fakhreddin soltany

The international political economy is built on indicators of reciprocal and multilateral cooperation among actors, with economic interdependence shaping the primary rationale behind their actions. Each actor in this economy fulfills a specific role within the international division of labor. This study seeks to uncover the mechanisms used by the United States to constrain the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the core issue of the Iran-U.S. conflict within an economically interdependent framework. The research question is thus framed as: What mechanisms does the United States employ to limit Iran, particularly in the sphere of political economy, during this era of economic interdependence? It appears that, as the U.S. acts as a balancer for emerging global actors in economics and politics, it employs mechanisms to distort Iran's energy sector, disregarding the broader necessities of the international political economy. This creates challenges for the global economy and regional politics in Iran. Possessing sufficient influence in global policy enables the U.S. to impose restrictions on Iran's monetary, financial, banking, and trade exchanges. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and grounded in the theory of interdependence, this study concludes that economic sanctions on Iran challenge the Islamic Republic's potential for establishing a role in global economics and politics. These sanctions elevate the level of economic threats Iran faces amid economic sanctions and strategic limitations. In this age of economic interdependence and international political economy mechanisms, Iran is confronted with signs of tactical and functional restrictions embodied as economic sanctions. In response, the Islamic Republic has leveraged communicative action mechanisms to minimize the impact of sanctions and strengthen its regional role within international politics.

Following the expansion of competitions from earth to outer space, and increase in the number of space players, the 21st century world sees the expansion of space competitions to the level of regions such as the Middle East. In addition to the changes that have occurred in the position of the great powers in the area of space activities, the confrontation with the emergence of regional players has also given a new shape to space competitions in benefiting from space advantages and influencing in this area and has drawn new space age in a different way. This article, with a pluralistic approach and in a fundamental research, pursues the answer to the question of how space has become an important aspect of the competition of emerging players in the Middle East in the New Space Age? The findings of this research by examining the strategies and latest space activities that reflect the spread of the ambitions of the leading space powers to the newcomers in this area such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Israel, Turkey, Qatar in the Middle East. It shows that these actors, who have taken their first space steps in cooperation with the space powers, are trying to reduce their distance with the space leaders and improve their position in the region through space successes, and the result is a change in the nature of space power.

In the 21st century, international politics has evolved following changes in the structure, actors and procedures. such changes reflect the compound of international politics and new phenomena such as outer space. Furthermore, it challenges theories of international relations ability to explain, describe and predict in a situation where the impact of international politics changes has played a role in the bodies of all of them, and each of them has experienced the emergence, decline or evolution during the first space activities in the early space age and the innovative changes in space technologies and the continuation of activities in the new space age. This article relies on a qualitative approach and theoretical-applied method, seeks to answer this question, what is the status of theories of international relations in dealing with evolving international politics influenced by space technologies? The study of selected theories in dealing with the evolving international politics resulting from their presence and activity in outer space indicates the need to strengthen, modify, or even their failure and an emphasis on the presentation of a new theoretical model that focuses on a range of actors, including material and immaterial structures and consider the processes of virtualization of reality that shape international political developments in the 21st century.

The history of human life has always been one of strife, war and bloodshed from the very beginning. This has caused a lot of financial, psychological and human losses. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been the concern of humanity. This has led many scientists to come up with a number of theories. Some heads of state, government and thinkers speak of peace, a peace in which war, bloodshed and looting are sometimes allowed. But the Prophetic tradition provides important and vital guidelines for resolving wars and conflicts in human societies, which can be followed by managing world societies in the light of peace. In the history of the rule of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the principle has been based on peaceful relations. Of course, jihad cannot be ignored. Imam Jihad was the only tool at that time to protect Muslims from oppression, defend religion, public order, prevent aggression and injustice. Jihad is a kind of defensive war that has become obligatory on Muslims in certain circumstances. By observing and researching the history of the wars and conflicts of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), we see that all these conflicts have been defensive, such as the battle of Hadd and the battle of Badr. Of course, in Islam, precise rules have been set for war, which in its time was unparalleled in terms of human and humanitarian aspects. Such as prisoners' rights, treatment of the injured and killed, treatment of women, children and the elderly. The rules of war in Islam are based on forgiveness, mercy and compassion. There are various theories in this regard, whether the principle in Islam is war or peace? The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used the method of invitation to resolve political disputes at the beginning of Islam. Which was later achieved through negotiation. And these clashes either led to their conversion to Islam or led to agreements and the signing of contracts. Islam is inevitably in favor of war at times; That is, since the other party is not willing to coexist honorably and seeks to trample on human dignity through oppression and aggression - in such circumstances - surrender is not permissible. The political views of Islam in such cases are: peace if the other side is ready and agrees to peace, and war if the other side wants to fight. And we see both scenes in the history of the political life of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). It is also narrated from Imam Ali (as) that he said: “The Prophet sent me to Yemen and said: O Ali! "Do not fight anyone unless you have invited him to Islam." Another method used by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) to resolve disputes was to use common ground. The Prophet (pbuh) used to motivate the opposition to negotiate and agree in principle. They used common ground for peaceful negotiations. The basis of Islam in foreign relations is based on peace. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) also used peace-seeking as an important strategy in foreign and international relations. From the sixth year of AH, they also pursued a peace strategy, the most obvious of which was the peace of Hudaybiyyah. One of the methods of resolving the dispute is mentioned in the Holy Quran in verses 59 to 65 of Surah An-Nisa ', which clearly emphasizes the necessity of referring to the ruler of the divine law during the dispute. To refer to God means to refer to the book and the divine ambassadors means the messenger and the first things. Considering the history in Islam and the time of the rule of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), it can be said that Islam has established peace and peaceful relations between the Islamic State and other states as a necessary principle and war is only an exceptional case. Is counted. Considering the Prophetic tradition, it became clear that in Islamic law, there are at least some solutions such as: invitation, compromise, negotiation, jizyah, which have been given much attention in order to prevent strife and war between Muslims and non-Muslims.