farshad ghazalian

Adipokines dysregulation plays important role in the type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis. However, exercise training can be effective in improving the glycemic control in T2D patients by modulating the adipokines levels. In the present research, the effects of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the serum levels of progranulin and MCP-1 in type2 diabetic women have been investigated.

36 qualified and volunteer women with T2D were randomly assigned in the three groups including control, MICT and HIIT groups. Both HIIT (90 percent of maximum heart rate) and MICT (60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate) protocols were conducted on treadmill for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected in pre and post-test stages. Between groups difference were determined by analysis of covariance test and significant level was P<0.05.

The present study findings indicated that both HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p=0.014) protocols cause significant decrease in the MCP-1 levels. However, the progranulin reduction compared to the control group was significant only in the HIIT group (p<0.001) and MICT does not have significant effect on the progranulin levels (p=0.077). Decrease in body fat percentage and insulin resistance was also significant for both HIIT and MICT protocols compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Both HIIT and MICT exercise trainings are effective for modulating the adipokines levels in the T2D patients. However, the effectiveness of HIIT was greater for reduction of progranulin levels compared to the MICT group, which indicates the importance of paying more attention to HIIT in the management of T2D.

Considering the importance of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins in cognitive and physiological function, knowing the effects of different exercise programs is of particular importance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins in dual resistance-cognitive exercises of healthy people.

The research method is semi-experimental. 10 healthy men were randomly divided into two groups (resistance-cognitive group of 5 people and resistance group of 5 people). Resistance contraction included eccentric and concentric knee extension with maximum strength and speed. The contractions included 12 sets of 10 repetitions for the right leg, and in the cognitive group, cognitive task exercises included counting numbers in reverse, multiplying and dividing numbers, counting the months of the year, and counting coins simultaneously with facial resistance exercises. Took A biopsy was performed at the beginning and end of the study. To analyze the data, dependent t statistical method and covariance test were performed in SPSS21 software.

The results showed that the intra-group changes of mTOR and AKT proteins after one activity session were significant in the resistance-cognitive and resistance groups (p≤0.05). However, the inter-group changes of agrin, mTOR and AKT proteins showed no difference between the two groups.

The present study showed that a session of resistance and resistance-cognitive activity leads to changes in the factors involved in the strength and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. In addition, these changes are generally more resistance-cognitive in the resistance group.

Exercise training and a low-carbohydrate diet have shown favorable effects on inflammatory cytokines. This study examines the combined impact of an eight-week functional exercise training program and a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on adiponectin, CRP, and lipid profiles in overweight women.

Forty-eight overweight women, aged 25-35, were randomly selected for the intervention and allocated into control (n=12), LC diet (n=12), training (n=12), and training+ LC diet (n=12) groups. Functional training, conducted three times weekly for eight weeks at 50-80 percent of maximum heart rate, was paired with an LC diet restricting carbohydrate intake to 50g/d. Blood samples collected before and 48 hours after the final session were analyzed for adiponectin and CRP levels using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests.

Adiponectin levels did not significantly change following the eight-week interventions (p=0.135). However, CRP levels significantly decreased in the LC diet group compared to the control group (p=0.003). Cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control group (p<0.05), while HDL levels significantly increased in the LC diet (p=0.009) and training+ LC diet (p=0.001) groups compared to the control group.

The study underscores the positive impact of LC diet and functional training, either alone or in combination, on improving lipid profiles. However, there seems to be no synergistic effect of LC diet with functional training on changing CRP and adiponectin levels.

Background and Objectives Recently, performing regular sports activities has been considered an effective strategy for the rehabilitation of patients who have recovered from COVID-19. The present study aimed to assess the effect of eight weeks of selected aerobic and resistance exercises on the plasma levels of irisin, follistatin, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in women who recovered from COVID-19. Subjects and Methods A total of 33 women who recovered from COVID-19 were assigned to three groups, namely aerobic exercise, resistance, and control, after the general call and selection. Aerobic training with an intensity of 50%-70% of the reserve heart rate and resistance training with an intensity of 40%-75% of a maximum repetition was performed for eight weeks (three sessions per week). Irisin, follistatin, and FGF21 levels were measured using the ELISA method. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance statistical test at the significant level of < 0.05. Results As illustrated by the results, selected aerobic and resistance exercises caused a significant increase in irisin, follistatin, and FGF21 levels. The results of the post hoc test demonstrated that this increase was significant in the aerobic and resistance groups compared to the control group. Moreover, within-group changes pointed to a significant increase in the mean before and after the intervention in the aerobic and resistance groups. Conclusion Carrying out selected aerobic and resistance exercises in women who recovered from COVID-19 boosts their physical strength and is effective in quick recovery by restoring some indicators of myokine profile.

Obesity is one of the main causes of death in developing countries, especially in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of interval resistance training with Algomed supplement on FGF-21 and Selenoprotein P in obese men. 44 obese men will be divided into four groups of 11 people: control, training, supplement and supplemental training. Subjects in the 12-week training group will perform three sessions of resistance training sessions a week. Also, the subjects of the supplement group of 1800 mg Algomed Algae in the form of 6 tablets (2 tablets one and a half hour before breakfast, 2 tablets one and a half hour before lunch, 2 tablets one and a half hour before dinner) (according to the instructions factory) consumed. Blood was drawn 48 hours before the start of the research and 48 hours after the last day of training, and the mentioned indicators were measured using an ELISA kit and device. The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that training, supplement and supplement training caused decrease in FGF-21 and Selenoprotein P compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The present results showed that interval resistance training alone and with algomed supplementation decreased the levels of FGF-21 and Selenoprotein P in obese men. Also, consumption of algomed along with interval resistance training compared to interval resistance training alone had a greater effect on the levels of the investigated variables.

Hypertension is a pivotal modifiable risk factor for global cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality, often associated with a high-fat diet. This study aimed to explore the impact of endurance training on selected hemodynamic factors in rats subjected to a high-fat diet.

In this experimental research, 21 male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) were randomly assigned to three groups: high-fat diet (HF), normal diet (C), and high-fat diet with endurance training (HF+T), each comprising seven rats. The HF and HF+T groups were exposed to a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) for 12 weeks. Subsequently, the HF+T group underwent a six-week, five-sessions-per-week endurance training program. Cardiac parameters were recorded using physiography, and data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 24, utilizing one-way ANOVA.

The one-way ANOVA results showed no significant difference between groups in heart rate (p=0.143). However, systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the HF+T group compared to C (p=0.001) and HF (p=0.045) groups. The HF group also exhibited significantly elevated systolic blood pressure compared to the C group (p=0.044). Additionally, diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in both the HF (p=0.021) and HF+T (p=0.009) groups compared to the C group.

This study suggests that a high-fat diet, particularly when combined with endurance training, leads to an increase in blood pressure in rats compared to those fed a normal diet, emphasizing the complex relationship between diet, exercise, and cardiovascular health. The findings underscore the importance of understanding these interactions for comprehensive cardiovascular risk management. The identified hemodynamic changes contribute valuable insights for future interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of high-fat diets on cardiovascular health.

The combined use of methadone and exercise training holds promise for promoting health. This study investigates the impact of resistance and aerobic training in conjunction with methadone consumption on lipid profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in addicted men.

Ninety addicted men (mean age 36.82 ± 4.32 years) undergoing prison treatment were randomly assigned to six groups (n=15 each): control, narcotics anonymous (NA), aerobic training + methadone, aerobic training + methadone reduction, resistance training + methadone, resistance training + methadone reduction. The 12-week exercise program, conducted thrice weekly, included aerobic training (4-8 sets, 3 minutes each, at 80-90% maximum heart rate on the ergometer bike) and resistance training (12 repetitions, 3 sets, at 70-85% of one repetition maximum). Blood samples collected pre- and post-intervention measured CRP and blood lipids using specialized kits. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, employing multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test (P<0.05).

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly increased in trained groups compared to the control (P<0.001). Moreover, trained groups exhibited significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and CRP compared to the control group (P<0.05). Importantly, aerobic training was more effective than resistance training in improving the studied variables.

Exercise training, particularly aerobic training with methadone ingestion, yields positive effects, including reduced CRP levels and improved lipid profiles in addicted men. Exercise training with methadone reduction may be considered for empowering individuals with addiction issues.

The prevalence of obesity in different countries of the world is increasing alarmingly and at a fast pace, which factors such as the increasing popularity of cheap and high-calorie foods, the spread of inactive lifestyles, heavy workloads and time constraints are the reasons for the increase in global prevalence. Obesity has been raised. In humans and other higher organisms, systemic metabolism is controlled by sophisticated signaling pathways that regulate energy expenditure and food intake. The liver tissue is the main regulator of energy homeostasis by sensing the availability of nutrients and changing the production of energy and metabolites required for other tissues. Liver tissue leads to regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatic glucose production and glycogen storage. It has been proven that during the post-meal period, the liver tissue leads to an increase in glucose uptake in response to an increase in plasma glucose levels and insulin levels, and then converting glucose into glycogen or using it for lipogenesis. Algomed algae is the most popular dietary supplement used by athletes and is increasingly used in combination with resistance training to maintain or increase lean tissue mass and increase muscle strength, especially in obese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of intermittent resistance training with Algomed supplement on FGL-1 in obese men.

According to the topic and the method of doing the work, i.e. the existence of an experimental group and a control group, pre-test and post-test and providing an independent variable to the experimental groups, this research was a semi-experimental and applied type of research that was conducted in the field. has been done, it is also practical in terms of using the obtained results.. Obese male people were between 23-32 years old. The participants in this study were obese male volunteers who were selected by calling in public and administrative centers. To achieve this goal, they were randomized in a blinded manner with the ethics code SSRI.REC-2305-2206 (R1), in 44 Obese men were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups and a control group, and intermittent resistance training was performed with the help of Algomed for 12 weeks. Estimation of sample size using G-Power software and based on 4 intervention groups, statistical test of 2-way analysis of variance (exercise*supplement design), statistical power = 80%, type 1 error = 5% and type 2 error = 20% Done. Based on this, the sample size was determined to be 40 people (10 people in each group) and taking into account 15% withdrawal from the study, 44 people (11 people in each group) were selected as a statistical sample. Then randomly and by block method in blocks of 4 in one of the groups of intermittent resistance training (11 people), Algomed supplement (11 people), intermittent resistance training + Algomed supplement (11 people) and control (11 people) were divided The subjects of the twelve-week training group will do three resistance training sessions a week. They will complete the entire training sessions after attendance and absence, coordinating and explaining the necessary explanations, each training session with 10 minutes of general warm-up (slow running, stretching and softening) and 3-5 minutes of special warm-up and then the main program of intermittent resistance exercises for muscle groups including 8 movements of the upper body and lower body (squat, chest press, knee bend, forearm press, leg press, shoulder press with barbell , the back of the machine, the underarm of the cable from the back) were done intermittently and in different intensities. The original meaning of overload was that 5-10% of 1RM was added to their weight every 2 weeks. Performing movements (squats, chest press, knee bends, forearm press, leg press, barbell overhead, back foot of the machine, cable puller from the back) in the form of 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 60% of 1RM, rest between active sets and with The intensity was 20% and the number of repetitions was 15, and they finished with 10 minutes of cooling. Finally, the control group practiced their daily life during 12 weeks and were prohibited from participating in regular activities. All ethical principles were observed during the training process, and the subjects were allowed to withdraw from the research at any time during the training period. At the same time, the researcher emphasized the need to maintain daily diet and exercise habits. Also, the subjects of the group of 1800 mg Algomed Algae supplement in the form of 6 tablets (2 tablets an hour and a half before breakfast, 2 tablets one An hour and a half before lunch, they took 2 pills an hour and a half before dinner) (according to the factory instructions). Blood was taken 48 hours before the start of the research and 48 hours after the last day of training, and the aforementioned indicators were measured using an ELISA kit and device.

The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P<0.05). The post hoc test showed that the supplementary, exercise and supplementary exercise groups decreased FGl-1 compared to the control group (P<0.05).

The present results showed that intermittent resistance training alone and with chlorella supplementation decreased FGl-1 levels in obese men. Also, consumption of chlorella along with intermittent resistance training compared to intermittent resistance training alone had a greater effect on the levels of the investigated variables.

 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women. Several factors are thought to be affected by exercise, including insulin resistance (IR), FGF-21, and PNPLA3.

 This study aimed to determine the effect of swimming training on IR, FGF-21, and PNPLA-3 gene expression in the liver of rats with PCOS.

 A total of 24 adult female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Healthy control group, PCOS control group, healthy exercise group, and PCOS exercise group. Submaximal endurance swimming training was performed using different water flow rates from seven to 15 liters/minute for four weeks, five days per week for 60 minutes. The IR level and expression of FGF-21 and PNPLA3 genes were measured from the liver tissue. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 25) and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05).

 Based on the results, a significant difference in the amount of IR (P = 0.001), gene expression of FGF-21 (P = 0.001), and PNPLA-3 (P = 0.001) after four weeks of swimming training was decreased.

 Four weeks of swimming training improves the metabolic pathway and positively affects patients with PCOS.

Oxidative stress and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are one of the factors in the development of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's. So measuring the changes in beta amyloid gene expression and insulin resistance as one of the prominent disorders in type 2 diabetes, following HIIT and thyme’s honey consumption is the aim of the research.

The present study was conducted with 36 young male Wistar rats, which were divided into 4 groups: control (C), interval training (T), thyme’s honey (H) and interval training-thyme’s honey (TH) was performed. The rats in the T and TH groups were trained for two months with intervals and intensity gradually increasing, and in the H and TH groups, they received 3 g/kg of thyme’s honey. Weight, fasting glucose and insulin were measured through the kit and insulin resistance index was done through the formula and gene expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. The findings were subjected to one-way and two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test.

Non-significant (NS) increase in weight, significant increase in insulin and significant decrease in gene expression in all intervention groups compared to C, significant decrease in fasting glucose in T and TH groups compared to C, significant decrease in insulin resistance in T group compared to other groups, NS increase was observed in group H and TH compared to C.

HIIT and thyme’s honey had synergistic effect to reduce glucose and beta-amyloid gene expression as a preventive strategy for the occurrence of pathological features related to Alzheimer's and memory impairment in diabetics.

The aim of the present study was to study the changes in the expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 genes in liver tissue and tumor volume after aerobic exercise and consumption of pineapple extract in mice with skin cancer.

This fundamental-laboratory study was conducted on 32 male C57BL/6 mice in four groups including control, aerobic exercise, pineapple extract and aerobic-pineapple exercise. After tumor induction, the animals underwent aerobic training program for six weeks and pineapple extract was gavage at 300mg/kg. The weight and tumor volume of mice were measured. After obtaining blood and tissue samples, expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 genes in liver tissue was done by RT-PCR method. Then the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, two-factor analysis of variance and post hoc test, and the significance level of p≤0.05 was considered.

Compared to the control group, aerobic exercise and pineapple-exercise showed a significant decrease in tumor volume and a decrease in the expression of Cox-1 (0.59±0.97) and Cox-2 (0.5±0.4) gene expression in the aerobic-Pineapple compared to the control group (1±0) (p≤0.05). Cox1 gene expression increased significantly in the Aerobic exercise group, but a significant decrease was observed in the pineapple-Aerobic group. Also, Cox2 gene expression in the liver tissue in the exercise group Aerobic and interactive Aerobic-pineapple group had a significant decrease compared to the control, but in the pineapple group compared to the control, the difference in the expression of this gene was not significant.

The results of the present study showed that the expression of Cox 1 gene was significantly increased in the aerobic training group and significantly decreased in the pineapple-training group. Cox-2 gene expression in the liver tissue in the aerobic training group and the pineapple-training interactive group had a significant decrease compared to the control, because the Cox-2 enzyme is related to inflammation and pain, angiogenesis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it can be concluded that its inhibition or reduction can be considered as a promising and effective strategy for the treatment and prevention of cancer.

Atherosclerosis is a mechanism of cardiovascular disease which characterized by endothelial dysfunction related with flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of this study was investigation of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma levels of vaspin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and relation with FMD in T2D. 48 patients with T2D were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT (n= 16), MICT (n= 16) and control (n=16). The HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals at 85-90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 2 min at 55-60% HRmax. The MICT group intervention was performed on ergometer cycle for 42 min of exercise at 70% HRmax for 3 sessions per week during 12. The blood sample was collected 48-h before and 48-h after last sessions of exercise training. The vaspin was measured by ELISA, and NOx messured by Griess assay. FMD was assessed by ultrasound in baseline and follow-up 12- weeks of intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed- liner ANOVA with SPPS version 18. The results showed that plasma levels of vaspin and NOx and FMD percent after 12-weeks intervention (HIIT and MICT) were significantly increased compared to control group. There is no significantly different between HIIT and MICT in plasma levels of vaspin. While, there are significantly increased in plasma levels of NOx and FMD percent between HIIT and MICT (P< 0.05). Additionally, result indicated that there is a positive correlation with vaspin and NOx with FMD in HIIT group (P= 0.001) and vaspin (p=0.037) and NOx (P=0.026) in MICT group (P= 0.037). It seems that intensity via increase of vaspin and NOx plasma levels led to improves of FMD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

the use of heated oils has become an integral part of today's nutrition. Studies show that with the development of obesity, capillarization in adipose tissue does not occur in line with changes in cell size. Therefore, adipose tissue in obese people is always associated with lack of oxygen and it causes systemic inflammation by releasing inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on HIF-1 protein concentration in visceral fat and white cells in rats fed with deeply-heated oil.

In an experimental trial, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: healthy control, control-heated oil, aerobic exercise-heated oil, octopamine-heated oil and exercise, and octopamine-heated oil. Octopamine was given to rats by IP intraperitoneal injection daily for four weeks and five days a week. Aerobic exercise was also performed for four weeks and five days a week with moderate intensity on the treadmill. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention, the rats were anesthetized and visceral adipose tissue was removed from the body to measure HIF-1a gene expression. As a result of receiving deeply-heated oil, the expression of HIF-1 gene and protein in visceral fat increased significantly (P=0.001), but the number of white cells in visceral adipose tissue increased significantly (P=0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly decreased HIF-1 gene and protein expression (P=0.01). In addition, octopamine supplementation had no significant effect on HIF-1 gene expression of visceral fat of white cells in rats poisoned with deeply-heated oil. Receiving octopamine also decreased HIF-1 gene and protein expression (P=0.002). In addition, exercise significantly reduced the number of white cells (P=0.001). Octopamine could significantly reduce the expression of HIF-1 protein and the number of white cells. The interaction of exercise and octopamine was significant for the expression of HIF-1 protein and the number of white cells.

The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise and octopamine improve the angiogenesis process of the visceral adipose tissue that had been disrupted by heated oils, and reduce the damage caused by feeding with deeply-heated oils.

Fatty liver is one of the increasing diseases. Since changes in the gut microbiome causes fatty liver, taking probiotics may help to maintain gut microbial balance. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of probiotics consumption along with high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the ratio of liver enzymes (AST/ALT) in rats with steatosis.

In this experimental study, 40 male rats with an average weight of 200 to 250 grams were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 (including healthy control, steatosis, HIIT+steatosis, probiotic+steatosis, HIIT+ probiotic+steatosis). They received high-fat emulsion (10 mg/kg/day) to induce steatosis. The probiotic consumption groups received 109 colonies/ml of Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteria by gavage daily for 5 weeks and 5 days a week. The ratio of AST/ALT in the groups was compared.

The ratio of AST/ALT in the steatosis group was higher than the healthy control group. However, this ratio in steatosis+exercise+probiotic group compared to the steatosis group had the highest decrease than the other intervention groups which shows the positive effect of probiotic consumption and HIIT on improving rats with steatosis (p=0.001).

Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics foods consumption along with HIIT led to reduce the ratio of liver enzymes in mice with steatosis.

Background &

The lack of regular physical activity and the high prevalence of inactivity increase the accumulation of visceral fat and, as a result, increase chronic low-grade inflammation and the onset of metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, which shows a set of risk markers such as abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory state are strong and independent factors in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (1,2).
In addition to negatively impacting cardiovascular health, physical inactivity accelerates age-related decline in lung function and is associated with decreased lung function, chronic noncommunicable diseases, and death (4).
The positive effects of regular exercise on health-related outcomes are widely recognized in all age groups (5). Previous studies have shown that regular participation in sports activities can improve cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition (13). In this context, performing aerobic and strength exercises simultaneously (concurrent exercises) is an integral part of physical exercises that are performed with the aim of improving sports performance and health. Concurrent or simultaneous exercises refer to the combination of aerobic and strength exercises to create aerobic capacity and muscle strength or hypertrophy at the same time (14). Concarnet exercises improve some cardio-respiratory indicators. In the same context, the results of Eschuman et al. (2015) showed that the maximal oxygen consumption in men and women was statistically higher in concurrent exercises (endurance and strength at the same time) compared to endurance and strength exercises alone (16). However, some studies have shown that a combination of endurance and strength training in a training program when the total number of weekly training sessions is high leads to impaired strength development and muscle hypertrophy (19). One study has shown that VO2max decreases after a long period (20 weeks) of concurrent endurance and strength training in men (20).
Considering today's modern life and the relative decrease in daily physical activity and the occurrence of some diseases related to weight gain and lack of physical fitness, research on the positive effects of exercise on the cardiorespiratory system and the use of appropriate exercise methods are essential to It seems But based on the researcher's studies, the research done in this regard is very limited. Therefore, the current research aims to examine the question of whether MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises have an effect on the performance of the cardio-respiratory system of inactive women?

In this quasi-experimental study, 16 inactive women of Tehran city were selected in a targeted and available manner and were randomly placed in two control groups (n = 8) and concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) (n = 8). After the pre-test (anthropometric tests and gas analyzer), the concurrent exercise group (endurance and resistance) performed the concurrent exercise program for six weeks and three sessions every week, and the subjects of the control group did not have any special exercise. Before and after the training session, anthropometry, body composition and cardio-respiratory parameters were measured using an in-body device and a gas analyzer. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.

The results showed that six weeks of MRT (endurance-resistance) had no significant effect on the values of VO2max, FEV1, FVC, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, FEV1/FVC, VO2/HR, HR in inactive young women (P<0.05). Also, after the training period, there was no difference in BMI, PBF, SMM and WHR indices between the training and control groups (P<0.05).

The findings of the present research showed that MRT (endurance-resistance) exercises lead to non-significant improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory volume in one second to forced capacity (FEV1/FVC). ) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) was disabled in young women. Also, after the training period, there was no significant change in the first ventilation break point (VT1), second ventilation break point (VT2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate (VO2/HR) in Inactive young women were observed. The effect of exercise on respiratory volumes depends on the age group, race, gender, and the intensity and type of exercise as well as the level of physical fitness (23). In explaining the reasons for the effect of exercise on FVC and FEV1 following exercise, it should be said that Weakness of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles group, change the values of FVC and FEV1 and the forced expiratory volume in one second to the forced capacity, as well as the increase in the residual volume as a result of the weakness of the expiratory muscles, as well as neuromuscular disorders along with a decrease in ability Lung elasticity and limited are factors that reduce FVC values. On the other hand, it is known that neuromuscular coordination and greater activity of the diaphragm muscle improves these components (24). Therefore, aerobic training probably leads to the improvement of these indicators through the above mechanisms. However, a longer training period may be needed to have a significant effect on these indicators.
The results of the present study indicated a non-significant improvement in VO2max after MRT (simultaneous endurance and strength) training. The findings of Gabler et al. (2018), Faton et al. (2010), Eschuman et al. (2015) and Prastesh (2018) have reported a significant increase in VO2max after concurrent exercise (endurance and strength at the same time) (16,17) , 21, 25). Among the possible reasons for this increase in the maximum level of oxygen consumption, we can mention an increase in blood volume, an increase in the end-diastolic diameter, a better blood flow to the active muscles, an increase in the density of capillaries and mitochondria in active muscles after exercise (26). Factors affecting RER during exercise, such as duration and intensity of exercise, age, sex, fitness level, muscle glycogen, and daily dietary intake, together explain only 60% of the variation in RER during exercise, and usual dietary intake Food has a greater effect on RER than carbohydrate consumed during exercise. It has been found that during exercise, the increase in sympathetic activity causes the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, resulting in an increase in myocardial contractions and an increase in heart rate. During exercise, by increasing the average arterial pressure, the pressure receptors in the arteries by sending a negative feedback decrease the sympathetic activity and as a result increase the diameter of the vessels, increase the volume of blood available to the muscles, decrease the blood pressure and decrease the heart rate (31). One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples, so a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. Also, future studies should consider a longer period of time and a higher intensity to investigate the pulmonary function response to concurrent exercise. In summary, the results of this research showed that six weeks of MRT exercises led to non-significant improvement of some cardiorespiratory indices in inactive women. According to the results of the present research, it seems that concurrent exercises can help improve cardiorespiratory performance in inactive women. Therefore, inactive people, especially inactive women, can do this type of exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. However, more cardiorespiratory benefits may be achieved by performing MRT exercises with greater intensity and duration.

Obesity is one of the most important concerns and problems that threatenhealth all over the world, and sports activity and healthy diet are the most important ways to treat andprevent it. so, this study aims to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT)and Ellagic Acid (EA) supplementation on oxidative/antioxidant markers in obese women.

In this randomized clinical trial, 56 inactive obese women were randomly dividedinto four groups of HIIT, EA, EA+HIIT, and Control. The HIIT groups performed the training for 12 weeksincluding four 4-minute interval running at 85-95% HRpeak, 3 minutes of running at 50-60% HRpeak and7 minutes of rest interval. EA supplement was administered at a dose of 50 mg/day for 12 weeks. Bloodsamples were collected from the subjects before and 48 hours after the last session to assess serumlevels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

There was a significant difference between EA+HIIT and HIIT groups in MDA (P=0.005), TAC(P=0.003) and GPx (P=0.0001) after intervention. There was a significant difference between the MDAand TAC values of the subjects in the studied groups after 12 weeks of HIIT with EA supplementation(P=0.0001). And this was the difference between the combined group (EA+HIIT) and other groups.

Twelve weeks of HIIT and EA supplementation can significantly improve antioxidant and oxidantfactors in obese women.

Recently, performing regular sports activities due to the release of Myokines has been considered as a suitable strategy for rehabilitation, control of complications and consequences related to Covid-19. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of plasma levels of Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 to aerobic training in women recovered from Covid-19. 22 women recovered from Covid-19 in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities were divided into two groups of 11 people, including the aerobic exercise group and the control group, after a general call and selection. The aerobic exercise group performed the exercise protocol with an intensity of 50 to 70% of the reserve heart rate for eight weeks (three sessions per week). Before and after the end of the training protocol, blood samples were collected and Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA method. The data were analyzed using the statistical test of covariance (ANCOA) at p<0.05. Based on the comparison of data between the groups, values of Irisin (P<0.05), Follistatin (P<0.05) and FGF21 (P<0.05) in the aerobic group significantly increased as compared to the control group. Also, intragroup changes of Irisin (P<0.05), Follistatin (P<0.05) and FGF21 (P<0.05) also showed that there is a significant increase between the average before and after the aerobic group. Performing aerobic exercises in women recovered from Covid-19 can be effective in restoring their Myokine profile

Exercise training and Zataria multiflora have a positive effect on health and can modulate cardiovascular risk factors. Adipose tissue-derived factors such as ANGPTL8 and adhesive molecules play an important role in exerting the pathological effects of obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance-endurance exercise training combined with Zataria multiflora ingestion on the levels of ANGPTL8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in sedentary overweight and obese men.

In this clinical trial study, 40 sedentary overweight and obese men (with an average body mass index of 28.41±1.75 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 subjects each. The groups included placebo, Zataria multiflora, training, and training + Zataria multiflora. The exercise training was combined training consisting of resistance-endurance exercise, conducted three times per week over eight weeks. Zataria multiflora supplement consumption was set at 500 mg daily. Blood sampling was conducted before and after the eight-week intervention, and the levels of ANGPTL8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured using the ELISA method.

A significant decrease in serum levels of ANGPTL8 was observed in the training and training + Zataria multiflora groups compared to the placebo and Zataria multiflora groups (P<0.05). A decrease in serum ICAM-1 levels was significant in the training + Zataria multiflora group compared to the placebo group (P<0.05). Statistically significant decreases in serum VCAM-1 levels were observed in the training and training + Zataria multiflora groups compared to the placebo and training + Zataria multiflora groups (P<0.05).

Zataria multiflora consumption, along with combined training, can have a synergistic effect in decreasing ANGPTL8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is known as an important biomarker for assessing oxidative stress, which exert many pathological effects. The present study sought to investigate the effect of endurance training on the serum and cardiac levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid profile in the high fat fed male rats.

For the 21 male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250g) randomly assigned in three equal groups including the control (C; received normal diet), 60% high-fat diet (HF), and 60% HF + endurance training group (HFE). The HF and HFE groups received 60% calories from fat for 12 weeks. Subsequently, endurance training program performed for six weeks (5 session per week) by the HFE group. Following completing intervention, blood and heart tissue samples collected, and the MDA and lipid profile were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software, using one-way ANOVA test.

Serum MDA in the C and HFE groups was significantly lowered compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). Cardiac MDA also represented a significant decrease in the C and HFE groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.05).  Moreover, endurance training result in significant improvement in the lipid profile compared to the HF group (P < 0.05).

It seems that exercise training can be considered as an effective strategy for ameliorate the pathological effect of high fat feeding, partly exerted by downregulation of serum and cardiac MDA levels and the lipid profile improvement.

BMP has critical role in development, growth, and differentiation of cell. There is enough evidence regarding the role of BMPs in lipid accumulation and homeostasis The current study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training (MRT) and Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) supplementation on expression level of BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7 in overweight women.

We carried-out a randomized clinical trial performed on 40 overweight women in Iran 2020. We randomly assigned the study participants into four groups including combined 8-week course of metabolic resistance training (MRT) training and 400 mg chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation, 8-week course of MRT, CGA supplement, and the control group. Intervention included three MRT training sessions per week and the duration of each session was 45 minutes. The training exercise intervention was 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of metabolic resistance training, and 5 minutes of cool-down. The supplementation arms were also received 400 mg / day CGA extracted from green coffee beans. Expression level of BMP2,4,6, and 7 was the main interested outcome that assessed pre and post intervention.

We observed significant decrease in BMP2 level in combined intervention group in compared with the control group (Regression coefficient= -2.7, 95% CI=-5.0, -0.4). Moreover, we observed that combined intervention has decreased BMP4 level and the observed difference was statistically significant (Regression coefficient= -6.2, -1.7, -10.6). No significant effect for MRT and CGA group was reported regarding BMP2, and BMP4. Neither combined nor separate form of CGA and MRT had no significant effect on BMP6 and BMP7 (P-value>0.05).

Simultaneous MRT exercises and CGA supplementation prohibited expression levels of BMP2, and BMP4. However, they had no significant effect separately. There was no association between the interventions and expression level of BMP6, and BMP7.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that, is affected by environment and also genetics. The pathophysiological changes of diabetes are caused by dysfunction of peripheral β cells and ROS-dependent inflammation produced by tissues, all of these factors underlie insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, which gradually impairs blood glucose control (1). GATA4 is a cardiac-enriched transcription factor that is essential for various physiological and adaptive responses of cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have shown that GATA4 was able to protect cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced apoptosis, indicating that GATA4 also conveys a survival signal for cardiomyocytes (4). Recent studies have shown that physical activity has a significant effect on improving type 2 diabetes, reducing the risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and improving insulin sensitivity (8). Many studies show that by consuming more energy and training intensities, including high-intensity intermittent exercise, there is a greater response to insulin sensitivity throughout the body. During exercise, with muscle contraction and increased AMPK activity, stimulation of insulin sensitivity increases. After exercise, an increase in Akt inactivates TCB1D4 and thus increases the transport of glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the cell membrane, resulting Increases in absorption glucose (9). In recent years, in addition to the emphasis on exercise and physical activity, attention has been paid to dietary supplements and some herbs for the treatment of diabetes, among which there is great interest in the use of honey (15). Honey is primarily rich in carbohydrates and is also abundant in flavonoids and phenolic acids; thus, it is a promising therapeutic antioxidant for various disorders. it is a promising antidiabetic agent.  Although the use of honey due to its therapeutic and nutritional value has long been considered and approved in scientific texts, but its use in modern medical sciences is debatable (17). Therefore, considering the known physiological positive effects and protection of the heart, periodic exercise and thyme honey, as well as their positive role in improving cardiac function and the possibility of stimulating GATA4 gene expression in line with positive physiological adaptations of the heart, especially cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, we hypothesized that: 1- HIIT, Thyme honey  and The combination of both can be effective in increasing the expression of GATA4 gene in male type 2 diabetic rats. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of HIIT and thyme honey on GATA4 gene expression in male type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 36 young male Wistar rats, as a statistical sample, were purchased from Royan Research Institute and were move to the Razi Laboratory of Azad University of Science and Research.  After two weeks of getting acquainted with the laboratory environment and reaching a weight of 197± 20, undergo a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks on a high-fat diet prepared by the Royan Biotechnology Research Institute, which 45% HFD was given for 3 months and 60% HFD was given for 2 months (20, 21). Then Rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=8), HIIT (n=10), thyme honey (n=8) and HIIT*thyme honey (n=10) groups. At the end of the protocol, 28 rats were survived. In each group 2 rats died. To induce diabetes, a high-fat diet is used for 20 weeks and then intraperitoneal injection (25 mg / kg) of STZ solution is used. The HIIT training intervention of 8 weeks, with 2 min running at 80-90% VO2max and 1 min at 50-56% VO2max, was performed for 5 sessions per week including 2 to 8 intervals 16 Up to 34 minutes was done running on a treadmill, so that running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in last week. Additionally, during the 8 weeks of intervention, 3 g/kg of diluted thyme honey consumed, 5 days/week in supplement groups, honey and HIIT*honey groups.Cardiac tissue was isolated and transferred to a negative 80 freezer to measure the expression of genes. In the next step, the RNA is extracted by RiboEX Total RNA isolation solution (GeneAll) and finally the quantitative and qualitative study of the RNA by Nanodrop device is evaluated. After ensuring the quality of RNA, it was extracted, cDNA made using the TAKARA kit and transferred to negative 20 freezer. AMPLIQON Master Mix Cybergreen was used for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). In the present study, the GAPDH reference gene was used as a house keeping gene and the Delta Delta CT method was used to quantitatively analyze the Real Time PCR data. The expression of the GATA4 genes in heart tissue. The primers used in this study were designed by Allel ID6 software and synthesized by Sinaclon Biotechnology Company. The sequence of primers is given in Table 2. Temperature gradient was set. All samples were repeated 2 times in a real-time PCR machine. Also, the temperature and time program of Real Time PCR reaction in the present study is according to Table 3. Data were analyzed using SPSS22 software. Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality of data distribution and Levin test for homogeneity of variances and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and tukey post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups. Significance level in the tests was considered α 05 0.05.

According to the results of descriptive statistics, the scores of HIIT in the insulin resistance index are lower than the other groups. Also, the GATA4 scores in the HIIT and Theym honey are higher than the other groups.  ANOVA Analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the variable of HOMA-IR (P = 0.001) and GATA4 gene expression (P = 0.016).The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that HOMA-IR was significantly decreased only in HIIT group when compared with other groups, whereas this finding was not repeated in other intervention groups (p>0.05).and expression of GATA4 gene was significantly increased in HIIT and Theym honey (p <0.05).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIIT and thyme honey on insulin resistance index and expression of GATA4 gene in heart tissue of type 2 male diabetic rats. The results of the present study revealed that HOMA-IR were significantly decrease on the HIIT group when compared with others groups, though, there were no significant difference on the insulin resistance index  in thyme honey and  HIIT*thyme honey groups. These results were consistent with the study of Nova et al. (2017), Farazmandi and Rezaian (1399), Jelstad et al. (2021). also, Su et al. (2011) showed that exercise and physical activity can significantly reduce the insulin resistance index (34). Azimi Dokht et al. (2015) also showed in a study that eight weeks of intermittent exercise has a positive effect on fat profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic men (35). Although, in concern with expression of GATA4 gene there are significantly increase in HIIT group in compared others group, there is no significant difference in the other intervention groups. These results are consistent with the findings of Hemmati et al. (2019), Xu et al. (2018), Naderi et al. (2019), Xiao et al. (2014). Xu et al. (2018) demonstrated GATA4 had a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia. Overexpression of GATA4 was demonstrated to lead to increased expression of NOX4 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, GATA4 overexpression resulted in increased nitric oxide (NO) production through the upregulation of endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation (38). Exercise imposes a higher cardiac workload, inducing angiogenesis and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, and GATA4 triggers this physiological process. However, overexpression of GATA4 is also associated with decompensated cardiac hypertrophy, as it occurs in neuroendocrine overactivation-induced HF. On the other hand, in postnatal hearts, GATA4 is essential for cardiomyocyte survival after injury or stress (38).For years, people have believed that diabetics cannot consume honey because honey is high in sugar. Regarding honey, it should be noted that according to the standard, the acceptable limit for the ratio of fructose to glucose of honey is a minimum of 0.9 (40).Due to the fact that the glycemic index of fructose is very low. These findings show that honey causes fewer changes in blood sugar compared to glucose and can prevent the adverse effects of postprandial hypertension (41) and therefore this ability It increases the expression of GATA4 gene. Therefore, it seems that interval exercise and consumption of thyme honey can be used in type 2 diabetes.

Recently, performing regular sport activities has received attention due to the release of Myokines in reducing the complications caused by Covid-19, especially reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, rebuilding and repairing damaged tissues and reducing metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of selected resistance training on the levels of Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 in women who recovered from Covid-19.

Upon a public call, twenty-two women who recovered from Covid-19 in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities were selected and divided into two groups of 11 people, including the resistance training group and the control group, . The resistance training protocol was implemented for eight weeks and three sessions per week, including eight movements with an intensity of 40 to 75% of a maximum repetition. Blood sampling was done in two stages before and after the implementation of the protocol. The measurement of the levels of the Irisin, Follistatin and FGF21 was done by ELISA method and the data was analyzed using the covariance statistical test (ANCOVA) at the (p<0.05) level.

Comparison of the between groups data showed that the values of irisin (p<0.05), follistatin (p<0.05) and FGF21 (p<0.05) significantly increased in the resistance group compared to the control group. In addition, the examination of intra-group changes of irisin (p<0.05), follistatin (p<0.05) and FGF21 (p<0.05) indicated that there is a significant increase between the mean before and after implementation of the protocol in the resistance group.

It seems that resistance training leads to improvement of Myokine profile through the recovery of muscle mass in women recovering from covid-19.

Fatty liver is one of the increasing diseases in Iran and the world, and for this reason, it is necessary and useful to find a solution to treat or prevent its progress.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic consumption and intense intermittent exercise on liver enzymes in male rats with steatosis.

In this experimental study, 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 including healthy control, asetosis, exercise+steatosis, probiotic+steatosis, exercise+probiotic+steatosis. To develop fatty liver, they received high-fat emulsion at the rate of 10 mg/kg daily.consumption of probiotics;The respective groups received 109 CFU/ml of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by gavage daily for 5 weeks and 5 days a week. Data were measured by one-way variance method and Bonferroni's post hoc test at the level of p>0.05.

The levels of AST and ALT enzymes in the probiotic group, the exercise group and the probiotic+exercise group were not significantly lower than the healthy control group,but there was a significant decrease compared to the steatosis group (p=0.001).The level of ALP enzyme in the exercise group and the probiotic+exercise group showed a significant decrease compared to the steatosis group, and the steatosis+exercise+probiotic group, although the decrease was not significant compared to the control group, but it had a significant decrease compared to the steatosis group (p= 0.001).

It seems that the combination of probiotic consumption with intense intermittent exercise has a visible effect on the reduction of liver enzymes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing to maximal aerobic training on biomarkers of heart damage in Iran's Premier Football League players.The present study was a semi-experimental research. From among this society, 20football players were selected as available samples. The assessment of incremental aerobic activity to the maximum was by implementing the Bruce protocol. In order to test hypotheses and compare dependent variables in different groups, analysis of variance test was used in repeated measures, and Bonferroni test was used to compare between blood sampling stages. The analysis of collected data was done using 25SPSS software.According to the results, there was no significant difference in the amount of galectin-3between the pre-test phase and immediately and 24 hours after the test. Also, there was a significant difference in CTnI and CTnT in the pre-test and after the test. CTnI and CTnT levels increased significantly immediately after the test. and then returned to the initial state 24 hours later. Also, a significant difference in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was observed in the pre-test, immediately and 24 hours after the exercise. Brain natriuretic levels increased significantly immediately after the test and decreased significantly after 24 hours and returned to the initial levels 24 hours later. It can be concluded that aerobic exercise increasing to the maximum may lead to an increase in cardiac specific troponin I and T and brain natriuretic peptide. However, the increase appears to be temporary and does not cause heart damage.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that can cause tissue damage and apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to study the changes in the expression of related liver apoptosis genes after High Intensity Training (HIT) and royal jelly in type 2 diabetic rats.

The statistical sample of the study was 36 male rats that became diabetic after 20 weeks of high-fat diet and injection of 25 ml/kg of STZ. Fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg/dl was considered as the criteria for type 2 diabetes. Diabetic rats were placed in 4 groups: control, HIIT, Jelly, and HIIT-Jelly. The HIITprotocol was performed 8 weeks, 5 sessions / week with intense 2-minute intervals with 2-8 intervals and 80-90% vo2max and one-minute rest intervals with 50-56% vo2max and Royal Jelly gavage at 100 mg/kg for 5 days / week. Data analysis was done using one-way and two-factor analysis of variance and post hoc test.

The results showed that compared to the control group, HIIT led to a significant decrease in glucose and insulin resistance index. Also, HIIT and royal jelly consumption led to a decrease in Bax gene expression and an increase in Bcl2 gen expression and a decrease in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in liver cells compared to the control group (P<0.05).

HIIT with royal jelly in diabetic rats led to the reduction and improvement of glycemic index and insulin resistance and appropriate changes in the expression of liver apoptotic genes.