farzad khoshab

Khilaat refers to any type of gift that is given by a higher authority to a lower authority. This tradition continued with the advent of the Safavids. In such a way that giving Khilaat was an inseparable part of relations within the government and was influential in the process of formation and stabilization of the Safavid government in the face of opponents and establishing order and security in line with centralism. From this point of view, the present research was tried to answer the question of the quality and quantity of the influence of Khilaat and giving Khilaat in the political-security relations of the Safavid government. The findings of the research indicate that Khilaat and giving Khilaat were one of the most important elements of the Safavid rulers to stabilize the situation in terms of things like controlling the rebels and convincing them after defeat, which can be considered as a means of attracting or stabilizing the status quo. In this way, their status and position, which included a wide range of diverse situations, would be further stabilized. In the continuation of this process, with the stabilization and consolidation of the Safavid government, the removal of power was used to stabilize the granting of positions, political revenges, good service in the face of enemies, and the display of power among different levels of effective power.

Khalat as a common tradition in Iran history has also had significant political functions. What’s more, not only political functions but also fiscal ones are other dimensions of this old tradition. Analyzing the contrıbution of Khalat in the Safavid official mechanism, this essay tries to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex administrative structure of the Safavid government. So, historiographical sources and travelogues are used to form a desired narrative. The result of the essay represents a two-faceted problem. On one hand, Shâh and the magnates have tried maintain their political position through Khalat. On the other hand, the policy of some governors and recipients of Khalat was focused on maintaining and continuing their relationship with the central government. Looking at this issue from the perspective of mutual benefits, this essay argues that both of them have sought to consolidate and maintain their power through the implementation of an ancient tradition such as Khalat. As a result, statesmen such as governors put pressure on the people to provide financial resources for Khalat. Therefore, this approach has had consequences, one of which was increasing in social difficulties, although the classical historiographical texts have usually silent. 

In the Qajar era, hunting was one of the common ways of entertainment. During this period, the king and his family members and the governors of some regions were very interested in hunting and hunted in various ways. In the meantime, hunting with peregrine falcons had a special place in the pastime of courtiers and nobles, especially during the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the following research question: What was the position and function (individual and social) of hunting with a goat in the Qajar period? The findings of the research show that those who were able to buy hunting birds by spending a lot of money, hired skilled bird hunters to prepare them for all kinds of hunting on the hunting grounds. Due to the high costs and difficulties related to training and maintaining the falcon, this method of hunting had become one of the most difficult methods of hunting, and only kings, governors, and princes were able to do this type of hunting on a large scale. Hunting with a hawk was used for purposes such as fun and entertainment and to show the greatness and skill of an individual in hunting.

Historical geography sources are very important in examining the location and location of important and strategic areas. One of the most important areas that has had a special place among Muslim geographers for a long time is the northern shores and ports of the Persian Gulf, which were always considered part of Iran's territory. Muslim geographers, while mentioning the name of the Persian Sea, provide valuable information about the geographical location and limits, economic and social status of these regions. The present article aims to investigate and analyze the historical geography of Iranian ports and coasts of the Persian Gulf using Muslim geographical texts based on the descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of the investigations carried out in this study show that the geographical location of the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf has had a major impact on the social and economic life of these areas, and the different aspects of the lives of its people were influenced by geography and being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Also, being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf had caused economic prosperity and extensive cultural exchanges between Iranian coastal residents and the surrounding areas.

The formation of the Mongol Union by Genghis Khan led them to confront regional and extra-regional opponents. With the beginning of the first disputes between the Mongols and the Khwarezmshahian, the Mongol army headed towards Iran. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources, seeks to answer the question, what methods did the Mongols use to conquer different regions of Iran? The findings of the research show that the Mongols used a combination of erosive, surprising and bloodthirsty war methods in the face of the resistance that was carried out in different regions. Due to the fact that the Mongols did not face a unified army, they used different methods and tactics to conquer different areas. They use methods such as creating fear and panic by sending envoys, capturing villages and surrounding areas before conquering the main urban centers, dividing military forces and fighting simultaneously on several fronts to prevent the unification of enemy forces, long-term siege and surrendering the enemy using catapults. Using incendiary materials to break the siege and evacuate hiding places in cities, using tricks to surprise or trick the enemy, such as pretending to retreat, spreading rumors, offering peace, camouflage, delaying the enemy to arrive for reinforcements and reinforcements, and using captives They used war in the battle with the enemy.

The use of different methods of battle has always been one of the ways to win over rivals, and the establishment of different dynasties throughout history has depended on military power and the use of various military tactics. Nader Shah was one of the unique personalities in the history of the war in Iran who was able to win various domestic and foreign battles by using various methods of war and cut off the hands of foreigners from the territory of Iran. The present study seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources and new research to answer the question that Nader has from the time of his emergence to the end of his reign to conquer different regions and overcome domestic opponents and foreign enemies what battle methods have used to win battles? The research results show that Nader used methods such as sending Ilychi to intimidate and surrender to the enemy, using a spy system, surprising the enemy, capturing the castle in various ways, including smashing, to suppress and defeat domestic rivals and foreign enemies, dropping divisions between enemy forces, spreading rumors about the killing of the commanders, inciting the his forces before the attack and during the war, paying attention to the forces's pension and using the spoils properly and attracting the attention of the commanders and elders.

A historian usually investigates the historical events in his own viewpoint and the historical events give their meaning based on the importance given by the historian. The present article is to study the views pertaining to the history, historiography, the constructive elements of this kind of view in Zafarnameh and the how of ideological views affecting the historiography of Sharfoldin Yazdi who supported the political legitimacy of Timor (771-807 After Hijrah). The result of this research, done with the analytical-descriptive approach, clarifies that Sharafoddin Yazdi is so bounded with the ideas imposed or dictated to him that any doubt in them is interpreted as deviation from the fact and it is not acceptable. Relying on the beliefs such as shadow of God and divine providence, Yazdi justifies all the actions of Timor as the corroborative of religion and consequently Zafarnameh resembles a book of Jihad due to the explanation of wars and military history.

By choosing Abbas Mirza as Crown Prince, Fath Ali Shah aroused the rivalry and opposition of other princes, especially Mohammad Ali Mirza. By enforcing the policy of appointing his sons to the government of the states and provinces, while establishing order and security throughout the forbidden countries of Iran, he intensified the competitive atmosphere between the princes of the Qajar ruler. Meanwhile, Mohammad Ali Mirza in 1221 AH. AH / 1806 AD was appointed to the government of Kermanshah and western regions of Iran. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and seeks to answer the question that what security-disciplinary measures did Mohammad Ali Mirza take in western Iran? The findings show that Mohammad Ali Mirza stabilized his position with several security-disciplinary measures and competed with Abbas Mirza. With military reforms in the army, stabilization of Iran's borders against the Ottomans, control of tribes and nomads and the use of their military power to suppress the opposition and establish security in the region under his control, he became one of the most powerful princes and rivals. Jedi turned Abbas Mirza into a monarch.

Due to its geographical location, Gilan, since the arrival of Islam until the Safavid era, was always under the rule of local families and was not usually under the direct control of the central government. Only in the Safavid period, Shah Abbas I (d. 996-1038 AH/ 1588-1629 AD) put an end to the reign of local governments through the expansion of the influence and domination of the central government over Gilan. Since then, Gilan’s affairs were governed by agents and rulers appointed by the central government. During the reign of Karim Khan Zand (d. 1163-1193 AH/ 1750-1779 AD), Hedayatullah Khan was appointed as the governor of the province, but due to various reasons and factors, his relationship with the central government changed. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to answer the question of why and how Hedayatullah Khan’s relationship with the central government changed. The findings of this study show that Hedayatullah Khan’s relations with the central government were influenced by factors such as the weakness of the central government, the military empowerment of the ruler of Gilan, and the establishment of political and economic relations with the neighboring governments. The ruler of Gilan, by resorting to political, military and economic measures and suppressing the local readers, sought to maintain his power and that of his subordinates against the central government and other political claimants.

With the emergence of Qajar government and the early death of Aghamohammad Khan, the process of governing the various provinces and counties in general changed. One of the most important central government measures to monitor and control the tribes and clans have always been the establishment of a relationship with the local rulers that was shaped by these conditions. This was possible through central government appointees in various areas. This policy was implemented with the emergence of Qajar government and the throne of Fath Ali Shah. He managed to maintain his dominance over the Poshtkuh provinces by appointing Mohammad Ali Mirza Dawlat Shah to the Kermanshah government. This study sought to answer the following question: What was the relationship of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dawlat Shah with the governors of Poshtkuh? The findings of this study, which had a descriptive-analytical approach, indicated that Mohammad Ali Mirza, with his peaceful policy, was able to associate with the central Iranian government until the end of his life.

The boundaries and frontiers as one of the main pillars of governments during various periods caused problems such as long lasting wars. The range of the boundary conflicts also extended to Qajar period. Coming to the power of Fathalishah and assigning M.Ali.Mirza Dolatshah as the ruler of Kermanshahan , the country witnessed the excessive conflicts between Iran and Ottoman and their continuous battles in the west and southern west parts during 1221/1236_1237 AH/1812/1820_1821 M. M.Ali.Mirza as a competent and tactful ruler could stabilize the position of central government in west and southern _west regions by his victories. The present research seeks to answer the question: what did M.Ali.Mirza do to stabilize the west and south _west boundaries of Iran? The research findings showed that M.Ali.Mirza with his expansionist efforts against Bagdad's influence and keeping his power in west regions could maintain the boundaries and if he didn't die soon,maybe Bagdad came under the protection of Iran. In this research the military efforts by M.Ali.Mirza in the conflicts with Ottoman have been studied in a descriptive _analytical method

There are many works and texts from Muslim geographers to understand the geography of Iran and the Persian Gulf. The geographic work of the Muslims began from the third and fourth century AH until the time of the Mongols, Ilkhanid and Timurid in the seventh and eighth centuries. Among these works, we can mention “Nozehat Alqaloub” the author of, Hamdollah Mostofi in the Ilkhanid era and the geography of Hafez Abro in the Timurid era, which in turn refers to the historical geography of the Persian Gulf. Nozehat Alqaloub Among the texts of the eighth century AH, which is important for the study of the geography of many parts of the Muslim world in that era, he referred to the Persian Gulf as the "Sea of Persia" or just by the name of the sea or the (bahr) sea. Among other important texts that are important for understanding the geographic location of this bay is the book; Geography of Hafez Abro is one of the most famous historians of the Timurid period. In turn, this book, like Nozehat Alqaloub provides a great contribution to readers of the Persian Gulf. The present study examines the position of the Persian Gulf, beaches, ports, islands, intestines that are causing it, and ... from the viewpoint of Hamdollah Mostofi and Hafiz Abro.

At least in the history of Iran after Safavid, in Khuzestan, there have always been attempts to independence and rejection of the central government. As the Qajar dynasty came to power, the process continued. In this period, the most important efforts were carried out by the Bakhtiari Chans and at their head Mohammad Taghi Khan Bakhtiari, and then by the Arabs of Bani Kab. The rebellions of Mohammad Taqi Khan began at the end of Fath-Ali Shah's rule and continued until the late Muhammad Shah's domination. He repeatedly revolted several times, and eventually suppressed by Manuchehr Khan Gorji Motamad al-Dawle. With the suppression and refugee of Khan Bakhtiari to Falahiya and Sheikh Thamir Kabi, the extent of the insurgency were drawn to this area, and, of course, the disobedience and rebellion of Sheikh Thamir was also suppressed by Motamed al-Dawlah. The main question of the present research is that, What was the reason for Moamat al-Dawlah to suppress the revolts of Khuzestan, in order to integrate the region, and what did it do? This article is based on the library research method, and well-found on genuine and investigative data.

The works and texts of many Muslim geographers remain in the knowledge of the geography of the Islamic countries, including those located in the territory of Islam. Among these works, we can mention the "Masalak and the Mallak" by Ibrahim bin Muhammad, Abu Ishaq Karkhi Estakhri (346 q.), Who is one of the first Iranian geographers of the Muslim world in the 4th century AH in Iran. This work, translated byan obscure writer in the fifth century AH, refers to the position of the Persian Gulf. In many geographical resources related to the Islamic regions, the Persian Gulf and its importance is named the Persian Gulf,Pars Sea and ... These texts, in addition to geographic value, are historically, politically, military, economic, social, cultural, etc. of great importance. And should be seriously investigated in order to maximize theirvalue. "Masalak and the countries" is one of the early texts of the fourth century AH Which is essential for the geographical study of many regions of Iran in that epoch In this research, this Iranian Sea has been studied with the aim of understanding the historical geography of the Persian Gulf at that time.