elham vafaei

Social welfare is always one of the important topics in developed and developing countries, and they assume it as an effective factor to examine the performance of policymakers and economic planners, which can be influenced by many factors. One of the factors affecting conditions of people’s life is urbanization and migration from rural areas to cities.

In this research, the non-linear effect of urbanization on the welfare of the people living in diverse provinces of Iran has been investigated in the period of 2011-2019. In addition to the urbanization, other variables, such as the average household income and the employment level of adults have also been studied.

The results of the research by using the dynamic panel data approach indicate that there is an inverted U relationship between urbanization and social welfare. In other words, with the increase of urbanization, the welfare level increases at first, but after reaching a maximum level, it declines Other variables were also used, such as average household income and adult employment level, and it was found that there was again a positive and direct relationship with social welfare, and increasing them resulted in growth of welfare too.

It is clear living in cities will not necessarily increase the level of welfare; therefore, in order to prevent the migration of villagers to cities and the increase of marginalization and the overshadowing of the well-being of people living in cities, the level of health facilities, education, employment, and general well-being at the level of villages and non-urban areas should be improved.

The misery index is known as one of the measures of economic well-being, and misery increasing index in a country means the deterioration of the economic and social welfare of the people of that country. Therefore, the worsening of the misery index, in adding to the economic effects, can bring many cultural and social consequences, so the identification and evaluation of macroeconomic factors affecting this index should be considered by planners and policy makers. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the misery index during the period of spring 2011 to summer 2023. In the present study, the framework of Shrestha and Bhatta (2018) and Fomby (1998), which helps a lot in choosing appropriate methods, has been used to analyze time series data. The results show that some variables are stationary and others are Cointegration of the first order, and based on the framework of Shrestha and Bhatta (2018), the Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Model should be estimated. The model estimation results show the positive effect of the uncertainty index on the misery index in the long term. Also, the effect of the exchange rate variables in the free market and the participation rate on the poverty index is positive, and the labor productivity variable has a negative effect on the poverty index. The results of this study can be used in such a way that in addition to the necessity of controlling exchange rate fluctuations, attention to the correct announcement of applied policies and the timely release of economic information that leads to the reduction of economic policy uncertainty can help to reduce the misery index.

  it is important to correctly estimate income and price elasticities and the impact of economic sanctions on the consumption behavior of Iranian households. So, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the consumption behavior of urban households in Iran by applying the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS). Also, the existence of structural failure in the consumption basket preferences of tea, sugar, and sugar of urban households has been investigated using the parametric approach and the switching regression framework developed by Ohtani and Katayama (1986) from 1998 to 2022.The price elasticity of various types of tea, sugar, and sugar has increased after sanctions and Iranian and foreign tea, sugar and sugar have changed from non-elastic products to products with elasticity. The increase in price elasticities shows that with the increase in prices and inflation in the years after the sanctions, the sensitivity of consumers to price changes has increased. Therefore, considering the elasticity of the high price of products after the sanctions, it will be the right decision to use price tools to protect consumers.

The main issue in this paper is why the planning system in Iran with more than seven decades of planning experience has not been able to remove the obstacles to accelerate the development. To answer this important question, the pathology of the planning system is examined from two dimensions: Its stages (preparation and compiling (prerequisite, structure, process and product), approval, pre-implementation, implementation and Supervision and evaluation) and its source (inside and outside the organization). Causal relationships between identified disadvantages based on the effectiveness matrix obtained and root disadvantages has been extracted using the 5-Why technique.The results show that the root disadvantages of the planning system are: "Lack of common understanding of concepts by planners, policy makers and implementers", "The rule of centralized and non-participatory methods in planning", "Lack of mechanism for resolving conflicts of interest between program elites", "Rigidity in considering the situation and not paying attention to possible scenarios in the future", "Failure to prepare an action plan and link it to the approved plan", "Existence of sectorial-regional and local orientations in the approval of programs", "Relying on government resources and not paying attention to internal and external capacities and resources", "Lack of attention of the planning system to the system of reform and adjustment in policies, goals and executive plans after monitoring and evaluation" and "severe weakness of regulatory mechanisms". Also, suggestions have been made to policy makers and planners to design an optimal planning system.The results show that "Lack of common understanding of concepts by planners, policy makers and implementers", "The rule of centralized and non-participatory methods in planning", "Lack of mechanism for resolving conflicts of interest between program elites", "Stable in considering the situation and not paying attention to possible scenarios in the future", "Failure to prepare an action plan and link it to the approved plan", "Existence of sectoral-regional and local orientations in the approval of programs", "Relying on government resources and not paying attention to internal and external capacities and resources", "Lack of attention of the planning system to the system of reform and adjustment in policies, goals and executive plans after monitoring and evaluation" and "severe weakness of regulatory mechanisms" are the root damage of the planning system. Also, suggestions have been made to policy makers and planners to design an optimal planning system.

Oil and oil’s revenue are the most important items of economy that makes big part of government budget. over the years oil price has* been fluctuating because of factors such as political of other country, social issues and this fluctuation has impacts on development and economic growth. Considering the importance of oil in economy and its impact on various economic sectors, including agriculture which is a portent part of economy that has its effects on GDP, food security, employment and etc. This study investigated the impact of oil fluctuation price and the Intensification of Sanctions on value added of Iran's agriculture sector between 1984 and 2018. To estimate the oil price fluctuations using GARCH  model, and investigating short- run and long- run relationship between value added of agriculture and opec oil price fluctuations and the intensification of sanctions use ARDL model. The results show that in the long term, the intensification of sanctions has a positive effect on the value added of the agricultural sector and the fluctuation of OPEC oil prices has a negative effect on the value added of the agricultural sector. Therefore, paying attention to the infrastructure of the agricultural sector as a relatively stable sector of the country's economy and covering the price risk of exporting agricultural products and importing production inputs by adopting appropriate strategies in related markets and creating and developing knowledge-based companies in this field, can guarantee positive economic growth for the whole economy.

In the light of the fact that our available resources are limited and in particular the energy has a significant and important role in economic growth and development, it is thus important to determine key factors impacting on energy demand. In this paper investigation is made on how the financial depth impacts on energy consumption through the economic growth channel, using the Generalized Method of Moments technique covering the period 1978-2020. The results show that financial depth does affect energy consumption through the channel of economic growth. The Findings also indicate that financial depth and gross domestic product had positive impact on energy consumption while the energy price had the negative impact on energy consumption. According to our research findings, one percent increase in GDP and energy prices brings about 1.42 and 0.10 percent change in energy consumption, respectively. Also, the indirect impact of financial development on energy consumption through economic growth channel is 0.0568%. Also, the results of this study help Policymakers adopt an effective planning for energy demand and promote private sector development in order to achieve economic growth envisaged in the plan.

Iran is one of the pioneers in the field of establishing a modern planning system with a history of about Seventy years; however, it has not been able to become a developed country and achieve public welfare and satisfaction. Given the fact that the principles of development are the same in all societies and different patterns of development determine the development path of a society, this situation has given rise need to prepare the " Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress " as a set of principles, values, rules, mechanisms, methods, measures, processes, structures, institutions, manpower and resources that will pave the way for development and progress in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This model was published in September 2016 after 7 years from the establishment of a specialized center for its compilation and a public opinion poll was conducted on that. This article aims to evaluate the document of the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress from the perspective of territorial development policy and emphasizing the institutional approach by using the method of qualitative content analysis and the perspectives of elites. In the next stage, the criteria for evaluating the document from the perspective of territorial development policy was defined and this document was analyzed based on them. The results indicate that based on the components and protocols of evaluation, the document's attention to territorial development policy and institutional approach is limited. Therefore, according to the components and protocols presented in this study, an extensive revision of the content of the document should be done.

The 1404 development perspective document of Iran, as one of the upstream documents, has been explained the path to the comprehensive of development. One of the dimensions of this document is the economic dimension of development. Also, the misery index is one of the most important economic components. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to study the convergence of the misery index in the selected countries of the 1404 development perspective document. For this purpose, Nahar and Inder convergence has been used and the study period is 1997-2017. The results of the study indicate that Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait and Jordan are convergent, and countries of Egypt and Gaza are divergent towards the average of the misery index. Also, the misery index in Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait has always been below the average of countries. Also, Iran is the only country that has always been in a worse situation than the average of countries. Therefore, to achieve the goals of development and to bridge the gap between the indicators of misery among the elected countries of the document, the goals of reducing inflation and unemployment must be seriously addressed by policy makers and economic planners.

he purpose of this paper is the evaluation of suitability ofspatial error STAR model for modeling convergence of social welfare of Iran's provinces between 2000 and 2013. In this paper the LM tests show that the non-linear method is appropriate for convergence evaluation. In addition, the results indicate that 2 groups of provinces are separable: group 1 in which the social welfare growth is affected by the welfare of the regions themselves and group 2 in which it is not merely the effect of social welfare of the regions themselves, and spatial effects are observed among the provinces of this group. Moreover, based on our results, there is convergence among the regions of the first group while there is no convergence among the provinces of the second group.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate social welfare and the convergence of social welfare of Iran,s provinces. For the purpose we use Nahar and Inder convergence during 2000-2013. The results indicate that Kermanshah, Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad and Mazandaran areconvergence towards the average of welfare of the provinces and Also, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Bushehr, Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom, Golestan, Lorestan and Hormozgan diverge from the average of welfare. Also, most of the Iran,s provinces have a lower welfare than the community average. Therefore, policymakers performance in this field are not suitable for balanced development of regions welfare.

The convergence of social welfare is one of the criteria for evaluating regional development policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the convergence of social welfare for evaluating regional development from 2000 to 2013. To this end, a nonlinear spatial error star econometrics technique is used to separate linear and nonlinear regimes.
According to the results, the provinces can be divided into two groups: in the first group of provinces, the social welfare growth is affected by the welfare of the regions themselves and spatial effects are not observed among them. In the second one, however, spatial effects are observed among the provinces, which include Qom, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars and Bushehr. Other provinces are in the first group. Moreover, the results show a convergence among the regions of the first group while there is no convergence among the second group. Therefore, Policies have failed to eliminate the regional inequalities and imbalances.
JEL Classifications: I31, C20, R12

Social welfare is one of the suitable criteria for macroeconomic situation reviewing and policymakers performance evaluating in society. Therefore, social welfare convergence of regions is an important issue. Owing to the increment of social classes’ gap and inequality in society, politicians consider the social welfare convergence of regions to tackle the mentioned problem. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the convergence of social welfare of Iranian provinces with using spatial STAR nonlinear techniques during 2000-2013. The results indicate that there is a convergence between provinces that they have not spatial effects. In addition, the convergence speed in this group of provinces is equal to 3.1289. Also, the results indicate that there is not a convergence between the provinces that they have the spatial effects.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric effects of exchangerate on Iranian import price index using quarterly time series data over the period 1990- 2011. For this purpose, positive and negative shocks of the exchange rate have been separated from each other using dummy variables and the effects of the size of the exchange rate shocks by determining a threshold.
The empirical results indicate that the positive and negative shocks of the exchange rate both have positive and asymmetric effects on the import price index. The results show that the effects of negative shocks of the exchange rate on the imports price index is more than the positive shocks effect. In addition, the experimental findings of the research indicate that the effect of foreign exchange rate shocks size on the imports price is asymmetric and the effectiveness extent of smaller shocks is significantly more than that of bigger exchange rate shocks.
Moreover, according to the results, the effects of positive and negative shocks based on the size of foreign exchange shocks (small & big) on the imports price is asymmetric and the results show that the effect of small negative shocks is more than big ones and also the effects of small positive shocks is more than big ones.

Otalgia and Bell’s palsy are rare manifestations of metastasis and the most common presentation of an inflammatory process in the temporal bone.
This article explains a 34-year-old woman with breast cancer who presented with cranial nerve palsy symptoms. The 7th and 8th cranial nerves were involved in the metastatic phase and then hoarseness was added to her symptoms. Brain MRI showed a petrous lesion in the temporal bone due to metastasis, which was the first clue to cancer. Her metastatic workup showed multiple bone lesions. On chest CT scan, multiple lung lesions were noted. Also, a breast mass was discovered on her chest CT scan. On breast examination an irregular mass fixed to the pectoralis muscle was found. Pathologic evaluation of samples obtained through ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma.
Temporal bone metastases are rare and may be asymptomatic, or with mild symptoms mimicking mastoid infections. Physicians should consider metastatic cancer on the list of differential diagnoses in patients presenting with prolonged otologic symptoms or facial nerve disorders.

Industrial economics is mostly based on the market structure، conduct and performance paradigm. This paper applies the mentioned paradigm in Iranian food and beverage industries. To that end، a system of equations including concentration index، advertising intensity and profitability for a sample of 22 four-digit Iranian food and beverage industries is estimated using 3SLS method during 1995 - 2007. The findings show the positive impact of concentration and profitability on advertising intensity. The impacts of concentration and lagged advertising intensity on profitability are also positive. The findings also indicate the negative impact of export intensity on profitability.

Industrial economics is mostly based on the market structure, conduct and performance paradigm. This paper applies the mentioned paradigm on the Iranian shoes and leather industries. To this end, a system of equations including market share, advertising and profitability for the Iranian shoes and leather firms is estimated using 3SLS method in (2007). The results indicate that advertising and profitability have positive effect on market share. The impact of market share and profitability on advertising is also positive and meaningful. In spite of the positive effect of advertising on profitability, market share impact on the profitability is negative. Findings also show the positive impact of export on market share but meaningless impact of capital stocks on advertising.