fahimeh nourbakhsh

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a type of pathogenic bacteria that causes listeriosis infection. This facultative anaerobic bacterium is able to survive in the presence and absence of oxygen and is the cause of a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. Consumption of contaminated dairy products, meat and vegetables is the most important source of contamination. There are limited studies of the antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes species. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the frequency and level of resistance in the evaluated samples. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 different samples were randomly collected from different regions of Isfahan province. The samples included 60 samples of meat, 40 samples of dairy products (including milk, cheese, etc.) and 50 samples of vegetables (including leek, watercress, radish and basil). The serotyping of the isolated strains was done using the commercial O and H antisera of Listeria monocytogenes and according to the manufacturer's instructions, using slide agglutination method and antibiotic resistance evaluation. Standard PCR method was used to detect ermA, ermB, strA, tetS, tetA and ermC genes in the strains. Based on the serological reaction, somatic antigens O and flagella H of Listeria monocytogenes with the corresponding antisera, most Listeria species (70%) belong to serotype 1.2a and the rest from serotype 1.2b (19%) and 4b (11 %) They were. The results of the microbial investigation showed that the highest drug resistance was related to streptomycin (89%) and the lowest drug resistance in the evaluated isolates was related to ampicillin (14%) and chloramphenicol (13%). The most evaluated genes were related to strA gene and ermA gene, with frequencies of 79.8% and 65.4%, respectively. The prevalence of other Listeria monocytogenes genes evaluated in this study included tetA (17%), tetS (2.5%), ermB (10.7%) and ermC (2.1%).

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The effectiveness of noscapine has been employed as a helpful treatment for various disorders and subjected to recent theoretical breakthroughs. Psoriasis-like lesions were induced by topical application of 5% imiquimod (IMQ) (10 mg/cm2 of skin) in male Balb/c mice and then medicated with a single oral dose of methotrexate (MET) as a positive control or daily oral treatment of noscapine (5, 15 and 45 mg/kg). In this way, skin inflammation intensity, psoriatic itchiness, psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, ear length, thickness, and organ weight were daily measured. At the end of the study, histological and immunohistochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA, for pro-/anti-inflammatory factors) were performed in each ear. IMQ caused psoriasis-like lesions. Noscapine markedly alleviated macroscopic parameters, namely ear thickness, ear length, skin inflammation, itching, and organ weight, as well as microscopic parameters including, pathology and Ki67 and p53, and tissue immunological mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), interferon-g (IFN-g), IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23p19 in the psoriatic skin in a concentration manner (p<0.05-<0.001). Therefore, noscapine with good pharmacological properties has considerable effects on psoriasis inflammation.

Escherichia coli produces Shiga toxin, an important pathogen in foodborne disease, and several outbreaks of food-related bacteria are known worldwide. Contamination with this organism cause watery diarrhea and dysentery. In this study, 400 samples of fish and shrimp were provided from the Boushehr province, and it has been proved the existence of E. coli by microbiological and molecular examination. For studying stx1, stx2, and eaeA genes, was used at special pair primers. Escherichia coli did not separate in packaged samples, but in unpackaged samples, E. coli was separated in 35 samples out of 200 fish samples (17.5%) and 10 samples out of 50 shrimp samples (20%). After Multiplex PCR examination in the presence of special primers at separated isolations of fish, bonds stx1, stx2, and eaeA genes were not found in any samples. It was observed bond of stx1 and eaeA genes at two isolation (20%) and a bond of stx1, stx2, and eaeA at one isolation (10%). At the same time, it has been observed that just 1 sample (33.33%) of the stx1 gene separated E. coli isolation of shrimp. In this research and past studies, it has been proved that the frequency of the stx1 gene is more than the stx2 gene. Therefore, stx1 is a dominant genetic pattern. Considering that the maximum excretion of these bacteria will be done during summer and early fall, the low frequency of these bacteria could be related to the sampling during the spring season.

Bacteriocins produced by bacteria have antimicrobial properties and are used to preserve food. In recent studies, special attention has been paid to these bacteria in order to use them as food preservatives. In this study, 100 chicken meat samples were analyzed after bacterial isolation and definitive diagnosis in the presence of specific primers related to enterocin genes. The gene related to enterocin A was in 17 isolates (32.07%), the gene related to enterocin P was in 16 isolates (30.18%), the gene related to enterocin As-48 was in 11 isolates (21%). The simultaneous presence of several genes with each other was observed in 10 isolates (18.86%), so that the gene related to enterocins A and P in 3 isolates (9.43%), enterocins A and As48 in 2 isolates (3.77%). The gene related to enterocins A, P and As48 was observed in 3 isolates (5.66%). Considering the presence of a relatively large number of enterocin genes in Enterococcus faecalis isolates isolated from chicken meat, conducting research to investigate the antimicrobial properties of enterocins produced by this bacterium seems necessary.

The therapeutic effects of the olibanum, the resin of Boswellia serrata (B. serrata) from Burseracea family in inflammatory disease have been reported. There are more than 200 active ingredients in this resin including Boswellic acid (BA). We are proposed that aqueous extract of Boswellia Serrata can improve memory impairment induced by cerebral inflammation result in administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

In the current study, the neuroprotective effects of aqueous extract of Boswellia Serrata were investigated against LPS -induced spatial memory disorders in rats. In this study, after treatment of rat with LPS, brain toxicity induction was performed and finally, the behavioral tests were evaluated. Following cerebral inflammation induction and treatment, learning and memory performance and biochemistry tests were assessed in all groups.

LPS administration increased the duration and distance to find the platform in the Morris water maze (MWM) test in compare to control group in 5 days (P<0.05 to P<0.001) while, LPS decreased the latency to enter to the dark compartment after receiving the sock in passive avoidance (PA) test (P<0.001). Pretreatment with both doses of aqueous extract of Boswellia Serrata enhanced performances of the rats in MWM (P<0.05 to P<0.01) and PA test (P<0.01 to P<0.001). LPS also increased hippocampus IL-6, MDA levels (P<0.001).

Aqueous extract of Boswellia Serrata can be used as an effective drug in memory impairment caused by LPS-induced inflammation.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most important opportunistic enteric bacteria and is a major cause of pneumonia and urinary tract infection. In addition, the serotype capsules of K1 and K2 can cause intense diseases. Further, the acquisition of plasmid that codes the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) confers K. pneumoniae resistance on a number of broad-spectrum antibiotics posing a global public health problem. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify 120 K. pneumoniae isolates that were detected from infected wound samples in Isfahan hospitals in Iran.

Capsular serotypes and antibiotic resistance genes were studied in 120 isolates of K. pneumoniae from different clinical cases in Isfahan, Iran. To this end, the frequency of resistance genes at the presence of specific primers was examined and all resistant isolates were tested for the detection of capsular serotypes genes using special primers.

The results demonstrated that 120 isolates had serotype K2 with the redundancy of 78% and most cases had serotype K5 with the redundancy of 63%. Based on the results, aac (3)-IV gene was observed in most isolates with the redundancy of 54.1% and tetA with the redundancy of 75.86%. In this study, the highest resistance belonged to ceftazidime (74.3%), ciprofloxacin (78.5%), and tetracycline (72). Furthermore, the results revealed that serotype K2 is one of the most important serotypes of K. pneumonia. Finally, there seems to be a strong relationship between the presence of integron and increased resistance to different antibiotics.

In general, this was the first extensive study regarding the distribution and antimicrobial resistant profile of K. pneumoniae and related genes. Therefore, the continued monitoring of the antimicrobial resistance establishment of a surveillance system is urgently needed to prevent further dissemination in Iran.

Based on the results, Staphylococcus aureus is one of the serious infectious agents found in community and hospitals with remarkable potential for high morbidity and mortality around the globe. The present study was carried out for molecular investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec (SCCmec) phenotypes isolated from the intensive care unit in Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra hospital of Isfahan.

A total of 76 clinical wound samples were collected from Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Isfahan and evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening was performed by genotypic and phenotypic methods; also antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by using the disk diffusion method and related genes by PCR.

Totally, 53 (69.7%) out of 76 clinical samples were positive for MRSA. Of the 76 MRSA strains, 39 (63.51%) were PVL positive (51.3%). The most commonly infected samples were collected from wounds (40.8%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were mecA (89.61%), tetK (88.23%), tetM (49.15%) and msrA (46.93%). Resultantly, it was shown that MRSA has the highest level of resistance against methicillin (98%), penicillin (97.24%), tetracycline (89.64%). It was also revealed that the most commonly detected SCCmec types in the MRSA strains are types II (14.53%) and III (16.82%).

In summary, this paper argues that the orderly surveillance of hospital-associated infections and initial management and supervision of the antibiotic resistance patterns are required to control the prevalence of MRSA.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines. Nowadays Silybum marianum has been shown to treat liver and gall bladder disorders, especially to protect the liver against poisoning from various toxins. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the protective effect of silymarin on LPS-induced liver toxicity in male Wistar rat.

Totally, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10 in each): The animals were treated with silymarin for two weeks before the biochemical tests. Apoptosis was assessed by evaluating the amount of proteins in liver tissues by western blotting.

LPS induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by histopathological damages and biochemical abnormalities. Data showed that malondialdehyde level significantly increases in the liver of LPS-treated rats. Destructive effects of LPS on histopathological and biochemical parameters were improved. LPS also increased expression of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and activation of caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9. Western blot analysis showed silymarin treatment inhibiting apoptosis stimulated by LPS in the liver (p<0.001).

The results of this research demonstrated that silymarin can exert protective effects against toxic effects of LPS in rat liver. Anti-inflammatory drug can play a protective role in attenuating the liver inflammation induced by LPS injection.

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an important fumigant, a commendable and very effective outdoor and indoor insecticide. AlP, locally named “rice tablet”, is widely used to protect rice. As soon as taking a very small amount of an AlP tablet, phosphine vaporizes due to the exposure to the air and affects different kinds of organs. Although, in most cases, clinical history can help making the final diagnosis, analytical tests such as gas chromatographic method in post-mortem specimens and survivors have been developed to measure the level of phosphine and to distinguish between ZnP and AlP poisoning.
AlP poisoning management should be started quickly. In addition to supportive therapy, various antioxidant agents, as candidate protective factors, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), melatonin, glutathione, magnesium, β-carotene, and vitamin C and E have also been recommended to decrease oxidative damage and cardiotoxicity due to the limited antioxidant defense systems.
The present study highlights the fact that Antioxidant therapy in severe ALP poisoning confers different survival benefits. This literature review showed that the administration of antioxidant therapy in addition to the supportive treatment may decrease the mortality rate and could be considered in the treatment of acute AlP poisoning in combination with other therapeutic protocols.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important bacterium, also one of the 40 species related to the Staphylococcus family. It can be found in the human normal body flora, commonly on the skin, and less commonly on mucosal flora. In the cross-sectional study, we were isolated samples according to the laboratories standards, and S. epidermidis identification were collected for 1 year, 90 S. epidermidis from urinary tract infections of children were selected from educational hospitals in Isfahan, (Iran). In this way, we use the Kirby–Bauer method. S. epidermidis isolates were collected for determined biofilm producing method, with culturing in (Congo red agar) medium and microplate titration. The results reveal that 45 methicillin resistance S. epidermidis isolates produce biofilm in different levels. The high resistance was for methicillin (50%), erythromycin (43.5%), ciprofloxacin (50.2%), and penicillin (46.9%). The lowest resistance was for linezolid (4%) and nitrofurantoin (5%). The results of our study show the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and biofilm producing of S. epidermidis strains, especially, in methicillin resistance S. epidermidis strains in the Isfahan hospitals, which could be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

  Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive pathogen which causes a wide range of infections. The present study aimed to investigate genotypic and phenotypic screening about biofilm formation in S. aureus isolated from wound infections in a diabetes clinic in Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA) hospital. A total of 267 clinical samples were collected from various types of wound infections in the diabetes clinic of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA) hospital, Isfahan, Iran. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were selected and biofilm formation and its related genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 95 out of 132 samples were MRSA. The high resistance was seen to methicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and penicillin. Phenotypic results showed that 48.3% of the isolates were high biofilm producers, 29.1% were average biofilm producers, and 10.6% were low biofilm producers. According to the results of this study, the expression levels of biofilm-associated genes significantly increased, and high prevalence of antibiotic resistance was one of the important reasons for the development of drug resistance in patients.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an important multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen frequently causing various nosocomial infections and is a serious threat to burn patients. These infections are usually caused by the outbreak strains. The aim of this study was to show antibiotic resistance pattern and molecular typing of A. baumannii genes isolates collected from burn patients and also distribution of different types of burn patients. In this study, 307 different strains were detected. Totally 100 A. baumannii strain was selected in burn center of Isfahan hospital. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). The presence of genes coding in antibiotic resistance were analyzed by using multiplex-PCR method. The standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and A. baumannii ATCC 19606 were used as negative and positive controls. The antibiotic resistance pattern for A. baumannii showed high resistance for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and tetracycline with frequency of 82.5%, 75.3%, 72%, respectively. Moreover, the most sensitive antibiotics were chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin with the resistance frequency of 3.9% and 2.8%. CITM (91.1%) was the highest detected gene. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance pattern among A. baumannii isolated from burn center hospitals indicates the important role of multidrug resistant isolates.

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen and major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The current study aimed at investigating the frequency of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene as a serious virulence factor causing WBC destruction.
Collectively, 100 species of S. aureus were isolated from Isfahan, Iran, hospitals and confirmed by biochemical tests (coagulase, mannitol fermentation, and DNase). The antibiotic resistance patterns were studied by the disk diffusion method.
Out of the 100 isolates, 56.2% were PVL positive of which 19.8% from abscess, 51.7% from wound, 23.2% from bedsore, and 5.3% from tracheal secretion. Among the detected isolates, 87.8% were resistant to methicillin.
The current study showed the high frequency of PVL in wound strains. Further studies are required to understand the distribution of these virulent isolates in order to decrease the risk of infection. High quality hospital cares as well as new antibiotics is required to combat the multidrug resistant bacteria.

Aims: Brucellosis is one of the important infectious factors in most areas of Iran and other developing countries. Brucellosis has different clinical manifestations and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases. The aims of this study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical findings of the brucellosis in patients based on blood culture and serological tests.
In this cross-sectional study, 190 brucellosis patients admitted in Isfahan Hospital in 2016–2017 that were studied based on positive immunological tests such as Wright, 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples of blood were cultured (BACTEC) and incubated at 37°C for 5 days and then on Brucella agar. In addition, clinical and laboratory characteristics of brucellosis were done. The patients who had brucellosis (Coombs test ≥1/80 and 2ME ≥1/40) were selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package.
About 62.5% of patients were female with mean age of 37.5% years. 54.8% of cases were living in urban and 45.2% in rural areas. The most contagious seasons were spring. The most common transmission way was consuming of contaminated dairy products (59.3%); however, some of the patients had a history of animal contacts. The most common symptoms were fever (65.2%), arthralgia (68.1%), sweating (32%), malaise and fatigue (37.2%). The most common clinical signs were fever and peripheral arthritis. High leukocytosis and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>20 mm/h) were reported in all of the cases. Elevated C-reactive protein was detected in 72.1% of patients.
Brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with prolonged fever, spondylitis, or peripheral arthritis in endemic areas.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant nosocomial pathogen around the world, especially in the intensive care unit that most A. baumannii infections are caused by the outbreak strains.
This study has been performed in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, aimed to detect integron classes I, II, III and molecular typing of A. baumannii genes.
In this Cross-sectional study, Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from 150 patients in Isfahan hospitals then antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). The presence of genes coding in antibiotic resistance and integrons class I, II, III were analyzed by using of M-PCR method. The data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fischer’s test and SPSS statistical software version 16.
Antibiotic resistance pattern for Acinetobacter baumannii show that the high resistance was for ciprofloxacin with frequency of 98.3%, ceftazidime with 89.4%, and tetracycline with frequency of 87.3%. The most sensitive antibiotics were chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin with frequency of 3.5% and 3.2% resistance. The detection of dfrA1 (63.7%), sul1 (68.6%), aac (3)-IV (54.4%), tet (B) (22.4%), tet (A) (78.3%), aadA1 (15.4%), CITM (17. %), vim (12.2%), Qnr (17.1%), blaSHV (19.8%), sim (7.8%), Oxa-24-like (13.2%), Oxa-51-like (11.9%), Oxa-58-like (39.4%), Oxa-23-like (12.6%), imp (9.2%), cmlA (19%) and cat1 (8.6%) were respectively reported too. Also in this study Frequency of integrons class 1, 2, 3 were (100%), (28%), (6.6%) respectively.
High prevalence of integrons among Acinetobater baumannii isolated from Isfahan hospitals indicate the importance role of integron classes in multidrug resistance. Considering the increasing pattern of MDR infections is one of the important issues of treatment which can be effective strategy for curing.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic and gram-negative coccobacillus. This opportunistic pathogen infectivity, especially in the intensive care units of hospitals is extensive worldwide. Due to the incremental pattern of antibiotic resistance, this study was carried out to track the Class I, II and III integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized cases in medical centers (Shahrekord, Iran).
In this cross-sectional study A. baumannii isolates (n=100) detected from hospitalized patients in various wards of hospitals and health centers of Shahrekord in first six months of 2015 and antibiotic resistance pattern were determined by disk diffusion method. The presence of genes coding class I, II and III integrons were investigated using M-PCR method.
Among the 100 A. baumannii studied isolates, the highest and the least resistance was seen for the of Cefepime (89%), Ciprofloxacin (95.4%) Ceftazidime (91.3%); and Chloramphenicol (3.7%) and Nitrofurantoin (2.9%) antibiotics, respectively. The frequency of Class I, II and III integrons was 100%, 44% and 3%, respectively.
The high incidence of integron classes among A. baumannii strains reflects the special roles of integrons in the acquisition pattern of multiple antibiotic resistance from isolates. Thus, providing the precautionary measures to prevent arbitrary use of antibiotics is suggested.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the effective factors causing nosocomial infections. This study was performed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern in the methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains isolated from clinical samples in Isfahan Province.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 isolates of S. epidermidis were isolated from detected from the patients hospitalized in hospitals and treatment centers of Isfahan City. The antibiotic resistance pattern was evaluated by disk diffusion method. The presence of the gene encoding antibiotic resistance to methicillin (mec A) in the isolates were investigated using PCR method. Data were analyzed with Chi-square and Fisher's exact statistical tests.
In this study, most isolates were related to urinary tract infections. The highest resistance was reported to penicillin (98.9%), erythromycin (89.4%), ciprofloxacin (77.7%), clindamycin (65.9%), tetracycline (63.2%), and meticillin (54%). None of the strains showed resistance to vancomycin and linezolid. Molecular studies indicated the presence of mecA gene in 76% of the studied isolates.
According to the results of this study, vancomycin and linezolid antibiotics can be the best choice of treatment for infections caused by S. epidermidis. Also, high resistance of S. epidermidis can be a serious warning for increased multiple antibiotic resistance. Molecular studies are indicative of high sensitivity of molecular methods in the investigation of methicillin-resistant isolates.

Biofilm formation is one of the pathogenicity factors of Staphylococcus aureus that can help the bacteria to stick to the other surface and also increase antibiotic resistance pattern. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic indices for formating biofilm in Staphylococcus aureus isolates isolated from infectous samples.
250 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital infections were selected. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by using disk diffusion method. The ability of biofilm formation was investigated by molecular and phenotypic method.
In this study, 73.5% of isolates were able to bind strongly, 5.33% had the ability of medium connection and 15.4% had the ability of weak connection in biofilm production. The frequency of icaC and icaB genes were 67.3% and 63.2%, respectively. 92.2% of biofilm producing isolates have mecA gene.
The spread of antibiotic resistance in isolates especially isolates that produce biofilm will create serious problems in the hospital therapeutic wards.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important pathogens around the world. The present investigation was carried out to study the distribution of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec (SCCmec) types and antibiotic resistance properties in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Isfahan hospitals.
A total of 250 clinical specimens were collected from three major Isfahan hospitals. The samples were cultured, and biofilm producer isolates were subjected to several polymerase chain reaction methods. The patterns of antibiotic resistance were studied using the disk diffusion method.
In the present study, 110 out of 250 samples (44%) were found to be positive for Staphylococcus aureus, and all the isolates produced the biofilm in different levels. The most commonly infected samples were collected from wounds (44.5%). The incidence of mecA, tetK, ermA, ermC, tetM, aacA-D, linA, msrA, vatA, vatC and vatB antibiotic resistance genes were 93.6%, 34.84%, 28.20%, 29.30%, 21.87%, 18.71%, 9.48%, 8.65%, 7.18%, 4.43% and 3.71%, respectively. The distribution of SCCmec III (42) was found to be the most type out of 103 mec positive strains.
In the prsent study, the highest resistance belonged to methicillin (90.2%), erythromycin (89.7%), ciprofloxacin (89.5%) and penicillin (88%) and the lowest resistance was reported for vancomycin (10%) and nitrofurantoin (8%). These infections with these strains require more advanced hospital care with an emerging demand for the novel antibiotics.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens that cause disease and death in humans and animals in Iran and around the world. This study was conducted to detect antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in S. aureus strains isolated from patients admitted to Isfahan hospitals during 2014-2015. In this cross-sectional study, S. aureus isolates were collected from patients referred to the health centers in Isfahan Province, Iran. The isolates were separated using the laboratory standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined using the disk-diffusion method. Furthermore, the presence of genes responsible for antibiotic resistance including tet M, tet K, and mec A were investigated using the multiplex-polymerase chain reaction method. Phenotypic evaluation showed that the highest antibiotic resistance was seen for methicillin (90.2%), erythromycin (89.7%), ciprofloxacin (89.5%), penicillin (88%), tetracycline (82.4%), and gentamycin (75.8%) and the lowest resistance level was seen for nitrofurantoin (2%) and vancomycin (10%). Molecular study showed the presence of mec A (93%), tet M (78%) and tet K (21%) in the isolates. The results of this study compared with the results of other studies show an increase in drug resistance of S. aureus isolates.