farhad adhami moghadam

A twelve-year-old girl suffering from tuberous sclerosis complex was referred to Basir Eye Clinic, Tehran, Iran, for electrophysiological eye examinations, including visual evoked potential (VEP) and electroretinography (ERG). The patient’s medical history showed that she experienced seizures at the age of ten, for which treatment with vigabatrin was initiated. Her field of vision was abnormal, potentially due to the side effects of vigabatrin. The ERG results were also abnormal.

Orbital fractures are complex facial fractures that require careful treatment to prevent visual complications. One suitable technique for assessing visual pathway disturbances in these patients is visual evoked potential. This study aims to record and analyze visual evoked potentials in patients with orbital fractures in order to improve understanding and treatment of this condition.

Twenty patients with severe orbital fractures and resulting visual impairment in eleven eyes were referred to Basir Eye Clinic for treatment. The patients, mostly males, were between the ages of 15 and 35. In order to assess their visual function, visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded using flash stimulation. The latency (in milliseconds) and amplitude (in microvolts) of the P100 component of the VEP were measured in the patient group and compared to a control group of 11 individuals matched for age and sex who had a healthy visual system.

The mean age of inpatient and healthy groups was respectively 24.25 ± 6.52 and 24.25 ± 6.56. The study included two groups with an equal number of males and females. There, no statistically significant difference in terms of age and sex between the two groups. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) showed a large difference between the two groups, with the patients having only light perception ability while the control group had full vision (10/10). The mean latency for VEP100 peak was 130.36 ± 8 in the case group and 99.63 ± 2.33 in the control group. The mean amplitude was 1.27 ± 0.46 in the case group and 4.27 ± 0.78 in the control group. Both the latency and amplitude of VEP100 peak showed significant differences between the case and control groups (P < 0.001).

Head trauma can result in eye dysfunction, primarily affecting the visual pathway. One way to diagnose this condition is by measuring the latency and amplitude of the VEP p1000 peak.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a disease in the retina of premature infants, which is one of the preventable causes of blindness in children.

the present study is performed with the purpose of determining the prevalence and outcomes of ROP in Iran through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Study design: All original published articles on the prevalence of ROP in premature infants in Iran were included in the study. On the other hand, intervention articles, meta-analysis, case reports, congress articles, medical dissertations, and articles with low quality were excluded from the study.

53 articles were included in the meta-analysis stage. Based on the results, the overall prevalence of ROP in Iran was 22.2% (95% CI: 18.5-26.5); the overall prevalence of the disease in ZONE I was 10.5% (95% CI: 3.0-30.6), the overall prevalence of the disease was 45.5% (95% CI: 33.8-57.8) in ZONE II, and 43.8% (95% CI: 25.1-64.4) in ZONE III. Regarding the stage of the disease, rate of 39.9% (95% CI: 29.2–51.7) was reported in STAGE I, rate of 30.3% (95% CI: 21.8–40.5) in STAGE II, and 14.9% (95% CI: 11.0 -19.9) in STAGE III.

Considering the high prevalence of ROP in premature infants in Iran, it is suggested to take necessary preventive measures in this field.

Excessive emphasis on beauty has caused the growing number of applicants for cosmetic surgery in different countries. These surgeries are mostly done to eliminate people's dissatisfaction with their appearance and in some cases to increase self-esteem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the level of self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of drug effects in people applying for Botox in selected clinics in Tehran. For this purpose, during a cross-sectional descriptive research, 240 Botox applicants were selected by convenience sampling method and evaluated in terms of self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of the drug. The results of regression analysis showed that self-esteem, satisfaction and attitude towards the durability of drug effects do not show a significant relationship between men and women. The results show a significant relationship between self-esteem and satisfaction with botox injection and attitude towards the durability of the drug effect and satisfaction. The results show that the higher the attitude towards the durability of the drug effect, the higher the satisfaction, and the higher the satisfaction, the higher the self-esteem of the people. This research supports the relationship between self-esteem and demand and medical treatment for beauty.

To report a false negative 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) of liver metastasis in a patient with malignant uveal melanoma.

A 74-year-old man with left eye uveal melanoma and liver metastasis that was found seven months after the enucleation surgery.

Seven months post-enucleation surgery, ultrasonography revealed a suspicious hepatic lesion. Further investigation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET scan was recommended. MRI with and without contrast reported mild post-contrast enhancement in the right lobe of the liver, suggestive of metastasis from the known tumor of the patient. 18F-FDG PET/CT surprisingly showed no metabolic evidence of malignancy throughout the body. Finally, the patient was scheduled for an ultrasound-guided biopsy. Pathology reported metastatic malignant melanoma.

It is important to remember not to rely solely on PET/CT since it may report false negative results in liver metastasis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the progressive degenerative disease of the macula and the main cause of blindness in older adults. Various risk factors have been associated with disease progression among different individuals.AMD is affected by different risk factors such as aging, genetic susceptibility, environmental risk factors and lifestyle. Since the etiology of AMD is not fully known, it would be essential to identify disease risk factors and novel predictive risk factors to detect AMD at an early stage.

The expression data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Samples were quantile normalized, and log2 transformed. Furthermore, outlier samples were removed by hierarchical clustering. R limma was used to run a linear model and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). As a result, 33 genes were discovered with a q-value less than 0.05 and a |log (FC)|≥0.7. With a machine learning (ML) approach, DEGs were applied to discriminate between the case and control samples. Furthermore, FeatureSelect is used to extract the most effective separator genes. Nine genes were identified as the best disease discriminator genes through 11 feature selection algorithms.

The gene set found in the study distinguishes healthy samples from patient samples with an accuracy of 87.5 %. We found DEF119B, UBD, and GRP to be three novel potential AMD candidate biomarkers using ML models and feature selection.

Machine learning can be beneficial in diagnosing, preventing and treating diseases, especially in diseases such as AMD that do not have a clear etiology.

The present study aims to investigate the visual evoked potentials in patients with exotropia, a type of ocular deviation in which one or both eyes are deflected outwards.

Twenty-five patients with exotropia aged 6-8 years participated in this study as a case group, and twenty-five age- and sex-matched controls were selected as control. VEP was recorded using the Pattern Reversal checkerboard technique for all participants. Latency (msec) and amplitude (μV) of VEP, P100 peak were measured in both groups.

The mean amplitude of VEP, P100 peak was 2.92 and 7.84 μV in case and control groups, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). The difference in mean latency of the VEP, P100 peak was not statistically significant between the two groups (P = 0.45).

Exotropia is a visual disturbance that affects visual evoked potential P100 peak amplitude, whereas the latency of P100 remains intact.

Retinal detachment (RD), separation of the neurosensory retina away from its underlying layer of support tissue (retinal pigment epithelium), can be a severe eye condition that affects on vision and can lead to blindness if not treated. Understanding the pathological mechanism of RD help us to the treatment of RD patients.

In this study, the gene expression profile was downloaded from the GEO database and were analyzed in the samples of patients with RD and control cases. Then, the STRING online database was used for the reconstruction protein-protein interaction network, and then the important signaling pathways and critical biomarkers involved in RD were assessed by resulting network analysis and extraction of functional modules. Furthermore, we used the miRWalk online database to extract miRNAs related to identified genes. Finally, the DGIdb online database was used for extracting drug-target interactions.

We extracted differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the independent t-test with adj.P.Val<.05 and |log2-fold change|>=2. So, 196 DEGs were obtained for RD (36 and 160 genes were identified as down and upregulated genes, respectively). There is significant evidence that activation of the phototransduction cascade, interferon signaling, immune response, and cytokine signaling in the immune system are involved pathways that have a significant role in RD. as well as our finding indicates that up-regulation of HLA-C, HLA-A, HLA –B and HLA –E involved in the inflammatory response and C1QA, C1QB the members of the complement pathway are strictly correlated with RD. Subsequently, the PPI network was extracted from STRING. This network showed 196 genes and 183 interactions and alsoextracted three functional modules from the PPI network. Then, we used the miRWalk database and extracted 30 miRNAs. Finally, we proposed three miRNAs for the treatment of RD.

Our results indicate activation of some inflammatory signaling and cell death in RD. Hence, we suggested some mRNAs,miRNAs, and drugs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in RD.

Keratoconus is a rare genetic eye disease that affects the cornea. It can be passed down from parents to children, and it’s hard to know exactly how many people have it. But scientists are working on finding the mechanism of development and pathology of this disease. So, discovering gene expression panels and the regulator factors could modulate Keratoconus treatment. As these regulatory factors, Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) in competition with mRNA can interact with microRNAs (miRNAs), regulating gene expression. However, the roles of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks include lncRNAs, miRNAs, and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) remain unclear in Keratoconus. This study was performed to explore novel regulatory networks in Keratoconus disorder.

The mRNA expression profiles were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Candidates differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to investigate miRNA and mRNA, respectively and construct a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network through a comprehensive bioinformatics strategy and analysis.

Through analyzing GSE112155 datasets, 1lncRNA, XIST, was identified. 488 miRNAs and twenty-nine mRNA were obtained as XIST targets from databases that deposit experimental data. So, lncRNA-miRNA- mRNA regulatory network was constructed based on the interactions. Through centralities analysis of the network, top 10 hub nodes (CDKN1A, XIAP, MAPK1, XIST, SP1, AR, LARP1, MACC1, PTEN, EGFR) were discovered. Our data showed that among miRNAs, has-mir-2110 plays key connectivity role in this network. Moreover, by preformed pathway analysis, TGF-beta Signaling Pathway was identified.

Our study provides a novel perspective on the regulatory mechanism of Keratoconus involving Competing for endogenous RNA (ceRNA), including lncRNA, miRNAs, and mRNA

Mercury vapor is a harmful agent affecting the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. The visual system may also be affected due to exposure to mercury vapor. The present study aims to investigate the potential effects of mercury vapor on the retina of the workers exposed to this destructive agent using electroretinography.

Twelve male workers aged 25- 45 years exposed to mercury vapor in different related occupations were selected for the present research work. Electroretinography (ERG) was examined for all participants in the case group. Amplitude (μv) and latency (msec) of ERG b wave were measured for all patient group participants; the same procedure was repeated for 12 participants of matched age and sex with the normal retinal condition. The results obtained in the case and control groups were compared to investigate the differences between the two groups using SPSS Version 22.

No statistically significant differences were found in terms of demographic variables, i.e., age, whereas the two groups were significantly different in terms of BCVA. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the two groups regarding amplitude of ERG b wave (P < 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in terms of latency of ERG b wave between case and control groups (P =0.461).

Results of the present study showed that mercury vapor could affect the retina of workers, which can be measured and diagnosed by the amplitude of ERG, b wave.

Misalignment of the eyes is called strabismus that is one of the most common disorders in ophthalmology. This disorder must be rapidly diagnosed because late diagnosis increases the probability for surgery. Genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the prevalence of strabismus. This study aimed to investigate differentially expressed genes in patients with the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and heathy individuals, and also elucidating suggestive drugs for the treatment of the disease.

The data were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus, comprising series of GSE38780. To detect hub genes with dysregulated expression, microarray data were used. Statistical methods extract differentially expressed genes and network analyses were used to detect potential biomarkers of EOMs. Then drugs were suggested based on potential biomarkers.

2009 DEGs were identified by help of adjusted P value and log fold change. DEGs were mapped on PPI data obtained from STRING database and PPI network was extracted after considering interactions. Centrality of nodes in network was calculated and 10 nodes with highest centrality as marker genes were identified. Ten potential biomarker including CYCS, NDUFV1, COX5A, NDUFB9, SDHA, NDUFS2, UQCR10, UQCR11, MDH2 and UQCRC1 were identified and Six candidate drugs based on them were suggested including NV-128, ME-344, Metformin Hydrochloride, Famoxadone, Albumin Human and Cisplatin.

This work was conducted to identify potential biomarker for strabismus and seeking the candidate drugs for it. The marker genes are the most important genes based on statistical and network analysis. By use of potential biomarkers, six drugs were suggested.

faculty members should be competent experts and knowledgeable in their specializations and become skillful in teaching and professional attitude. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Medical Education Course in the Education Development Center of the deputy of medical sciences Islamic Azad University. Using Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model in spring 2021.

A sample of 45 faculty members from all over the country was selected by random sampling method. Pre-test and post-test, and feedback questionnaires were used to evaluate the effectiveness of training. At the reaction level, the feedback questionnaire was used, which confirmed its validity and reliability. A researcher-made questionnaire was validated by a group of medical education experts for pre-test and post-test, and reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, paired t-test and regression tests with SPSS24 were used.

The study revealed that the training conducted had resulted in evidence to two of the four levels of Kirkpatrick’s model. The reactions to the training received on average 4.48 of the 5-point Likert scale that revealed overall positive feedback on the evaluation. Pre and post-test to determine learning resulted in a significant increase in knowledge p <0.000. 

Reffer to Kirkpatrick’s model, Medical Education course  of faculty members,revealed overall positive feedback and a significant increase in their knowledge and attitude.

Refractive eye surgery is a safe technique as far as visual pathway is concerned. A 39-year patient Complains from diplopia & blurring vision on his second refractive surgery attempt, was referred to visual electrophysiology diagnostic Laboratory of Basir clinic for possible visual pathway disorder. this report explains the visual evoked findings and magnetics resonance imaging of the Patient which indicated a comorbidity of refractive and visual pathway disorders. However, at first glance it considered as side effect of surgery.

Social anxiety is a type of disorder in which a person becomes anxious and afraid in social interactions and situations. It is well known that 90% of a person’s social interactions are related to their vision, so blind people definitely have problems in all their social interactions. 

Leibovitz’s social anxiety scale is the only tool that is based on social situations. Participants were asked to answer the questions of the data collection tool. Normal subjects were also randomly selected from the normal population who are similar to the patient group in terms of age and gender. The results were analyzed with relevant statistical software.

The results show that the average score of social anxiety in the blind group is 43.27 and 44.25 in the sighted group. The average score of avoidance in the blind group is 39.83 and 41.66 in the sighted group. The amount of social anxiety between the blind and the visually impaired group has a significant difference compared to normal people. There is also a significant difference in the comparison between totally blind and mildly impaired people (P=0.027). The amount of avoidance is also different between totally blind and sighted people. There is a significance (P=0.024) and there is a statistical difference between the totally blind and mildly visually impaired (P=0.022).

People with normal vision or mild vision loss experience more degrees of social anxiety as well as avoidance than totally blind people.

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in childhood. Diagnosis of the disease and treatment decisions put a lot of stress on the family. Excessive anxiety and stress can lead to serious psychological problems. The cognitive behavioral approach focuses on the individuals’ thoughts, behaviors, and emotions and their interaction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral interactions on the emotional reactions of parents of children with retinoblastoma.

This study was carried out using a quasi-experimental design on 106 parents of children with retinoblastoma referred to the Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 2017 and 2018. Cognitive behavioral therapy was performed through eight sessions of 90-minute training for parents. The data collection method was self-responding using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire. Pre-and post-intervention test scores were collected for statistical analysis.

The mean anxiety score decreased from 13.65 (moderate anxiety) before the cognitive-behavioral intervention to 10.13 (mild anxiety) after the intervention (p<0.05). The mean depression score decreased from 11.26 (mild depression) before the intervention to 8.32 (no depression) after the intervention (p<0.05). The mean stress score decreased from 10.79 (normal) before the intervention to8.25 (normal) after the intervention (p<0.05).

Our study showed that the occurrence of retinoblastoma in children poses a significant risk to the mental health of their parents. Cognitive-behavioral interventions can be effective in improving the level of parent's anxiety, depression, and stress.

Considering the increasing incidence of Covid-19, recognizing the clinical features of this disease, including the identification of the first symptom of the disease and smell, taste and their affecting factors, seems to be an effective step in early diagnosis of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of olfactory and taste disorders and its related factors in definitive patients with COVID-19.

This study is a case series study in which 158 patients with Covid-19 were included in the study. The data are based on a researcher-made checklist and completed with the examination of an ENT specialist. After entering the data into SPSS-21 software, central indices and dispersion were calculated and examined the relationships between variables with chi-square, t test and Regression.

In these study, olfactory disorders were observed in 37 patients (23.4%) and taste disorders in 47 patients (29.7%). first symptom appeared in 66 cases (41.8%) fever, 31 cases (19.6%) cough, 27 cases (17.1%) sore throat, in 20 cases (12.7%) olfactory, 9 cases (5.7%) taste disorders, Three cases (1.9%) were reported decreased level of consciousness and two cases (1.3%) nausea.

In this study, COVID 19 patients showed a wide range of clinical and nonspecific symptoms, which seems to be one of the significant clinical manifestations of olfactory and taste disorders that may occur before any other symptoms in patients. Therefore, considering the importance of isolating patients to prevent disease transmission is better to give the necessary training and advice to the community.

Child hospitalization is a stressful event for the mother and can cause emotional reactions in her. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of family-based education by telenursing on emotional reactions in mothers.

This clinical trial was performed in 66 individuals who were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Participants in both groups completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) at the beginning of the study and 45 days after discharge. The experimental group received training on health and nutrition through WhatsApp Messenger, while the control group received routine training at discharge. Data were analyzed using SPSS V24.

There were no significant differences between the intervention and control group in mean scores for anxiety, depression, and stress (P>0.05). The mean scores in experimental group were 8.21±5.03, 28.09±13.3, and 11.41±4.85 before the intervention and 5.45±3.91, 18.64±11.78, and 8.33±4.86 after the intervention, respectively. In control group, the mean scores for anxiety, depression, and stress were 7.01±5.14, 22.61±14.75, and 8.91±5.64 before the intervention and 8.91±5.64, 22±12.75, and 6.91±4.89 after the intervention, respectively. The scores for depression and stress indicated significant differences between the two groups after the intervention (P<0.05). But, there were no significant differences between the experimental group and controls in the mean score for anxiety before and after the intervention (P>0.05). The regression slope was not found to be significant (F=0.338, P≥0.05).

Family-based care training by telenursing could be effective in reducing the emotional reactions in mothers of children with bone marrow transplantation.

Anxiety is a phenomenon that is intensified nowadays along with the high emphasis of educational systems on tests. Hence, it can disrupt the correct performance of the learner in the test position. The purpose of this study was to determine the test anxiety and its effect on the performance of students in the clinical competency test of the end of the general medical course at Tehran Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2017-2018. The research method was a descriptive-correlational design. In addition, a total of 270 graduate students were selected by available sampling method. For data collection, demographic questionnaire, test anxiety Sarason (1977) and the results of clinical competency test were used. Using the logistic regression and software 22SPSS, the status of relationships between the variables of research was examined from respondents' point of view. Accordingly, the results showed that test anxiety (mild, moderate and severe) had a significant effect on students' performance in the clinical competency test of the end of the general medical course in Tehran Islamic Azad University during the academic year 2017-2018 (p <0.05). Considering the fact that examination may cause anxiety among students, planning for effective management of test anxiety in students is necessary and should be noticed.

Sjogren’s syndrome is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. It may exist as either a primary syndrome or as a secondary syndrome associated with other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. Patient with Sjogren’s syndrome have certain visual system involvements with dry eye being the most common type. These patients may also exhibit certain pathological changes in their retina and visual pathway. Here we report the electrophysiological recording including visual evoked potential, electro- retinography and electrooculography findings in a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome.

To study the possible effects of vibration on visual pathway using visual evoked potentials.

Fifty workers from a textile factory segment with machinery creating high levels of vibration were selected. The laborers had at least 6 years of experience in the factory segment where high vibrating machines were operating. The amplitude and latency of visual evoked potential, P100 peak was recorded for these selected workers and 50 age and sex matched controls from other sections of the factory.
Results The mean age was 27.5 ± 1.741 and 27.28 ± 1.641 in the case and control groups respectively. There was a statistically significant higher latency of the visual evoked potential, P100 peak in the case group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). No significant difference regarding the amplitude of visual evoked potential, P100 peak was observed between the two groups (P = 0.89).

Occupational vibration might have adverse effects on visual system, mainly visual pathway, causing increased latency of VEP; P100 peak measured using visual evoked potentials.

The impact of individuals’ cognitive and subjective abilities on learning is very important. But one of the effective factors on learning is learning styles and hereupon people's differences in this regard. Therefore, in order to examine the styles of learning of the medical students’ final year and its relationship with the scores of both basic sciences and pre-internships comprehensive exams and the results of the clinical competency test of the end of the general practitioner course in Tehran Islamic Azad University in academic year 2017-2018, a descriptive and Correlation study was carried out on 270 medical students who were selected by available method. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and Kolbe's learning style questionnaire (1999). Accordingly, reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha; and also by SPSS22 software and using bivariate linear and logistic regression, the relationship between dimension and research variables were examined from respondents' point of view. The results showed the positive relationship between abstract conceptualization variables, reflective observation and objective experience with comprehensive exams of basic sciences and pre-internships of the general practitioner course. Finally, the abstract conceptual variable revealed the highest ability to predict students' reject / acceptance in clinical competency test (p <0.05). Ultimately, awareness of the student's learning style is useful both for the learner and for the trainer, and can lead the learner successful in this regard.

The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between learning style and EBP. In a cross sectional- correlational study, 65 individuals of clinical assistance were recruited to the study as stratified random and proportional assignment. The tools were learning style of Vark scale and evaluation of knowledge and attitude towards evidence-based performance. Data were collected by referring of the researcher to the hospitals and offering the questioners to subjects and completing by them, thereafter data were analyzed by SPSS software. The dominant learning style was one-mode (75%) of auditory style with frequency percent of (49.2%). The attitudes (67.7%) of the clinical assistance regarding EBP were positive and 43.1% of them had an appropriate level of EBP. The chi square test showed a significant relationship between awareness and EBP (P=0.01), as well as between attitude and EBP (P<0.001). There was no relationship among EBP and learning style (P=0.639). With increasing the awareness level, and positive attitude, EBP level was raised in clinical assistances, so, it is essential to provide some systematic and disciplined educational programs about EBP.

Headache is a common sign during optic neuritis. These headaches are usually one sided and worsen when the affected eye moves. The aim of the present manuscript is to report severe headache in a patient with optic neuritis and history of migraine headache initiated by flash stimulation of affected eye during visual evoked potential (VEP) recording.  Based on our findings we suggest that patients with a history of migraine headache should be informed about possible headache before VEP recording using flash stimulus.

Evidence-based performance requires that Clinical staff in different areas of teaching, clinical and management learn the skills of using the evidence from the research and apply these. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between learning style and evidence-based performance in nurses working in Kermanshah hospitals. This study was performed on 319 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2015 by stratified random sampling and proportional assignment. The data gathering tool in this research was questionnaires include: the learning style of VARK, Evidence-based performance and demographic data form. Validity and reliability of the VARK learning style questionnaire have been confirmed in the country and abroad.
Validity of evidence-based performance questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and the test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of this questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the VARK learning style analytical tool in Excel, Spearman correlation and Chi-square tests. The learning style of single-mode template (84.1%) and hearing-type with relative frequency (46.3%). Knowledge about evidence-based performance (53.2%) was moderate in nurses Attitude (52.6%) of people was positive about evidence-based performance. The evidence-based practice nurses (57/8 %) were nearly desirable level. There was no significant relationship between nursing learning styles and evidence-based performance (p = 0.926). Nurses have different learning styles. The development of Effective educational methods adapted to the learning style will help increasing their evidence-based performance by increase nursing awareness. Principled and systematic training to raise awareness and improve attitudes toward evidence-based performance and Nursing education also seems to be essential in terms of the concepts of evidence-based practice, scientific and workshop training, and the creation of facilities.

Patients’ safety is one of the most important factors in health care system, which medication errors can threat it. It is of great importance to identify factors that cause medication errors.
The current study aimed at evaluating refusal to report the medication errors by nurses in Golestan educational Hospital after the healthcare reform from 2014 to 2015.
The current cross sectional study was conducted in Golestan educational hospital of Ahvaz, Iran, after the healthcare reform from 2014 to 2015, prospectively. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including 2 parts, demographic characteristics and reasons “not to report medication errors”. The results were analyzed by Excel and SPSS 16.0.
The results showed that 64% of medication errors were reported by the subjects. Among all causes, fear of reporting consequences had the highest score. The results showed that the most important reasons not to report medication errors were related to the fear of the consequences of reporting (3.64 ± 1.226). Factors related to the process of reporting were 3.41 ± 0.867 and managerial factors were 3.08 ± 1.126, respectively.
According to the results of the current study, some hospitals could reduce not reporting medication errors by paying attention to local standards, encouraging nurses to report medical errors, encouraging hospital managers to give a positive response to them, and promoting an effective communication with nursing staff for reporting errors, without any stress.