f. hosseini

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that can replace petroleum-based materials in packaging films due to its unique properties. However, sometimes the degradability of polymers can be considered a negative factor, such as when significant changes in the mechanical properties of the polymer occur during use. Another notable issue is the brittleness of polylactic acid, which can be modified to some extent by adding other materials. The addition of materials such as nanoparticles and plasticizers can improve the flexibility and mechanical properties of polymer films. Polymer films must possess acceptable physical, mechanical, thermal, and other relevant characteristics for use in the packaging industry. The acceptable level of these properties can be obtained by comparing them with the established standards for commonly used polymers in the industry. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is a polymer widely used in the packaging industry, making it a good benchmark for comparison. This research focused on studying various factors affecting the quality of the produced films, including mechanical properties, light absorption, contact angle, and microstructures. Investigating the mechanical properties of the PLA films is crucial due to the polymer’s degradability over time. Polylactic acid films with different compounds containing PEG 400 and Tween 80 as plasticizers and ZnO nanoparticles were investigated for 14 months (in the first, second, third, fourth, and fourteenth months) in terms of mechanical properties. Finally, the obtained values were compared with standard values for packaging and their mechanical behavior was analyzed.

Experiments were performed in the post-harvest and central laboratories of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The films were prepared using the solvent casting method. First, PLA granules were dried for 24 hours at 60 °C and then 1 g of PLA in 50 ml of dichloromethane was dissolved at room temperature by magnetic stirring for 12 hours. ZnO nanoparticles, PEG 400 and Tween 80 were incorporated into PLA and DCM solution, 1 wt% PLA, 20 wt% PLA, and 0.25 wt% solution, respectively. To prepare films containing nanoparticles, nanoparticles and dichloromethane were sonicated with an ultrasonic probe for 10 minutes and then added to the base solution and stirred for one hour.Mechanical properties of the samples were determined based on the ASTM D882-02 standard method. A texture analyzer (H5 KS, Manchester, U.K.) was used for this test. Light absorption was studied using a spectrophotometer (CAMSPECM550, UK). The contact angle of the samples was measured using a goniometer (model 200-00, Ramé-Hart Instrument Co, Succasunna, USA) in accordance with the ASTM D5946-04 standard. The surface morphology of the samples was visualized using scanning electron microscope (LMU TESCAN BRNO-Mira3, Czech Republic). The results were analyzed using Minitab software version 18 (Minitab Inc, USA) and the graphs were created in Microsoft Excel 2013.

The neat PLA film has a smooth surface, and with the addition of nanoparticles or plasticizers, the surfaces become uneven. The addition of nanoparticles and plasticizers caused more opacity of the film and better protection against ultraviolet rays. The presence of plasticizers, especially Tween 80, increased the hydrophilicity of the films. Packaging films should be flexible and have ductile behavior and the addition of plasticizers caused ductile behavior. However, Tween 80 was not able to create stable ductile behavior. The stress-strain diagram shows that most samples displayed ductile behavior over 14 months, except for the neat PLA film and the film containing Tween 80 and nanoparticles. The values of tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break for low density polyethylene have been reported as 11.7 MPa, 260.4 MPa, and 225%, respectively. The lowest value of tensile strength (18.56 MPa) and elastic modulus (1114.68 MPa) were related to P400/T80 film. This difference shows the acceptability of polylactic acid in the packaging industry. The elongation value is much lower than the standard, indicating the need to modify this parameter.

The research findings revealed a significant effect of film type on mechanical properties, as well as a remarkable impact of storage time on tensile strength and elongation at break. The effect of various factors such as changes in the texture of the film due to the presence of plasticizers or non-uniform distribution of nanoparticles makes it impossible to determine a consistent trend for the effect of time on the films. The elongation at break for the produced films was much lower than the standard, which still needs to be modified due to the importance and sensitivity of this parameter in packaging. Polylactic acid has high tensile strength and high elastic modulus. Therefore, it can be combined with other polymers, various plasticizers, or nanoparticles at higher percentage to improve flexibility. The presence of plasticizers and nanoparticles in the film substrate increased opacity and enhanced protection against ultraviolet rays. The produced films were more hydrophilic compared to low density polyethylene.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga on the sexual function and sexual quality of life of women after vaginal delivery.

This randomized controlled trial included 36 women who were 8-10 weeks postpartum, recruited from a health center in Isfahan, Iran, from January 2020 to March 2021. The women were randomly assigned to two groups with a block size of four, including the intervention group that practiced sexual yoga techniques and the control group that received information on postpartum recovery and lactation. Both groups completed the Sexual Quality of Life-Female Questionnaire and the Female Sexual Function Index before the intervention, as well as one month, two months, and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by R software using the independent sample t-test, analysis of variance, Friedman’s test, and the Chi-square test.

The mean total score for sexual function three months after the intervention in the intervention group showed a significant improvement compared to before the intervention (20.52±7.86 vs. 29.56±3.53, t(34, 0.975), p<0.001). Additionally, the sexual quality of life in the intervention group significantly improved after three months of intervention compared to the control group (99.94±10.62 vs. 76.83±20.23, t(34, 0.975), p<0.001).

Yoga practices enhance the sexual function and sexual quality of life of women following vaginal delivery.

Bean anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important bean diseases in Iran. In this study, the presence of disease resistance genes was investigated using SCAR primers in 12 Iranian bean cultivars. Also, disease symptoms were evaluated based on the disease severity index in the greenhouse condition. Amplification of SCAR markers SAS13, SY20, SZ04 and SB12 indicated the presence of Co-42, Co-4, Co-6 and Co-9 resistant genes respectively. Cultivars Akhtar, Derakhshan, Almas, Talash and Koosha contained Co-42, Co-4 and Co-6 resistance gene revealed by amplification of SBB14, SC08 and SZ20 markers accordingly. Co-42 gene was detected in Goli and Naz cultivars and Co-4 and Co-42 genes were present in Pak, Sadri and Khomein cultivars. Co-42 gene that is linked to SH18 marker was observed in Dorsa and Shokofa cultivars. The presence of Co-2 resistance gene was observed only in Almas cultivar. Co-5 gene linked to SAB3 marker was only observed in the related differential cultivars. Phenotypic evaluation for disease symptoms showed that out of 12 cultivars studied, four (Naz, Almas, Dorsa and Shokofa) showed resistance reaction and two (Akhtar and Goli) were moderately resistant. Based on the disease severity index, these cultivars were considered relatively resistant. Simultaneous analysis of molecular and phenotypic data showed that only the two markers of SQ4 and SH18 succeeded in band amplification in resistant cultivars Diamond, Shokofa and Dorsa. The results of this study will be of help in producing resistant bean cultivars to anthracnose disease by resistance gene pyramiding.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen the cause of listeriosis that has long-term survival due to biofilm formation. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of nisin 102 IU/ml, nisin encapsulated with chitosan and sodium alginate on biofilm formation and changing the expression level of genes related to biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (serotype 4b) was treated by nisin 102 IU/ml and microencapsulated nisin with chitosan and sodium alginate solutions. The effectiveness of nisin on cell survival was estimated by calculating the optical absorbance. After proving the presence of prfA, sigB, and agrA genes, the effect of 102 IU/ml nisin dilution on L. monocytogenes biofilm was investigated by the microtiter plate method. The expression level of prfA, sigB, and agrA genes was analyzed using real-time PCR methods (qRT-PCR). The inhibition rate of biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes by nisin 102 IU/ml was 57% at 37°C and pH 5.5. The maximum inhibition of biofilm formation was related to the simultaneous use of nisin 102 IU/ml with chitosan and sodium alginate at 37°C and pH 5.5. Nisin microencapsulated with chitosan and sodium alginate can increase its effectiveness in preventing the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes to 76% (p<0.0001). Nisin 102 IU/ml decreased the expression level of prfA, sigB, and agrA by -2.313, -2.808, and -1.453-fold compared to the control (p<0.0001). Nisin only had significant inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes biofilm. Nisin microencapsulated with chitosan and sodium alginate had high efficacy in preventing the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes.

This research was performed to determine the effect of inoculation of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil available water (SAW) and glomalin concentration under drought and salinity stresses according to a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included two plant species Atriplex canescens and Haloxylon ammodendron with inoculation of two fungal species Glomus geosporum and Glomus mosseae plus two levels of salinity stress at 7 and 14 dS m-1, and two levels of drought stress including maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of 50 and 80%. After one year of treatments, plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR), integral water capacity (IWC), total and easily extractable glomalin concentration and soil organic carbon (SOC) content were measured. Results indicated a significant increase in SOC, glomalin concentration, PAW, LLWR, and IWC by increasing the salinity level in treatments inoculated with G. mosseae and G. geosporum. The highest percentages of increase in PAW (147%), LLWR (140%) and IWC (85%) as compared with control were observed under combined salinity and low drought treatment (14 dS cm-1 + MAD of 50%) in A. canescens inoculated by G. geosporum. The highest concentrations of total glomalin and easily extractable glomalin were observed in both plant species under salinity of 14 dS m-1 and severe drought treatment (MAD of 80%) with the inoculation by G. geosporum and G. mosseae. Overall the results of this research indicated a reduction in negative consequences of drought and salinity stresses in the soil under cultivation of A. canescens and H. ammodendron, with application of mycorrhizal fungi.

With age, a person faces many threats, such as developing chronic diseases. Health literacy plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between health literacy and multi-infection based on gender differences in the elderly.

This cross-sectional study was performed on the elderly population over 60 years in Comprehensive Health Center and Health Post at Malekan City, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, in 2018. Four hundred eighty-seven people were sampled by the stratified random sampling method. Demographic and standard health literacy questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, chi-square, and linear regression model by SPSS 26 software.

The mean participants’ age was 64.9±6.5 years. The health literacy level of 63.86% of the participants was insufficient, and only 1.23% of the subjects had excellent health literacy. The rate of multi-infection in women was significantly higher than in men.

The level of health literacy and multi-infection rate in women is higher than in men.

One of the cultivars of table grape in Iran is Vitis vinifera cv. Askari. But the smallness and non-uniformity of berry size have reduced its yield and attractiveness for consumers. Application of gibberellic acid, nutrients such as potassium as well as 2,4-D at the correct time can enhance the plant growth and fruit development. This study aimed to determine the most suitable gibberellic acid, 2,4-D, and potassium resources on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Askari grape. This study was conducted on a research farm, on 30-year-old grapevine vines in the Koshkak region of Fars province of Iran in 2016. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replicates. Gibberellic acid at 50 mg/L, 2,4-D at 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 50 mg/L GA3, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L K2SO4, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L KNO3, 50 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L 2,4-D + 15 g/L KCl and Distilled water as a control were used. The highest berry and cluster weights and lowest soluble solids content and total phenol were obtained in the treatment of 50 mg/L GA3+10 mg/L 2,4-D+15 g/L K2SO4 with mean of 2.58 g, 214 g and 14.25 ᵒBrix and 58.77 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest berry and cluster weights (1.70-118 g) were obtained from the 20 mg/L 2,4-D treatment. Also, the highest soluble solids content and anthocyanin were obtained from treatment of 20 mg/L 2,4-D with an average of 18.5 ᵒBrix and 41.71 mg/kg, respectively. Results have shown that the use of 50 mg/L of GA3 with 10 mg/L 2,4-D and the use of potassium sources, especially K2SO4 increased the yield and uniformity of the cluster and berry size.

Digitalization of education is considered  as  a major reforming in higher education. E-learning programs are increasingly seen as a way to reform in medical sciences education, giving access to ongoing learning and training without any time or geographical barriers.
Technology is a powerful tool for effective teaching and deep learning. Therefore, the aim of this paper is evaluate e-learning maturity and rank e-learning dimensions in medical sciences. This applied, descriptive- survey research has been done in two phases in 2018. In the first phase e-learning dimensions of Michael Marshall Model were ranked by a panel of e-learning experts including ten members and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method is used in this regards. In the second phase, e-learning maturity was evaluated in the target population by calculating weight of models ´dimension (first phase output). The survey sample population consisted of 365 students of medical science Universities in Shiraz and Tehran that were selected by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using one sample t test, kolmogorov and Smirnov through SPSS. according to the experts opinion by AHP planning and management as 2 dimensions of e- learning (0.32, 0.28) had respectively higher weight among other e-learning dimensions and by considering T-value (4.53,3.19,4.22,5.51,4.16) 5 basic E-learning processes (Learning(0.001), Development(0.019), Support (0.002), Evaluation(0.00) and Organization(0.002)) are located in acceptable level in medical education (Sig.<0.05) but delivery dimension of learning (0.067) and optimization dimension of organization (0.055) aren't located in acceptable level. based on results, medical universities have true movement toward deployment of effective e-learning in medical education. The weights of dimensions (the importance of planning and management) and detailed results showed, at first policymakers who work in the area of e-learning should be aware of the role of standardization and optimization. Understanding the importance of continuous improvement may help managers and policymakers to manage e-learning activities more effectively.

The Internet of Things is a system of connected physical objects that are accessible through the internet. It has been widely applied to connect available medical resources and provide reliable, effective and smart healthcare services to people. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify and rank the internet of things in healthcare services. In this applied research, conducted in 2018, a mixed-method approach was used. In the qualitative phase, library resources and in the quantitative phase, a pairwise comparison questionnaire were used. A panel of experts consisting of seven members ranked the internet of things services. An interval type-2 fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method was used for ranking the services. The results revealed the importance of chronic disease management, indirect emergency services
fall detection, patient profile, adverse drug reaction, children health information in the internet of things healthcare services. Policymakers working in the field of the internet of things should be aware of its role in saving human lives. Moreover, investment in the internet of things can help monitor aging people, patients and children. Understanding the importance and ranking of internet of things services may help managers and policymakers manage healthcare sectors more effectively.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide public health problem with direct impact on food safety.Salmonella is an important cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans, and diarrhea and sometimes septicemiain animals. Integrons are genetic elements that recognize and capture mobile gene cassettes, which usuallyencode antimicrobial drug resistance determinants. Integrons are usually found in association with transposonsand plasmids. The study included 31 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates collected in Iran, in 2012. The isolates wererecovered from animal sources. All samples were assessed by culture method and standard biochemical tests fordiagnosis of Salmonella strains. After DNA extraction the presence of intI1 and Sul1 genes were examined byPCR. The most common resistance phenotypes were to cefalothin (100%), ampicillin (54/8%), chloramphenicol(51/6%), tetracycline (45/1%), sulfamethoxazole (41/9%), amoxicillin / clavulanate (38/7%). The intI1 gene wasfound in (47%) and (42/8%) and the sul1 gene in (35/2%) and (35/7%) of Salmonella isolates from livestock andpoultry respectively. Integron positive isolates had higher resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillinsulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin / clavulanate compared with integron negative isolates. The ability of Integronsto integrate resistance gene to antimicrobial agents improves the diffusion of antibiotic resistance.

One of the recommended ways in organizing the information in the websites is the application of Meta Tags. The application of a variety of Meta Tags can affect the precision rate of search engines retrieval. They can also promote the rank of a website. The purpose of the study was to investigate the structure of libraries websites based on Meta Tags in medical science universities in Iran.

This descriptive survey was carried out on 31 websites that included 342 web pages. Data was collected by a checklist and analyzed by SPSS.

Title meta tags (98. 53%) and Charset meta tags (89. 47%) among 15 meta tag types had the most usage and refresh meta tag had the least usage. Usage of keyword and descriptive meta tags were 55. 6% and 55. 2%، respectively. Generally، 100% websites under investigation used one type of meta tags.

Title، Charest، Robot، Keyword and Descriptive meta tags received more attention from the designers of central libraries. But Googlebot، Refresh، Expire and cache Meta Tags received less attention. Librarians’ participation in creating library websites and the application of meta tags will play important role in electronic information retrieval.

Abstract Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a most common disorder of premenopausal women that affected 95% of reproductive age women. This syndrome was diagnosed by recurrent psychological and behavioral and physical symptoms in premenstrual cycle that disappeared one or two days after menstruation. According to previous research, vitamin E has beneficial effects on reduction of PMS symptoms such pain, mastalgia, carbohydrate craving, irritability, and anxiety. To evaluate the effect of vitamin E on PMS and hypothesis beneficial effects of high dose vitamin E on PMS. This is a triple blind randomized study which was performed on 79 students that they were not any disease. Diagnosis of syndrome according to the American Psychiatry Association (APA) includes one psychological and physical symptom from common symptoms of PMS. 250 students of medical science of Iran university completed PMS questionnaire for three cycle of menstruation. Then 79 subjects affected by PMS allocated randomly to two groups of vitamin E (400 UI) and placebo (500 mg starch powder).They completed rating scale of PMS in one week before menses with drug for three cycle of menstruation. Data was analyzed by pair-t-test and independent- t-test. severity of syndrome in vitamin E group was reduced in comparison with result before treatment their difference was significant (p≤0.0001). Placebo caused reduction in PMS symptom in comparison with result before treatment, and their difference was significant. (p≤0.0001). But there were no statistically significant differences between two treatment groups in severity of syndrome. (p≥ 0.05) According to this study 400UI vitamin E caused effective treatment of PMS but was not rather than placebo. More studies in this field can be recommended to compare several different dose of vitamin E on severity of PMS. Also we recommended change of placebo, because carbohydrates can effect on PMS.

In this study, two kinds of packages namely tinplate (TP) can and flexible pouch were used for black cherry in syrup. Samples were taken in the same condition in these two packages. Other variables were temperature (4 levels) 4, 23, 35 and 40°C and time (4 levels) 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after preparation of the samples. Samples were digested according to the approved method of AOAC (AOAC, 1990). The total concentrations of Iron, Tin and lead, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of Iron, Tin and Lead was 4/858 ppm, 38/459 ppb, 38/459ppb in TP cans and 3/161 ppm, 387/978ppb, 33/993 ppb in flexible pouches. Statistical analysis showed that at %5 probability level, the mean value of Iron content of the product packed in TP cans were significantly higher than the control the same was true about both lead and Tin content. However, this trend was not proved in flexible pouches. Furthermore, temperature had a significant effect on the metal content of the samples.

The Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have been described by a number of previous studies, but very little information is available on this issue in Iran. This study aimed to delineate the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of Iranian patients hospitalized with CHF.

During an observational, analytical, descriptive, cross-sectional study, 258 consecutive patients were interviewed and examined at 5 hospitals in Yazd, Iran from January to December 1999.Questionnaire comprised of information regarding etiology, signs, symptoms, paraclinical data, etc. Results were analyzed by SPSS9.01 and EPI6 programs using ANOVA, Chi-Square and T-TEST and reported as Mean ± SD.

The study population had a high mean age (67.59 ± 0.73), 0.8% were less than 35 years old and 70.80% were older than 65 years. Mortality rate due to heart failure was 7.5%. Major causes of CHF were ischemia (65.1%), valvular lesions (5.8%), cardiomyopathy (5%) and hypertensive heart diseases (4.6%). Mean number of hospitalizations per year was 2.2 ± 0.1, while mean hospitalization time was 7.25 ± 3.8 days and mean cost was 1122439 ± 89874.8 rials.

Even though many background and aggravating factors of heart failure are preventable, this disease incurs a lot of expenditure on our country’s health system. Therefore, there is a requirement for programming and research in the fields of education, treatment and prevention of this disease for all members of the community.

Organizing the human resource aspects, and also creating a suitable & compact structure in Educational & Medical Centers ha:- ahvays ~een one of the mai:1 goals resource in Educationa: & IvIedical Centers related to IUI'IS, in compare with standard functional criteria. This descriptive study ,vas performed by designing some question forms" (Quizes), and also by using available document, such as descriptive structure. At first, after producing the necessary information, an standard critetion sample was develoned to shmv the emplovment situation of each center individually. and 1 .• .I .I' main jobs (key jobs) to suppo!"tive jobs are not compatible, according to standard levels.

The present research done in a survey method aims at estimating the amount of pharmacology students' and assistants' accessibility to requierd articles through the libraries of Iran pharmacology colleges. During a one month period, bibliographic information of 882 articles that were needed by the participants were gathered. Statistical methods used were descriptive- analytical in which t-test was used to measure the variations. Results showed that 54.8% of the participants used medline to do their research, and also 46.5% of them did the search to accomplish their thesis papers.78.95% of subjects prepared the articles through their own college libraries. The means of the accessibility to articles'fulltexts in the libraries were estimated as : tehran pharmacology college (32.4%) , shahid beheshti pharmacology college (15.86% ),isfahan pharmacology college (18.7%), tabriz pharmacology college 17.80 percent, shiraz pharmacology college 3.37% and 0.99 percent for sari pharmacology college. It was also specified that the mean of access to articles' fulltexts was 28.88% through colleges in cities which was less than the amount of access through Tehran pharmacology college(32.49C). The outcomes also indicated an increase (38.74%) in the average of access of people under im·estigation who searched through the libraries of Iran's pharmacological colleges. The accessibility percentage through pro quest medical library cds was (4.19) Yhi_c it was (20.7) for ADONIS CDs. Finally . the results showed that the average of access to articles' fulltexts :r:rough the libraries of Iran pharmacology college , pro quest and ADONIS CDs was (-+8.82) percent.

The present study aims to investigate the level of efficacy of university educations from the viewpoints of graduates employed in training and treatment centers. It is a descriptive study and data are collected using questionnaires distributed among respondents and also via the presence of researcher among respondents. Data were analyzed by different tables. Subjects of study were graduates of Kardani (who had passed two years of higher education) and bachelors employed in training and treatment centers. Subjects were 51. The results of study showed that:1. Most individuals were moderately aware of their occupations at first (64%) and increased their awareness after some experiences in their occupations (94%). This increase displays that trainings during educational period is very important, and that trainings must be more rich and informative.
2. Most respondents stipulated that for the courses they have passed, they did not have suitable curriculum resource (59%), so there must be an endeavor to supply these resources.
3. Some of the courses were highly efficient and should be more developed and informative. These courses are: physiology and anatomy, general medicine, medical records, pharmacy, medical expressions, encoding in patients, and apprenticeship