings of the research show that the possibility of obtaining security from the applicant requires taking the conditions set by the legislator. The security institution is intended for cases in which in the future, due to a lawsuit filed by the defendant, the defendant will not be deprived of his right, and moral teachings emphasize the legislator's protection of the defendant in similar cases. The defendant in the lawsuit, in cases such as fictitious lawsuits and lawsuits of foreign nationals, and in the reviewing authorities of the lawsuit, including the first instance, appeal, appeal, third party objection and retrial, will be obtained from the defendant at the defendant's request. The security institution is intended for cases in which in the future, due to a lawsuit filed by the defendant, the defendant will not be deprived of his right, and moral teachings emphasize the legislator's protection of the defendant in similar cases. The defendant in the lawsuit, in cases such as fictitious lawsuits and lawsuits of foreign nationals, and in the reviewing authorities of the lawsuit, including the first instance, appeal, appeal, third party objection and retrial, will be obtained from the defendant at the defendant's request.

One of the most challenging topics in acquisition of person's real estates is the recognition of full and equal compensation right with the aim of balancing between expropriation and indemnities. In this article, with an analytical-comparative method in Iranian and British law, we response the question of whether full and equal compensation has been identified in these two systems? By what criteria can be maintained the balance between compensation and expropriation? In English law, by accepting to receive full and equal compensation right, it is determined by open market value. Therefore, compulsory occurrence of acquisition, illegal and immoral use by the owner and price increase resulting from legal objectives are not effective. In addition, if the property does not have a market value, an equivalence reinstatement is provided. In Iranian law, a fair value is a suitable criterion for perfect compensation, but the rules for determining it, are not precisely defined, and in addition, different laws have different criteria that may be in conflict with the perfect and equal compensation right. To sum up, accepting the principle of perfect and equal compensation, the lack of effect of the scheme and legal objectives of the acquiring authority and the actions of the owner after the realization of acquisition in compensation and determining the exact time of the assessment are proposed acquisition laws amendments.

compulsory acquisition ofland byexecutive bodies for public interest is permitted bypayment of compensation and observance of the lawIn order to do solaw must giveopportunity to object to theprocess ofacquisition and maintain the right to compensation toindividuals whoseproperty rights are affected by related actions.Due tocharacteristics of speed, low cost, and expertise in examination,quasi-judicial authorities havecreated a suitable solution in this fieldIn this article with an analytical-comparative approach inIranian andBritish law we seek to answer questions what is theposition of quasi-judicial authorities in the acquisition process?And by what principles are therights of owners and persons affected by ownership protected inthese authorities?In Britishbefore approving the order of compulsory acquisition by Minister related to acquisitionhe proceeds toexamine objections through two way;written representations, public local inquiry.LandTribunal determines compensation under standard procedure;simplified procedure;special procedure;written representations procedure.In both ways,the right holders are informed about provisions of the administrative authority's decision,the principles of natural justicehearing of the statements and reasons ofparties,the documented and reasoned decisions,and theability to appeal is recognized.in Iranian law, thecorresponding rules on the objection to theprocess of acquisition are not provided for in the quasi-judicial authority, and at thesame time there are shortcomings indetermination of compensation expert board.Therefore, suggestions have been made to amend thelaws

One of the topics of the day in each period of the formation and implementation of decisions, or in other words the legal decisions are enforced. What is important at this time is the rest of the structure and the legal system decisions. As a director in the government know what decision-making authority and support his decisions or materials which legal principles. Legal principles in documents for the implementation of decisions is better because these decisions will find strong support law enforcement aspects better. One of the challenges facing government managers, particularly managers not familiar with the law and legal mechanisms. Therefore, this article examines the legal principles and legal structure of decision analysis methods are discussed. Constitution and management of the civil service laws that assessed and eventually decide on the model law has been proposed.

Mahriya philosophy was a pleasing affair for a woman to start a life. As soon as the marriage takes place, the woman owns the mahriyah. When she want,and when she requests must be paid this the debt. The dominance of misconceptions and rivalry has caused numerous in limit of mahriyah has given the eye and eye of metathyroidism. Lack of enough skills to solve family disputes, Patience and tolerance of young girls and Immediately and promptly referring to press her husband by resorting to get mahriyah has caused a lot of damages. Since The Law of the Implementation of Financial Convictions has benefitted from prison. women Imprison her husbands by misusing this rule. Since the law on how to execute financial convictions has been used to disenfranchise individuals, it has been the subject of family lawsuits. This article is an analytical and descriptive method of jurisprudential and legal criticism of denial of couples' freedom in mahriyah lawsuits. The monopoly of deprivation of liberty appears to be defensible in cases of deliberate non-payment of dowry despite financial hardship. In other cases, attempts to resolve the main family problem by consulting, and practicing religion rather than depriving the husband of a better life can be Achieve life and marriage goals and take a step toward reducing divorce rates and inmates.

In this study, to select suppliers of raw materials in Saipa Automotive Corporation as one of the largest factories in Iran, environmental criteria, flexibility and agility criteria are considered and some sub-criteria are also considered for each criterion. The sub-criteria include green design, clean technology, environmental performance, agility in operational systems, market agility, logistics agility, product flexibility, flexibility in transportation, resource flexibility. It should be mentioned that the said criteria may need modification and revision due to opinions of experts during the research implementation. Therefore, main variables for the issue of identification of criteria affecting selection of suppliers are studied with regard to environmental factors within the organization. In order to rank suppliers and to select the best option based on a best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method (BWM) and VIKOR-based approach was used. According to the calculations based on the proposed process in this study and the information about the desired criteria, 7 suppliers were selected as the best options. As the approach presented in this study has combined two worst-best method to determine weights and VIKOR method for final ranking of options, this approach can be also used in other studies.

In this paper, the guild system law adopted in 1392 in Islamic Parliament of Iran discussed And difficulties in the way of its implementation and the lack of some legal provisions conflicts with other laws of the country were investigated. In this paper .Guild system law is pervasive And all people in the community have been directly and indirectly involved with it in their lives and Provides private sector services in an easily and regular manner. If this law has problems, it will harm people and cause harm and disorder in society. Therefore, the review and promotion of this law are indispensable. The research method of this paper is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and used of questionnaire and Delphi techniques in this paper. This paper examines 16 of the most important legal issues that have error and Has provided some suggestions for improving this provision.

Arbitration is an agreement. The arbitration agreement determines who can be as plaintiff or defendant. Development of an arbitration clause to the third parties is in conflict with its nature. Foundations widen the scope of the arbitration clause with regard to international arbitration practice, and the literature can be divided into two types. The first category includes items that, by ignoring the legal entity's parent company, shareholders or its subsidiary companies, can be arbitral tribunal parties, or by ignoring independent legal entity owned and controlled by parent company. In the next category, by finding signs of the issues raised by the consent of a third party, we can be expand the scope of an arbitration clause based on presumed consent.Agents, Estoppels and group of companies’ theory as a basis for extension based on presumed consent have been raised.

A new group of 4-(Imidazolylmethyl) quinoline derivatives possessing a methylsulfonyl COX-2 pharmacophore at the para position of the C-2 phenyl ring were designed and synthesized as selective COX-2 inhibitors and in-vitro anti breast cancer agents.
In-vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition studies showed that all the compounds were potent and selective inhibitors of the COX-2 isozyme with IC50 values in the potent range 0.063-0.090 µM, and COX-2 selectivity indexes in the 179.9 to 547.6 range. Molecular modeling studies indicated that the methylsulfonyl substituent can be inserted into the secondary pocket of COX-2 active site for interactions with Arg513. Cytotoxicity of quinolines 9a-e against human breast cancer MCF-7 and T47D cell lines were also evaluated. All the compounds 9a-e were more cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells in comparison with those of T47D which express aromatase mRNA less than MCF-7 cells.The data showed that the increase of lipophilic properties of substituents on the C-7 and C-8 quinoline ring increased their cytotoxicity on MCF-7cells and COX-2 inhibitory activity. Among the quinolines 9a-e, 4-((1H-Imidazol-1-yl)methyl) 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-benzo[h]quinoline (9d)was identified as the most potent andselective COX-2inhibitor as well as the most cytotoxic agent against MCF-7 cells.

The history and evolution of civil liability of parents against their children in Iran and England’s legal systems indicate the acceptance of absolute discretion for parents regarding their children to such an extent that unconditional power of parents over the lives of their children could be put forward from a historical perspective. The result of that historical approach in the field of civil liability was parents’ immunity from civil liability, which is called "the parents’ immunity rule from civil liability against their children". However, as time passed and changes occurred in the field of tort law, history underwent a new chapter, and parents’ immunity rule from civil liability against their children was altered from its absolute and unconditional form so that children could be covered and supported by individual rights; consequently, its special protections and immunity turned into liability in numerous cases. This research demonstrates that in the current law, civil liability of parents against their children has progressed from being "personal" to the "collective" civil liability and even to the "state compensation" stage for damages incurred by children. In our legal system, along with the use of progressive views of Islamic jurisprudence in regard with "Zaman Aqele (liability of the male members of
families)", part of which includes liability of Jarire and compensation by relatives and compensation by the Islamic treasury (or Beytolmal) as well, which is compensation by the government, a new viewpoint has been established toward compensation through social contracts such as insurance and social security, on the one hand, and the government, on the other. Therefore, the legislator can hold the government responsible by formation of “Civil Liability Insurance Funds” through enacting the required law for the events in which there are no sources of compensation or legal bases of financial capability for compensation. This paper illustrates the fact that the scope of the mentioned rule has been widely reduced in English law, and also the fact that its exceptional application has been accepted in Iranian law. Hence, it can be said that the rule of “parents’ immunity from civil liability” has moved out from its absolute form and has entered the history of law.

The colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) with the CD133+ phenotype are a rare fraction of cancer cells with the ability of self-renewal, unlimited proliferation and resistance to treatment. Quercetin has anticancer effects with the advantage of exhibiting low side effects. Therefore, we evaluated the anticancer effects of quercetin and doxorubicin (Dox) in HT29 cancer cells and its isolated CD133+ CSCs. The CSCs from HT29 cells were isolated using CD133 antibody conjugated to magnetic beads by MACS. Anticancer effects of quercetin and Dox alone and in combination on HT29 cells and CSCs were evaluated using MTT cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. The CD133+ CSCs comprised about 10% of HT29 cells. Quercetin and Dox alone and in combination inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HT29 cells and to a lesser extent in CSCs. Quercetin enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of Dox at low concentration in both cell populations. Quercetin and Dox and their combination induced G2/M arrest in the HT29 cells and to a lesser extent in CSCs. The CSCs were a minor population with a significantly high level of drug resistance within the HT29 cancer cells. Quercetin alone exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on HT29 cells and also increased cytoxicity of Dox in combination therapy. Altogether, our data showed that adding quercetin to Dox chemotherapy is an effective strategy for treatment of both CSCs and bulk tumor cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells is a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is one of the major causes of MDR. In addition, it has been shown that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway involves in drug resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of novel approaches including siRNA directed against BCRP and targeted therapy against PI3K/Akt signaling pathway using LY294002 (LY) to re-sensitize breast cancer MCF7 cell line to mitoxantrone (MTX) chemotherapy. Anticancer effects of MTX, siRNA, and LY alone and in combination were evaluated in MCF7 cells using MTT cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. MTT and apoptosis assays showed that both MTX and LY inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Results indicated that inhibition of BCRP by siRNA or PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by LY significantly increased sensitivity of MCF7 cells to antiproliferation and apoptosis induction of MTX. Furthermore, MTX showed G2/M arrest, whereas LY induced G0/G1 arrest in cell cycle distribution of MCF7 cells. Combination of siRNA or LY with MTX chemotherapy significantly increased accumulation of MCF7 cells in the G2/M phase of cell cycle. Combination of MTX chemotherapy with BCRP siRNA and PI3K/Akt inhibition can overcome MDR in breast cancer cells. This study furthermore suggests that novel therapeutic approaches are needed to enhance anticancer effects of available drugs in breast cancer.

Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, has shown antitumor properties in some in vitro systems. But the effect of berberine on breast cancer has not yet been completely studied. In this study, we evaluated anticancer properties of berberine in comparison to doxorubicin. The antiproliferative effects of berberine and doxorubicin alone and in combination were evaluated in T47D and MCF7 cell lines using MTT cytotoxicity assay. In addition, flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the cell cycle alteration and apoptosis induction in these cell lines following exposure to berberine and doxorubicin alone and in combination. The IC50 of berberine was determined to be 25 µM after 48 hr of treatment in both cell lines but for doxorubicin it was 250 nM and 500 nM in T47D and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Co-treatment with berberine and doxorubicin increased cytotoxicity in T47D cells more significantly than in MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that berberine alone or in combination with doxorubicin induced G2/M arrest in the T47D cells, but G0/G1 arrest in the MCF-7 cells. Doxorubicin alone induced G2/M arrest in both cell lines. Furthermore, berberine and doxorubicin alone or in combination significantly induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Berberine alone and in combination with doxorubicin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and altered cell cycle distribution of breast cancer cells. Therefore, berberine showed to be a good candidate for further studies as a new anticancer drug in the treatment of human breast cancer.

Various substances in cigarette smoke including nicotine have been shown to promote/induce cancer cell proliferation. Since cotinine has a longer half life and stability in the blood, it has become the preferred biomarker for cigarette smoking exposure. Seventy-three gastric cancer patients were included in this study. The tumor tissues were stained with H and E for pathological evaluation. The cotinine levels were measured in urine using a competitive ELISA. Tumors were 90% adenocarcinoma with 63% intestinal and 37% diffuse subtypes. Tumors were poorly (45.2%) or moderately differentiated (41.1%) and localized mainly (77%) in the upper part of stomach. The levels of cotinine were significantly different between smoker (283.83 ± 178.10 ng/mL) and non-smoker (39.28 ± 113.34 ng/mL) groups (p < 0.001). However, there is no-significant correlation between tumor characteristics and cotinine level in smoker patients. Cotinine level correlates with smoking in gastric patients, however, correlation with the tumor features has not been observed.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester(CAPE) suppresses the growth of transformed cells such as human breast cancer cells, hepatocarcinoma, myeloid leukemia, colorectal cancer cells, fibrosarcoma, glioma and melanoma. A group of heterocyclic esters of caffeic acid was synthesized using Mitsunobu reaction and the esters were subjected to further structural modification by electrooxidation of the catechol ring of caffeic acid esters in the presence of sodium benenesulfinate and sodium toluensulfinate as nucleophiles. Both heterocycle esters of caffeic acid and their arylsulfonyl derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HeLa, SK-OV-3, and HT-29 cancer cell lines. HeLa cells showed the highest sensitivity to the compounds and heterocyclic esters with no substituent on catechol ring showed better activity compared to their substituted counterparts. QSAR studies reemphasized the importance of molecular shape of the compounds for their cytotoxic activity.