فهرست مطالب fatemeh alian

Folk medicine in the Safavid period was influenced by several epistemological, cultural and social contexts. On the one hand, the long-lasting established historical, intellectual and cultural traits established the status of the Iranian society of the Safavid era as a pre-modern society. On the other hand, the occurrence of some political, social and cultural changes in this period influenced the cultural situation, the system of beliefs, worldviews, norms and actions of the social classes in the context of everyday life. These two major components directly and indirectly affected the state of folk medicine in this period. It is hypothesized that the folk medicine of the Safavid period is affected by some factors, such as the mythic nature of the society, reliance on pre-modern cosmology, the predominance of foreign sciences and approaches based on astrology, the spread of superstition and also the structural state of science. Using an analytical approach, the author tries to explain which of the epistemological, cultural and social factors highly affected the folk medicine in the Safavid era?

There is extensive research in the field of women's medicine in the works of Muslim scholars and scholars, which is the result of their extensive experience in this field. During the third to ninth centuries, the timeframe of the study in question, Muslim monks devoted detailed sections of their medical books to the subject of obstetrics and gynecology and sometimes wrote independent treatises on this subject. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring the effects of Muslim physicians during the third to ninth centuries on their progress in the field of women's menstrual diseases.

: In this review and library study, the views and opinions of some Muslim doctors and practitioners during the third and ninth centuries AH using their books and medical records on the causes and methods of treatment of women's menstrual diseases from a diagnostic point of view And therapeutic, were evaluated. To analyze and compare information available with other researchers, Women's Uterine Diseases, Menstrual Diseases, Gynecological Diseases, Islamic Medicine, Muslim Doctrine, Databases, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, UpToDate, Google Scholar Search and Scientific Documentation Summarized.

This study shows that Muslim physicians have presented diverse and applicable theories and views on the symptoms and treatment of women's menstrual diseases  And recounts the surgical and medication procedures performed depending on the type of menstrual period women have And so, by introducing the important achievements of ancient Islamic medicine, some of the great history of this knowledge will be introduced to Muslim practitioners who are hereditary in order to provide grounds for restoring scientific and epistemic self-belief.

Innovation and creativity of Muslim physicians' treatment methods to cure women's uterine diseases in the period under discussion, and especially the causes and treatment of women's menstrual diseases, show that Muslim physicians, by thoroughly explaining and examining women's diseases, are appropriate and useful ways to remedy this. Diseases have been reported, and have been prescribed by arbitration, nutrition and suppository methods.

The folk medicine of the Safavid period was influenced by a kind of pervasiveness of sanctity that arose from a pervasive political-social-cultural process. At the same time, this sanctity influenced medical beliefs and behaviors aimed at preventing / treating social classes And fueled a range of therapeutic-preventive actions in its popular form. In fact, what happened, or was somewhat reinforced and spread, was that a set of human phenomena, human artifacts, and natural affairs were labeled sacred, and this gave rise to the therapeutic / medical notion of these phenomena. It strengthened the popular beliefs of the people.

The method of this research is based on the study of libraries and the study of original manuscripts and ancient medical books in order to reflect descriptively-analytically, the contexts of the prosperity of sanctity in the Safavid era and the relationship between folk medicine and this phenomenon.

The pervasive socio-political process of the Safavid period led to the formation of a set of demands, needs and medical problems and issues related to prevention and treatment in accordance with this sacred set, and folk medicine in deep connection with Put a culture of belief and sanctimonious beliefs.

Honesty and fidelity were observed in the analysis, reporting and publication of materials.

The results showed that the pervasive sanctity in the Safavid period, encouraged a set of medical practices and popular behaviors and beliefs around the two axes of prevention and treatment and highlighted it as a norm or popular medical behavior.

In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective.

The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected.

This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women.

The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.

During the early centuries of Islam, owing to the familiarity of Muslim scholars and practitioners with other civilizations and, in particular, their familiarity with different branches of science and medicine practiced by other nations, including Greek, Roman, Syrian, Indian and Iranian, as well as the translation of medical texts, medical science flourished among Muslims. Along with the growth of medical knowledge and its role in the development of Islamic society, Islamic physicians paid special attention to the specialization of this knowledge, including the field of obstetrics and gynecology science, leading to its significant development.From the third through the ninth century, the time period focused on in this study, Muslim doctors devoted most parts of their medical books to the field of obstetrics and gynecology, and some wrote treatises on this field. Issues such as the cause(s) of infertility in men and women and their treatment, the reasons for prohibiting pregnancy, methods of unwanted pregnancy prevention, abortion and abortion prevention methods, pregnancy diagnosis and methods of contraception are found profusely in their books. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the medical books written by Muslim physicians in the field of contraception and pregnancy prevention methods to find out whether physicians during the Islamic era pay attention to methods of contraception and pregnancy prevention. In addition, it is to see what encouraged them to practice this, what approaches they took and how successful they were. To address these issues, the researchers have focused on the following hypotheses: What methods have Muslim physicians adopted for the purpose of contraceptive methods and pregnancy prohibition: 1) preventive measures for men; 2) preventive measures for women, 3) pregnancy prohibition for both men and women.It is hoped that findings of this research, while addressing the above hypotheses, will demonstrate some of the achievements of Muslim doctors, such as prescribing medications for permanent infertility, oral contraceptive pills, or medications affecting infertility for certain time and diets recommended before intercourse for decreasing fertility.Having reviewed original manuscripts, including old medical textbooks, the method adopted in this research is that of descriptive-analytical based on library study.

Obstetrics and Gynecology as one of the most important branches of modern medicine¡ enjoys a thousand-year history of the views of scientists and physicians of various civilizations of India¡ Greece¡ Iran and other nations. This field of study from ancient times¡ has been considered as one of the oldest professions in the world¡ dating back to the length of human life. Obstetrics and Gynecology¡ as an academic discipline¡ not only is related to the birth or pregnancy¡ but has also been playing an important role in the treatment of women. According to historical resources¡ Islamic medicine is indebted to Greece and Rome¡ and many works of Islamic medicine root in Greek schools. It should be borne in mind that Greek medicine owes its turn to Mesopotamia¡ Egypt¡ Persia and India¡ respectively. In the Islamic period¡ based on Islamic law¡ specific instructions for the survival of human life¡ the importance of marriage and family formation and physical health of men and women are taken to a formal program. Many works in the field of midwifery and gynecology at the beginning of the Islamic period have been developed which are determined by examining the physicians of Islamic civilization¡ also known as the majority of uterine diseases. Dystocia¡ infertility and other diseases were treated among women such physicians theoretically¡ have written treatises on midwifery and gynecology¡ or at least chapters of their books were dedicated to issues. The present study is aimed at surveying Muslim Physician’s views on the etiology and treatment plans for Uterus diseases. The dominant presupposition serves the fact that Muslim physicians were knowledgeable about such problems¡ and provided convenient clinical remedies to cure them. The analytic-descriptive nature of this study has taken advantage of library documents to describe various treatment plans and explain their diversities in managing Uterus-related issues. The study proceeds to conclude that most Muslim physicians agreed with each other on surgical and medicinal techniques to manage Uterus-related diseases; they did not believe in superstition or magic though.

Many people and even some doctors, in the past, believed that only God decides about human birth. They believed that human knowledge is far from determining this. When Islamic civilization began to spread, medical knowledge made great progress too. Muslim doctors began to express their opinions about fertility and infertility. This study, which is basically a library research, is an attempt to scrutinize Muslim doctors’ ideas about fertility and infertility. This paper has investigated Muslims’ views about infertility and its treatment.. The findings of the study have shown that Muslims did not believe in witchcraft and superstitious ways and methods of treating infertility.