fariba bahrami

Flat feet are prevalent among individuals with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (KOA), showing a correlation with elevated knee pain and cartilage degeneration. This study investigates the relationship between calcaneal eversion angle (CEA) and medial longitudinal arch angle (MLAA) with knee kinetics and pain.

This analytical observational study included 30 volunteers with moderate KOA. The Vicon motion analysis system and two synchronized force plates were employed to capture level walking and the static standing position to measure CEA and MLAA. The study assessed the first and second peaks of the knee adduction moment, knee adduction moment impulse, peak knee flexion moment, and the peak knee flexion angle at heel strike (PKFA-HS). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities arthritis index (WOMAC) pain and physical function were evaluated.

A significant positive correlation was found between CEA and the knee pain sub-score (Pearson correlation [PC]=0.446, P=0.011) and WOMAC total score (PC=0.363, P=0.049). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between CEA and peak knee flexion moment/PKFA-HS (PC=-0.418, P=0.022, and PC=-0.479, P=0.001, respectively). The results also indicated a negative significant correlation between MLAA and WOMAC pain sub-score (PC=-0.389, P=0.034).

Increased CEA and decreased MLAA are associated with elevated WOMAC pain sub-score and decreased PKFA-HS in individuals with moderate KOA. Addressing flat feet should be considered in KOA management to enhance pain relief and functional outcomes.

In this study, the Lie symmetry analysis, and exact solutions are investigated to the fractional Black–Scholes(B-S) equations of the Caputo–type modeling of the pricing options under the absence of arbitrage and self-financing portfolio assumptions. A class of exact invariant and solitary solutions are given to B-S equations. Some examples are presented in which we use the obtained reductions to find their exact solutions.

The knee is the most affected weight-bearing joint by osteoarthritis. The kinetics parameters are correlated with the progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). This study was done to investigate the relationship between kinetics parameters and functional tests with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) scores in people with moderate KOA.

Twenty- three participants with moderate KOA participated in this study. Gait analysis involved the measurement of the external peak knee adduction moment (PKAM), peak knee flexion moment (PKFM), knee adduction moment impulse (KAM impulse), and knee flexion moment impulse (KFM impulse) during level walking. Functional tests included timed up and go (TUG) and figure of eight walkings (FO8W) tests. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the correlation between kinetics parameters and functional test scores with WOMAC total scores and sub-scores.

There was a significant inverse correlation between the first PKAM and WOMAC total score and pain sub-score (r=-0.43 P=0.03 and r=-0.6 P=0.002, respectively). Also, there was a significant inverse correlation between the second PKAM and pain sub-score (r=-0.46 P=0.02). There was no significant correlation between functional tests and WOMAC scores.

The low score of the WOMAC in the moderate KOA should not be attributed to the low level of joint knee moments.

This paper is devoted to prove the existence of extremal solutions for multi-term nonlinear fractional differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. The fractional derivative is of Caputo type and the inhomogeneous term depends on the fractional derivatives of lower orders. By establishing a new comparison theorem and applying the monotone iterative technique, we show the existence of extremal solutions. The method is a constructive method that yields monotone sequences that converge to the extremal solutions. As an application, some examples are presented to illustrate the main results.

Historical regions of cities are important urban spaces which are valuable architectural legacy,This research is a quantitative research based on the type of data collected and analyzed, and in terms of the type of approach to the problem under study and its entry into it, it is a field study. In this research, the survey technique has been used And field (questionnaire) has been extracted for this purpose by referring directly to statistical centers and statistics; Books, articles and dissertations available in the libraries of different universities have provided comprehensive information for the research and then the research has been completed through the field studies questionnaire. Due to the existence of historical context in the city of Isfahan; the study area of the present article is a part of the historical context of Isfahan that is worn out. The study area of the present study is due to the location of the primary core of Isfahan. The presence of historical index elements in region 3 (Naghsh Jahan neighborhood) and in region 1 (Darb-e-Kushk neighborhood) has been selected. The statistical population of the study includes people living in the worn-out area of Naghsh Jahan neighborhood and the door of the pavilion. Based on Cochran sampling, 374 residents of these two neighborhoods were selected as a sample and interviewed. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the questions of which were prepared based on the Likert scale 33 questions of this questionnaire have been prepared to measure the regeneration of the base culture and 55 questions of the questionnaire have been prepared to measure and evaluate the indicators of sustainable tourism development and 21 questions have been prepared to evaluate the modifying components. the opinions of 30 professors and competent experts have been used to assess the content validity and the reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test. Using version 26 of SPSS Cronbach's alpha software, the value of 0.935 was calculated. To analyze the relationships between indicators and to discover the effect of each factor on the independent and dependent variable, PLS path modeling has been used with the help of Smart PLS software.Considering the values of path coefficients that represent the standardized beta in regression or correlation coefficient of two structures. According to the internal or structural model of the research, the form component with a path coefficient of 0.936 has the greatest impact on the regeneration of the base culture in the study area and the functional and semantic dimensions are in the second place of 0.868 and third place of 0.525, respectively. Also, in measuring the sustainable development of tourism, the service and welfare dimension with the path coefficient of 0.928 is the most effective, followed by urban management with the path coefficient of 0.84, technology with the path coefficient of 0.830, economic with the path coefficient of 0.727 and environmental with the path coefficient of 0.723 And physical with a coefficient of 0.683 and cultural with a coefficient of 0.600, the first ranks until the end of the impact on the index of sustainable tourism development in the historical context of Isfahan and finally the social component with a coefficient of 0.551 has the least impact on development Sustainable tourism in the historical context of Isfahan has been based on the structural equation model in the study area.The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture regeneration based on sustainable tourism development is 38.358 and the p-value value is 0.000. Significantly effective. On the other hand, the value of the relevant factor is equal to 0.798, which due to its positive relationship is a direct relationship between the two variables of culture-based regeneration and sustainable tourism development, ie with increasing base culture regeneration, sustainable tourism development increases. The value of t-statistic for the effect of regenerating the base culture with the effect of cultural consumption as a moderator on the sustainable development of tourism is 2.634 and the p-value is 0.009. Given that the t-statistic is greater than 1.96 and the p-value is less than 0.05, cultural consumption moderates the relationship between the regeneration of the base culture and the sustainable development of tourism. The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture-based regeneration with the effect of cultural production as a moderator on sustainable tourism development is 0.050 and the p-value is 0.960, considering that t-statistic is less than 1.96 and p-value is greater than 0.05. Thus, cultural production does not moderate the relationship between the recreation of the underlying culture and the sustainable development of tourism. The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture-based regeneration with the effect of the event as a moderator on sustainable tourism development is 0.777 and the p-value is 0.437 considering that t-statistic is less than 1.96 and p-value is greater than 0.05, so The event does not moderate the relationship between the re-creation of the underlying culture and the sustainable development of tourism. Measuring sustainable tourism development Services and welfare with the highest route coefficient had the greatest impact on this index and the social component had the least impact on sustainable tourism development in the study area. The statistical T test related to the research conceptual model confirms the relationship between the recreation of the base culture as an independent variable and the sustainable development of tourism as a dependent variable. Also, the results of this test indicate that cultural consumption in the historical context of Isfahan, which intends to provide places for consumption by residents and tourists through marketing strategies and promotion of places, and thus to revive the inner areas of the city; It will lead to the adjustment of the relationship between the recreation of the base culture and the sustainable development of tourism, while the other two components with the titles of culture production and participatory art event are ineffective in adjusting the relationship between the recreation of the culture and the sustainable development of tourism.

problematic issue takes on more serious dimensions when it occurs in the historical deteriorate fabric, The historical Fabric of cities is the most important physical-spatial context of cultural values , the importance of the role of culture in such areas has been determined. Therefore, the chosen approach to regeneration such fabrics is culture-led. The purpose of this study is assessing the impact of regeneration of the base culture (independent variable) on the sustainable development of tourism (dependent variable) and evaluate the status of indicators of each of the two concepts in the study area. This study was an applied and descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose and method. The research tool was a questionnaire.The validity of the questionnaire was obtained using content validity and its reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha (0.935). Multivariate regression and one sample T test was used to analyze the data by using SPSS software. Research findings show that there is a strong correlation and direct relationship between the cultural-led regeneration components and sustainable tourism development in historical deteriorate fabric of Isfahan city. The results also showed that cultural-led regeneration (independent variable) has the highest correlation with these indicators, respectively: the index of service and welfare facilities, environmental, social, urban management, culture, technology and physical. The results showed that the economic index in the sustainable development of tourism is in an unfavorable situation and in assessing the status of cultural-led regeneration indicators, the performance index is in an unfavorable position compared to other indicators.

Considering the Importance of Back Extensor Muscles on the Postural Control and Risk of Falling in Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women, We Investigated the Effects of Back Extensor Endurance on the Thoracic Kyphosis and Static Balance Control in Hyper and Normal Kyphotic Women with osteoporosis.

a total of 22 Osteoporotic Women, based on the Kyphosis Degree, were evaluated in two groups: Hyperkyphotics (No=10) and Normal Kyphotics (No=12). The Kyphosis Degree Measured by Flexi curve ruler. The Isometric Strength of the Back Extensors measured by a Digital Hand-held Dynamometer. Modified Sorensen Test was used for Back Extensor Endurance Evaluation. Static Balance Parameters Evaluated in Double Stand Position by Force plate.

In the Hyperkyphotic Group, the time duration of Modified Sorensen Test was Significantly Lower than that in the Normal Kyphotic Group (P=0.029), there was also a significant negative correlation to the Medio-Lateral Displacement of the center of pressure (Correlation Coefficient: - 0/521, P = 0.047). The Multiple Regression test showed a significant effect of the modified Sorensen's time Duration on the increase of thoracic kyphosis (P = 0.044). In Hyperkyphotic Group, Standard deviation of the Anterior-Posterior of the Center of Pressure displacement was significantly higher than that in the normal kyphotic Group (P = 0.05).

Regarding to the negative correlation between the Trunk Extensor Endurance and Thoracic Hyperkyphosis and also medio-lateral of COP displacement, it suggests the Trunk Extensor Endurance exercise be considered in therapeutic programs of osteoporotic women.

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of treadmill training on walkings peed and endurance and quality of life in ambulatory adults with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) versus traditional physiotherapy.Material & Methods, Participants (17 men, 13 women; mean (SD) age 25y, 9m (7y, 10m) range 18y- 45y) with GMFCS levels I, II, and III, from the Ra’ad Rehabilitation Goodwill Complex, randomly allocated to the experimental and the control groups. The trainings (treadmill for experimental group and conventional physiotherapy for control group) conducted two times a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Main outcome measures were the 10 meter walk test for the gait speed, the 6 minute walk test for the gait endurance and the WHOQOL- Brief questionnaire for the quality of life. Assessments had done at the baseline, ninth and 16th session (three times) during the treatment. Although the experimental group showed a significant improve in the gait speed [1.08(0.47)m/s to 1.22(0.50)m/s](P=0.004) and in the gait endurance [291.13(160.28)m to 342.63(174.62)]( P=0/002), but between groups changes of the outcome measures of walking and quality of life were not significant. Treadmill training without body weight support would be no more effective than traditional physiotherapy to improve gait speed and endurance and quality of life in adults with spastic cerebral palsy. There is a hope to improve walking performance and function in adults with cerebral palsy.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT(on the body image in men with overweight and obesity. This study employed a semi-experimental study design with pretest and posttest and the control group, in which of the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT(techniques to improve body image in men with overweight and obesity men aged 18 to 40 years who referred to  nutrition and weight-loss clinic in the 94-93 year in Tehran in،was stood. In this study, the convenience sampling method was used based on purpose. So that among the men who had the criteria of an entrance to the study, 30 people with the score of 46 to 170(bad and average)on body image questionnaire MBSRQ selected and randomly divided into two groups (each group, n = 16), were counted. People who are in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions each was 2 hours once a week, the control group did not receive any treatment. After the surgery, post-test was performed on both groups. The results of the analysis of covariance indicate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on body image is effective (p <0/05). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT(can improve body image in men with overweight and obesity.

In this paper, we use the generalized differentiability concept to study the fuzzy transport equation. We consider transport equation in the homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases with fuzzy initial condition. We also present the solution when speed parameter is a fuzzy number. Our method is based on the construction of the solutions by employing Zadeh's extension principle.

Opioids hijack learning and memory formation mechanisms of brain and induce a pathological memory in the hippocampus. This effect is mainly mediated by modifications in glutamatergic system. Speaking more precisely, Opioids presence in a synapse inhibits blockage of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) by Mg2+ , enhances conductance of NMDAR and thus, induces false Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). Based on experimental observations of different researchers, we developed a mathematical model for a pyramidal neuron of the hippocampus to study this false LTP. The model contains a spine of the pyramidal neuron with NMDAR, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptors (AMPARs), and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs). The model also describes Calmodulin-dependent protein Kinase II (CaMKII) and AMPAR phosphorylation processes which are assumed to be the indicators of LTP induction in the synapse. Simulation results indicate that the effect of inhibition of blockage of NMDARs by Mg2+ on the false LTP is not as crucial as the effect of NMDAR’s conductance modification by opioids. We also observed that activation of VGCCs has a dominant role in inducing pathological LTP. Our results confirm that preventing this pathological LTP is possible by three different mechanisms: 1. By decreasing NMDAR’s conductance; and 2. By attenuating VGCC’s mediated current; and 3. By enhancing glutamate clearance rate from the synapse

Introduction The most important human need is security, which is one of the most important factors in the quality of urban design and influences the presence of citizens in urban neighborhoods and, consequently, the vitality of neighborhoods. Several factors have a role in the emergence of crime, one of which is physical factors. Prevention through environmental design can be effective in improving the quality of life and increasing citizenship satisfaction. The selected approach in this research is the CPTED approach.
The worn-out area of Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan located in district 14 of the municipality with an area of 91.5 hectares is studied here. Based on the research carried out by the Police Station of Isfahan province in 2009, the highest frequency of crime (17.9%) is related to the 7th and 14th municipalities of Isfahan (Shahivandi, Soltani, & Ahmadi, 2009). Investigating the status and the amount of crime committed in Zeinabayeh range and the physical and social conditions governing it has doubled the importance of addressing the issue of security in the Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the physical environment on preventing crime, increasing the sense of security of citizens, improving the quality of life, and increasing the satisfaction of residents in Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan.
Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. Theoretically, the data collection is conducted through reviewing the records of libraries and other information centers as well as documents. In collecting the physical data, the current status of the fieldwork dealt with using a questionnaire, and interviews to examine the characteristics of insecure environments and to measure the amount of physical indices. Also, in order to analyze the statistical data, correlation, chi-square, and Friedman tests were used in SPSS software. Using SPSS software, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (its value for all questionnaire questions was higher than 0.7), the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified and confirmed. The statistical population of this study is the number of households living in the Zeinabayeh worn out area of Isfahan. According to the latest available statistics, the population living in this area is 26280 people. Based on the household size 4, households (statistical population) were calculated to be 6570. To save time and money, we chose the sample of the Cochran formula. Regarding insecure environmental conditions and low literacy and high age, a sample size of 250 families was determined. To this end, considering the probable problems and the error of the answers and questionnaires, 300 questionnaires were distributed in a simple and systematic manner in the range of the study, 44 of the questionnaires were excluded from the study process, and 256 questionnaires were approved and the research work continued with this number of acceptable questionnaires.
Results This research investigates the effect of nine structural components (land use, urban furniture, visual fit, environmental health, readability, grain size and area compression, passages, vegetation, and informal monitoring) as independent variables on security as a dependent variable in Isfahan Zeinabayeh neighborhood. According to the results of the Chi-square test, the variables of land use, urban furniture, visual fit, readability, environmental health, informal supervision and passages as independent variables and sense of security as dependent variables were found to have a statistically significant level less than 0.01; it can be concluded that with 99.9% of confidence, independent and dependent variables have a significant relationship with each other. Significant level in the study of the relationship between vegetation variables and security was found to be higher than 5%, which indicates that there is no significant relationship between the two variables. Also, to correlate the correlations of each of the physical indices with the security, the correlation test was used. The results showed that there is a high correlation among land use variables, urban furniture and informal supervision, and security. Also, according to the results of Friedman test, which was measured using a questionnaire, visibility and visual fits were the most desirable while vegetation cover and informal monitoring were the most undesirable factor. This means that they should be prioritized in the planning for the study area. According to the data collected from the questionnaire and the results of the test of the ratio of binomial (ratio), the security of the study area is low. In other words, according to the significance level (0.000) and the frequency, the responses given to the medium, low and very low were about 80%, and with 95% confidence, residents are dissatisfied with the security of their area, and they believed that security was at a low level.
Conclusion Providing security in cities in addition to law enforcement and social institutions is one of the tasks of urban planners and policy makers. Regarding the results of data analysis and statistical tests, the study of the physical condition of the study area showed that vegetation indices and informal monitoring were recognized as the weakest indicators. There is a significant relationship between all physical indices except vegetation as an independent variable and security as the dependent variable. The land use and urban furniture index have the highest correlation with environmental security. Also, in the eyes of citizens, inappropriate lighting in the urban furniture sector and the presence of land in the area of land use and congestion in the segment of tissue area will have the greatest impact on security. Considering the importance of three areas of land use, urban furniture and vegetation, all projects and activities in the Isfahan Zeinabayeh area with these three indicators and with the aim of improving its quality level should be carried out. What modern people can do is not to eradicate the issue of crime because it is beyond the control of the person, but, he is able to minimize the crime through the proper design of the environment. At the end of the research, to improve the quality of life, increase citizenship satisfaction, and reduce crime according to the CPTED approach, strategies are presented separately for each indicator together with executive suggestions.

Planning with the aim of crisis management and earthquake risk estimation has always been one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers. In order to plan crisis management before the occurrence of earthquake, determining the vulnerability rate of urban fabrics to earthquake is necessary. This research was aimedat providing an appropriate model for assessing the vulnerability of urban fabrics of Semirom city,located in Isfahan province, to earthquake. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature with practical aims. To begin with, the criteria affectingthe vulnerability of urban fabrics to earthquake were identified, and then the value and importance of each criterion were determined by using Analytic Network Process. Finally, the results obtained from Analytic Network Processwere integrated with main and side roads, population density, buildingsquality, land slope, distance from fault, green space, health centers, cultural centers, and educational and residential centers, and vulnerability map of Semirom urban fabrics to earthquake was prepared. The results showed that among the studied criteria, population density, side road and distance from the fault were the most important criteria, while distance from cultural and educational centers had the least importance in vulnerability of urban fabrics. Furthermore, vulnerability of the northern and central parts of the city was higher than other areas of the city due to their proximity to the fault line and the presence of old buildings in these parts. Based on the results obtained from digital layer of urban fabrics of Semirom city, losses and damages caused by the earthquake can be significantly reduced by proper planning before and after the occurrence of earthquake. It should also be noted that tectonic aspect is one of the factors that has always been neglected throughout the history; therefore paying attention to slope issue and other factors in urbanism has had evolutionary process.

We aimed to investigation the intra-rater and inter-raters reliability of the 10 meter walk test (10 MWT) in adults with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).
Thirty ambulatory adults with spastic CP in the summer of 2014 participated (19 men, 11 women; mean age 28 ± 7 yr, range 18- 46 yr). Individuals were non-randomly selected by convenient sampling from the Ra’ad Rehabilitation Goodwill Complex in Tehran, Iran. They had GMFCS levels below IV (I, II, and III). Retest interval for inter-raters study lasted a week. During the tests, participants walked with their maximum speed. Intra class correlation coefficients (ICC) estimated reliability.
The 10 MWT ICC for intra-rater was 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-0.99) for participants, and >0.89 in GMFCS subgroups (95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound>0.67). The 10 MWT inter-raters’ ICC was 0.998 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0/996-0/999), and >0.993 in GMFCS subgroups (95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound>0.977). Standard error of the measurement (SEM) values for both studies was small (0.02Excellent intra-rater and inter-raters reliability of the 10 MWT in adults with CP, especially in the moderate motor impairments (GMFCS level III), indicates that this tool can be used in clinics to assess the results of interventions.

Walking is one of the most widely used movements affecting life quality. Therefore, the study of factors affecting human gait has always been an important issue. Walking speed, as a physical perturbation, affects the quality of human walking. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effects of walking speed on the short-time gait parameters. Thirty-two healthy subjects (mean SD, age: 27.56 ± 20.4 years; body height: 158.19 ± 20.83 cm; body weight: 54.89 ± 20.59 kg; gender: 59% female) participated in this study. Kinetic, kinematic and electromyographic data were recorded at the following five walking speed categories: very slow, slow, medium, fast and very fast. The effect of speed on spatio-temporal parameters, muscle synergy space, walking smoothness, representation of joints displacement and the correlation between lower limb displacement and also correlation between muscles activation patterns were studied. Having being used physical perturbation, 46 predictors were extracted from one gait cycle information, some of which were proposed for the first time in the literature for example size of muscle synergy, minimum angular jerk, lower limb contributions and skewness, kurtosis and curvature of joints movements . Using muscle synergies showed that increasing walking speed leads to increase the size of synergy space. It could be concluded that central nervous system tries to adopt more organaized strategy for recruiting muscles and remaining stable at fast speeds. Our results showed that, speed plays a crucial role in human gait characteristic. We can investigate our methods among more subjects and also patients with gait disorders. We can evaluate other indices like gait stability based on short-term data recording.

Therapeutic exercises are regarded as one of most important therapeutic interventions for patients with chronic low back pain. Stabilization exercises are among the most practical ones for these patients. Effects of these exercises on psychological factors associated with pain and consequential functional disabilities are still remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of stabilization exercises on fear of pain, movement and disability in patients with low back pain. Twenty one patients with recurrent non-specific low back pain (14 in experimental, 7 in control group) were participated in this study. The scores for fear of pain, fear of movement and disability were recorded in the questionnaires. The experimental group performed isolated abdominal hollowing and bracing exercises in three sets of ten for each with two minutes rest between each repeat. Patients performed exercises with the use of pressure biofeedback and under the supervision of a physiotherapist in different positions including supine, sitting on a chair, standing still and standing with rapid arm raises with maximum acceleration once a day and for 20 sessions. The variables studied in this research were evaluated in both experimental and control groups after training sessions. Performing the stabilization exercises did not affect the fear-avoidance belief (P >0.05), while decreased the disability associated with back pain (P=0.01). This study showed that the psychological fears associated with pain in patients with recurrent non-specific low back pain, which also leads to continuity of back pain cannot be alleviated by performing stabilization exercises.

In this paper a locomotion control system for bipedal robot is proposed to provide desirable walking on a terrain and skipping over a pitfall preventing the robot from falling in it.The proposed strategy is a combination of motion optimization based on particle swarm optimization algorithm and utilization of mode switching at a higher level controller.The model for biped robot is a compass gait model but the method presented is general and could be appropriatly extended and generalized for other complicated models.

Urban sustainable development is a major issue in urban planning literature. Since the city is composed of aggregated urban quarters، the discussion of quarter sustainability that quarter identity and civic life seems important. Every city has a collection of material and spiritual values that are introduced as a precious asset in the physical space. So the recognition of these values and converting the instrument to identify factors requires an integrated and comprehensive program based on historical and cultural context of the city. This research has been conducted about the components of quality landscape and resident perception because context landscape play an important role in creating the desired visual identity. So inconsistency between the design and new construction in the vicinity of historical context creates visual pollution in the quarter as well as identity crisis in the urban landscape. Aim of this research is evaluation of the identity components for historic quarter of city and surrounding tissue sample Jame Mosque of Isfahan. Research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and is implemented via a survey. The presented analysis in this research is based on the mental image of 50quarter residents. Statistics were calculated with «chi-square» and «Z» test and the software «spss»، data were analyzed. The results indicate that 52 percent of the image residents to indicator component and 46 percent remaining to front mentioned. So the elevation paly important role in cognitive image formation. It is necessary to avoid actions that cause destruction of Quarter’s landscape. This will contribute to maintaining and enhancing the quarter identity and will lead to a sustainable quarter and city.

Changes in gait pattern are early symptoms in many disorders such as balance and control problems resulted in fall among elderlies. This paper aims at proposing a new set of features extracted from Gait Frieze Pattern (GFP) in order to classify seniors to fallers and non-fallers. For indicating the effectiveness of the presented method, the algorithm is used for recognition of different type of abnormal gaits. The introduced method consists of three main steps: extracting the subject from background, generating GFP and aligning them, and building the proposed image from GFP by thresholding followed by morphological operations. For evaluation of the proposed features, video sequences are collected from 8 elderly fallers, 8 non-fallers, and 8 youth while performing standard Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. In addition to TUG test youths are asked to walk fast and pretend to walk with 6 different types of abnormalities (limping, waddling, anterior- posterior sway, lateral sway, dragging, steppage gait). For finding correct classification rate, each time one data is considered as test and others as train and label of train data with the most similarity with test one on the score of normalized cross correlation is assigned to test data. Comparing to conventional TUG test, correct classification data is improved around 20% for faller detection. In addition, correct classification rate for detecting of different abnormalities in gait is approximately 90%.

Central nervous system (CNS) uses an abundant set of joints and muscles to ensure both flexible and stable movements while interacting the environment. How the CNS faces the complexity of control problem and solves the question of physiological and mechanical abundances is not still clear. Modular control is one of the most prevalent hypotheses in answer to these questions. According to this point of view, CNS combines a few building blocks, here this will be muscle activities, named as muscle synergies, to present a vast repertoires of movements. In this study the algorithm of sample-based nonnegative matrix tri-factorization (NM3F) is used to extract spatial and temporal muscle synergy modules from muscle EMG data for three different types of point to point reaching (simple straight, reversal and via-point) movement in the frontal and sagittal planes. After extracting different features of the muscle synergies, physiological interpretation of these decomposed parts has been discussed. The first temporal module coded the direction and type of movement, while the spatial modules describe some via postures. Also the extracted modules are not similar for subjects. The recruitment of the spatial and temporal modules are correlated due to the movement direction.

This research settle to study relationship between video and computer games within family and educational variables among adolescents in high school, We used the correlation and purposive sampling methods, selected 188 students(boys and girls) in terms of teachers and assistant's statements (according to scale that made by researcher in violence level in schools), (this scale is the use of 1 to 8 hours of rough computer games) among five schools. In this research the measurement of violence has done via self _ reported student and school's records. Face and content validity calculated by specialists and reliability of each of the three sections of the questionnaire via Cronbach's Alpha respectively 92%, 88%, 85% too, and total reliability was 89%. The findings shows that the boys more than the girls are engaged in rough computer games, and probably playing of these games cause the more violence by boys at home or in school. We found that there is a relationship between violence family and violence in school variables. The parent's control on the selection of adolescents game and amount of playing the game them, can be a modulating role on the destructive effects of video games in schools. Who playing these rough computer games to grades drop in school probably. Finally, there is a relationship between violence’s family and rough video _ computer games (the time of playing at home, family's quarrels, especially parent's quarrel). The level of violence (hitting, verbal violence and abuse) in families that have teenagers playing violent computer games in many cases based on family variables such as the number of children, parent's occupation, having free times for their children and the quality of relationship between parents is variable.

Based on the neurophysiologic findings, astrocytes provide not only structural and metabolic supports for the nervous system but also they are active partners in neuronal activities and synaptic transmissions. In the present study, we improved two biologically plausible cortical and thalamocortical neural population models (CPM and TCPM), which were developed previously by Suffczynski and colleagues, by integrating the functional role of astrocytes in the synaptic transmission in the models. In other words, the original CPM and TCPM are modified to integrate neuronastrocyte interaction considering the idea of internal feedback proposed by Iasemidis and collaborators. Using the modified CPM and TCPM, it is demonstrated that healthy astrocytes provide appropriate feedback control for regulating the neural activities. As a result, we observed that the astrocytes are able to compensate for the variations in the cortical excitatory input and maintain the normal level of synchronized behavior. Next, it is hypothesized that malfunction of astrocytes in the regulatory feedback loop can be one of the probable causes of seizures. That is, pathologic astrocytes are not any more able to regulate and/or compensate the excessive increase of the cortical excitatory input. Consequently, disruption of the homeostatic or signaling function of astrocytes may initiate the hypersynchronous firing of neurons. Our results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that the neuronastrocyte interaction may represent a novel target to develop effective therapeutic strategies to control seizures.

The purpose of this study was to ivestigate of the postural strategies variability in low back pain patients, as a criterion in the adaptability evaluation of this system to the environmental demands and comparison of patients with healthy persons and also the importance of psychological factors associated with pain as an effective factor in postural disturbances was assessed.

This analytical, cross-sectional and case-control study was performed on twenty one recurrent non-specific low back pain patients whom had been selected simply and conveniently and twenty one healthy persons whom had been matched with patients. The electromyographic activity of Deltoid, External Oblique, Transverse Abdominis / Internal Oblique and Erector Spinae muscles of each person was recorded in 75 rapid arm flexion with maximum acceleration. To study the patient’s avoidance belief and disability, two standard tools; Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ) and Roland-Morris Questionnaire were used respectively. Data were analyzed by MANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The results showed that chronic low back pain patients exhibit less variability in their anticipatory postural adjustments than the control group(P=0.047). However, the decrease in variability of the timing of anticipatory postural adjustments of External Oblique(P=0.45) and Erector Spinae(P=0.6) muscles was not significant. The correlation between the timing variability of anticipatory postural adjustments and fear-avoidance belief questionnaire scores was significant(P=0.006), however there was no significant correlation between this variable and disability(P=0.09) in the patients.

There is a decrease in variability of postural control system of recurrent non-specific low back pain patients that can result in the persistence of pain and chronicity by decreasing the adaptability to environmental demands. The restoration of variability to postural control system should be taken into consideration in rehabilitation of these patients.

CNS applies Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APA) strategy to reject or minimize perturbation during different voluntary movements. The postural control mechanisms associated with voluntary arm movement (rapid arm rising) in below knee amputees (BKA) was investigated and the results were compared with the normal subjects. Biomechanical variables including ground reaction forces and displacements of the center of pressure were used to investigate the APA in BKA. Six below knee amputees and six control subjects stood on a force plate under three conditions: 1. with both feet on the platform, 2. with right foot (prosthetic foot) and 3. with left foot on the plate. For each condition, the task was repeated 10 times. At the same time, a camera recorded the task performance. The recorded data were used to determine the start moment of the movement. The instant at which, for the first time before starting the movement, any one of the recorded biomechanical variables deviated from its initial value was considered as the beginning of the APA. To increase the validity of the test, efforts were made to match the subjects with regards to their age, gender, cause of amputation and prosthesis types. Our results indicated that the center of pressure in the BKA participants showed greater displacements in medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. It was also observed that the vertical components of the ground reaction forces, when the right foot was on the plate, were increased. There were no significant differences in other biomechanical variables between the two groups. We may conclude that the voluntary arm movement perturbs the posture in the BKA participants more than in the control group. The BKA participants shifted their weight to the intact limb by the anticipation of the disturbance to avoid balance loosing. Therefore, in our study the intact limb in below knee amputee subjects played an important role in the balance control. Based on our results, we suggest considering the role of the intact limb in the rehabilitation programs and strengthening the muscles of both limbs as a major part of theses programs.

This paper proposes a model to learn Farsi handwriting in different sizes based on human behavior. This model copies a human handwritten character with imitation. The imitation includes two stages of perception and action. During the perception, the information that is needed in order to generate the character is extracted from the original pattern and during the action, the model generates a character similar to the original one. To rewrite a given character, first it is decomposed into the consecutive strokes. Each stroke is approximated by several linear subdivisions. We considered the slopes and lengths of these subdivisions as the features of a given handwriting. The model learns to write a character by learning to reproduce these features. These features are descriptive of the human handwriting behavior. The learning process becomes complete when all points of the character's trajectory have distance less than a specified distance with the original trajectory. This specified distance describes visual attention and is defined as the attention width. Attention width demonstrates the human accuracy during the different trials of learning. In our model, visual attention is adaptive and decreases as the learning progresses. After the completion of learning, Farsi letters with different sizes can be generated using only memory. In order to evaluate the performance of the model, the correlation between the original and simulated characters is used. The simulation results showed good performance of the model between different Farsi characters.