esa motagizadeh

Educational systems aim to employ all modern methods in educational situations in multiple ways to make educational lessons more effective and efficient. Following up on these sensitive and rapid developments has become a need that cannot be ignored. Among the strategies of educational methods to keep pace with the cognitive transformation, the play has emerged as a contemporary tool that contributes to enhancing the grammatical variable of conversational skill. Communicating with flexibility and smoothness is required for non-native Arabic learners. Teaching the play can help non-native Arabic language learners become more fluent in the language and become critical, analytical, and creative thinkers. It can also help students question, interpret, communicate, and explore. Learning the features of the modern language, specifically grammatical and morphological rules, and using expressions to speak clearly, precisely, and concisely are all benefits of teaching the play to non-native Arabic language learners.
Plays can promote all four skills, cultural awareness, linguistic awareness, and motivation. They are valuable tools in language classes. When used well, this kind of training can significantly increase proficiency. The study present investigated the effect of using the play in strengthening the grammatical variable of conversational skill among Iranian learners at the bachelor’s level. The study adopted the quasi-experimental approach. The sample of the study consisted of 30 male and female students at the bachelor’s level. It was conducted in the fifth semester of the academic year (2020-2021) at the University of Tehran. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group consisted of 15 male and female students who had undergone teaching the play ‘Her Majesty’, and the control group consisted of 15 male and female students who were taught in the usual way at the university.
The researcher utilized a set of tools to collect the data, including tests, interviews, and observations, and used a set of statistical methods using the SPSS program, which were represented by the use of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation index) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and covariance test). The tools were prepared and their validity and reliability were verified. The study demonstrated the impact of digitally utilizing Tawfiq al-Hakim’s play Her Majesty on the performance of both male and female students in acquiring the grammatical variable of speaking skill. The study concluded that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the participants in the experimental and control groups in the pre- and post-test. The reason for this effect is attributed to several factors. Using the play helps increase the ability to understand and comprehend grammatical rules, and the play helps to employ the grammatical database that students possess so that they express it in a specific way through which they try to use what they have learned to embody ideas and present them in a correct way. The play is a powerful tool for creating more participation in learning environments. It also contains a series of attractive dialogues and multiple characters and events. These are among the most important issues in which the researcher sees the importance of distinguishing the play from other educational methods, as it contributes to increasing students’ ability to learn.

Persian and Arabic languages are different in terms of linguistic and grammatical structure, but they have commonalities regarding vocabulary. It could be a great opportunity for Persian speakers because in most cases, they do not have to check the dictionary to find the meaning of the Arabic word, like what European and Chinese Arabic learners do. However, a Persian speaker might think that the meaning of the Arabic word is the same as the one used in the Persian language though it is not always true because the meaning of the common word is different in Persian and Arabic. The present study investigated the errors of Persian speakers’ Arabic writing when using these vocabularies in an attempt to identify the role of common vocabularies in the process of learning and teaching Arabic by Persian speakers. This study was conducted using writing skill test 1. The statistical population of this research was Arabic departments of the country’s state universities. Furthermore, the statistical sample included 94 undergraduate Arabic language and literature students. The scope of the test was the 9 universities of Arak, Tehran, Kharazmi, Al-Zahra, Allame Tabatabai, Shiraz, Gilan, Mashhad, and Hamedan. The results of the research indicated that Persian speakers who learn Arabic are weak in recognizing the difference in the meaning of these words and their use in writing in Arabic. Hence, these words mostly have a negative role in the process of learning Arabic.

In his narrative text entitled “The Second War of the Dog”, the Palestinian novelist, Ibrahim Nasrallah, has reviewed the Palestinian people’s hardships in an imaginative way and used language forces to reveal those hardships. The text of this novel deserves syntactic and rhetorical analyses due to the aesthetic revelation of its questioning style, which, together with its varied types, accounts for the most important questioning styles utilized for arousing the audience's emotions, improving aesthetics of the text, further impressing the audience, and strengthening the meanings in their minds. Therefore, men of letters have constantly wanted to employ this style in their literary works because of its wider range of inferred virtual meanings compared to other styles. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on statistical stylistics, this study sought to reveal the hidden rhetorical meanings of its questioning style and assess the extent of fit between its question tools and three levels of language, i.e., storytelling, description, and dialogue, as well as expressing the most important aesthetic aspects of this style for conveying meaning to the audience. One of the major results of this research was that the narrator had often employed a questioning style at the level of dialogue since the characters of the novel often used to dispute for being surprised by the existence of similaritis and doubts and not being able to distinguish between them and reach the truth. This style was found to be mostly used for conveying the two meanings of negation and denial since they so well fit with the pessimism atmosphere prevailing in the novel as they could reveal the political, economic, and cultural opportunism of the novel's characters depicting a new generation that worked only for its own interests, regardless of the public interest of Palestine.

Typology is a branch of linguistics that examines structural similarities between languages. Typological studies have shown that different languages ​​of the world have commonalities called language universals or Greenberg's Universals, named after the author. The study of word order is one of the most important topics in the typology of languages because languages ​​have a variety of patterns in this area, and that is what creates the right atmosphere for typological classifications. In addition, most of the linguistic properties of a language are related to how its main components (verbs, subjects, and objects) are arranged. In the present study, the authors studied the sequences of the verb and the subject, the genitive and noun, the adjective and noun, the verb and the object in Arabic and Persian languages, which belong to two different classes of languages in terms of the arrangement of the main components. The main purpose of the present study was to identify the characteristics of the sequences of the components in the two languages as well as the factors affecting them and to examine the status of the two languages in relation to the language universals related to components. To this end, one-thousand sentences from different official texts of the two languages were collected as a linguistic model. Some of these sentences are presented in this paper. The findings of the study showed that the Arabic language corresponds to what linguists have stated with regards to VSO word order as it is compatible with the relevant language universals. In contrast, Persian is inconsistent with the opinions of linguists regarding SOV languages in some of its characteristics. In addition, the Persian language fluctuates in terms of adaptation to language universals. It is compatible with some universals, but not with others. The findings also showed that both languages have the same freedom in sequencing their components in sentences. This is a feature to highlight the importance of one component over another by moving that component to the beginning of the sentence before the other components.