fatemeh moharreri

Identifying factors that reduce initial hesitancy toward vaccination and increase vaccine acceptance among the general public can aid ongoing efforts to vaccinate against Covid-19. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of covid-19 and desire to get vaccinated with the mediating role of Complacency and Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods and Materials:

 The present study was a correlational descriptive study, and its statistical society consisted of all students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022-2023. The number of sample members in this research was considered to be 300 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, the scale of fear of covid-19, the scale of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention, the Complacency subscale of the 5C model and the Scale for evaluating the Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine used. Data were analyzed using path analysis and SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.8.

The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 30 years, with an average age of 21.75 and a standard deviation of age of 1.93. The research findings showed that there is the highest correlation between fear of covid-19 perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. This correlation was positive and significant ((p<0.01). In addition, the lowest correlation value was observed between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid-19. This correlation was also positive and significant (p<0.01). Also, the findings of the research showed that Complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine play a mediating role in the relationship between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid 19 (p<0.01).

These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of predictors about covid-19 and psychosocial mediating mechanisms of antecedents based on the health belief model and the 5C model on willingness to get vaccinated. Based on this, complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine appeared as mediating psychological factors that affect the acceptance of the vaccine.

The study of covid-19 vaccines and its psychological effects, including acceptance or doubt about these effects, is a complex phenomenon that requires further study. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of trust and collective responsibility in the relationship between conspiracy beliefs and willingness to get the covid-19 vaccine in students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a correlational descriptive study, and its statistical society consisted of all students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 1401-1402. The number of sample members in this research was considered to be 300 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, the scale of the COVID-19 Conspiracy Beliefs, the scale of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention, and the scale of trust and Collective responsibility were used. Data were analyzed using path analysis and SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.8. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.

The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 30 years, with an average age of 21.75 and a standard deviation of age of 1.93. The findings of the research showed that the highest correlation between willingness to get vaccinated and collective responsibility (p<0.01 and r=0.67) and the lowest correlation between trust and risk rejection (p<0.01 and r=-0.16) was observed. In addition, the indirect effect of risk acceptance (β = -0.02) and risk rejection (β = -0.04) on the willingness to get vaccinated and through trust and the indirect effect of risk acceptance (β = -0.04) and risk rejection (β = -0.16) on willingness to get vaccinated through responsibility was negative and significant.

Considering the mediating role of trust and responsibility in the relationship between conspiracy beliefs and the desire to get the Covid-19 vaccine, it seems necessary to consider the role of these constructs when counseling, treating, and educating medical science students.

Academic burnout in students can be caused by various reasons such as family distance, inability to communicate properly with other peers, and the large volume of courses that hurt academic performance, and achievement. This study investigated the relationship between cell phone addiction and internet addiction, with academic burnout in medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study performed on medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2020. One-hundred and ninety-nine students in basic sciences, physiopathology, internship, and externship were selected by the simple random method. Research instruments included the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Koohy Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistics tests, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test, multiple linear regression, and SPSS-25 software.

The mean score of internet addiction in internship students is lower than in other courses (P< 0.001). Also, the mean score of cell phone addiction in female students was higher than male students. However, the mean score of total burnout was not different based on gender, marital status, educational level, and residence status (P> 0.05). Also, the linear regression results showed that internet use could increase academic burnout in students (P< 0.001). However, cell phone addiction did not affect academic burnout (P> 0.05).

Internet addiction can increase the risk of academic burnout in students. However, cell phone use does not increase this risk.

 The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to public panic and psychological problems. In this regard, few studies have reported the post-discharge mental health status of COVID-19 survivors.

 This study aimed to evaluate the mental health status of COVID-19 survivors and determine the risk factors of adverse psychological outcomes.

 This cross-sectional study consisted of 188 COVID-19 survivors discharged from hospital. Data were recorded using social media applications. To evaluate the mental health status, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Depressive Anxiety and Stress Scale 42 (DASS-42) were used. Ordinal regression with a logit link was used to assess the simultaneous effect of variables.

 The mean age of participants was 56.4 ± 9.6 years, and the majority of patients were male (62.2%). According to HADS, 81 (43.1%) and 24 (12.8%) patients suffered from anxiety and depression, respectively. Using DASS-42, we reported at least a mild degree of depression [23 (12.2%)], anxiety [20 (10.6%)], and stress [74 (39.4%)] among the discharged patients. Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly associated with length of hospital stay (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a direct association between stress and patients’ number of children (β = 0.38, P = 0.02).

 Depression, anxiety, and stress are relatively high among COVID-19 survivors. Length of hospital stay and number of children were identified as the predisposing factors for adverse psychological outcomes.

 The non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral problems of adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are of great interest to researchers.

 This study aimed to examine the efficacy of group reality therapy in behavioral symptoms in ADHD and ODD.

 Forty patients diagnosed with ADHD and ODD between 12 and 18 years were randomly assigned to two groups. The patients in the intervention group were participated in group reality therapy for five 120-minute sessions, once a week. The patients in the control group were enrolled in five unstructured sessions without intervention. Conners Parent Short Form questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) were performed at baseline, the sixth week, and the tenth week for follow-up.

 Conners test showed a statistically significant difference in the intervention group in hyperactivity (P = 0.005), conduct (P < 0.001), and total score (P < 0.001) in the sixth week, as well as in conduct (P = 0.001), and total score (P = 0.008) in the tenth week. SDQ test analyzed based on partial Eta squared test, indicated the effect size in the intervention group was 81% and in the control group was 27%. Moreover, the DASS test in the intervention group showed improvement in depression, anxiety, and stress scores (P < 0.001).

 Group reality therapy is effective in the improvement of disruptive behaviors and emotional symptoms in ADHD and ODD.

This community-based study aimed to investigate the psychiatric disorders and their comorbidities according to the kind of psychiatric disorders. Frequency of demographic factors and the prevalence of total psychiatric disorders in term of demographic charactheristics were obtained too.

The present study focused on 1028 children and adolescent aged 6 to 18 years old across the Razavi Khorasan province by random sampling. The subjects included 496 boys and 532 girls from three age groups (6-9 years, 10-14 years and 15-18 years). Eight clinical psychologists trained to complete the Persian version of K-SADS-PL (Kiddie-SADS present and life time version). This scale measures five diagnostic appendixes of psychiatric disorders. Demographic data of participants were collected too. The data were recorded into the SPSS version 16. The relationship between psychiatric disorders and demographic factors deliberate by descriptive analysis and 95% confidence interval.

The total rate of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescent was estimated as 20.5%, elimination disorders with a rate of 12.9% was the most prevalent disorder in the subjects. The lowest prevalence belongs to psychotic disorder and bulimia nervosa (0.1%). Of participants with mood disorders about 71.4% have behavioral disorders too. Anxiety disorders also commonly occurred in person with mood disorders. The comparison of ORs and their 95% confidence interval revealed that there is a significant difference for total psychiatric disorder among boys and girls (OR=0.6 for girls; 95% CI: 0.44-0.82). The rate of total psychiatric disorders in rural and urban areas was 14.9% and 21.1% respectively.

With attention to the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents, it’s necessary that healthcare officials pay more attention to reinforcement of mental health care.

 Work at a psychiatric hospital and its associated pressures can lead to anxiety and depression in personnel, which affects the quality of care provided to psychiatric patients. The present study aimed to assess the effect of integrated group therapy on clinical syndrome in these personnel.

Among personnel of Ibn-e-Sina hospital who were willing to participate in the study, cases with higher score than cut point in Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were selected  and they divided into control (n=25) and experimental groups (n=25) randomly. The experimental group received 12 weekly sessions of integrated group therapy and the control group assembled in a group. At the end of sessions, all cases fulfilled DASS again. The data analyzed through descriptive statistics, t-test and SPSS software.

The results showed that the total scores of DASS in the experimental group had a significant decrease compared to the control group (P=0.006). The subscales of anxiety and depression decreased significantly (P=0.001 and P=0.015, respectively), but there was no significant difference in the subscale of stress (P=0.10).

It seems that integrated group therapy can reduce depression and anxiety in personnel of psychiatric hospital.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in both developed and developing countries. Deficiency of vital elements such as iron and zinc is thought to interrupt the function of dopaminergic pathways.

This study aimed to assess the serum levels of iron and zinc among children with ADHD who referred to a psychiatric clinic in Mashhad, compared to healthy controls.

This case-control study was conducted on 51 subjects (36 ADHD cases and 15 healthy controls) aged 6 - 12 years. The serum levels of ferritin and zinc, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and hemoglobin were assessed and compared between the groups. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The mean age was 7.8 ± 2.12 and 8.4 ± 3.11 years in ADHD and control children, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups regarding mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P = 0.003), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P = 0.002), and zinc level (P = 0.015). However, no significant difference was observed in hemoglobin, iron, TIBC, and ferritin between the two groups (P > 0.05).

The levels of serum iron and ferritin did not differ significantly between children with and without ADHD. Surprisingly, we found the serum zinc level to be higher in ADHD children than in healthy controls. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to draw reliable conclusions.

Background and Purpose</strong>:</span> Mothers are the most important factors in the prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children. Detecting mothers’ experiences in daily life increases the potential of improving the effects of interventions on the child and enhancing the parents' level of well being. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore Iranian mothers’ experiences in raising preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</span>
Method</strong>: </span>This research was executed in the qualitative method of phenomenological approach throughout a period of four months in 2016. The statistical population consisted of mothers who had preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to Ebne-Sina Psychiatric Clinic in Mashhad. Through convenient sampling which continued until saturation, 15 mothers were selected and participated in an unstructured in-depth interview. The interviews were analyzed with Colaizzi’s method.</span>
Results</strong>:</span> Mothers’ experience was categorized into three main domains. “Inadequacy of knowledge” consisted of mothers’ unfamiliarity with the diagnosis, and the inaccessibility of scientific resources and applied knowledge. The “difficulties of treatment” displayed their experience to manage the disorder focused on the limitations of treatment systems and the challenges of pharmacotherapy. “Interaction problems in social network” signified the tension, conflict, guilt and shame, and loneliness and isolation brought on by child’s disorder.</span>
Conclusion</strong>: </span>Raising children with ADHD is a difficult experience which requires mothers’ professional support throughout the early years of the disorder’s development. Therefore, all of the findings of the present study are potential treatment goals in increasing mothers’ well-being and they can be used to improve existing interventions and design new ones.</span></div>

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders in children, but so far little attention has been paid to the fathers of these children and what they experience. This study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of life experiences of Iranian fathers with ADHD preschoolers.
A qualitative design using phenomenological approach was chosen as the research method. It consisted of 9 fathers with 4-6 years old children suffering from ADHA, who were recruited through purposive sampling until saturation was reached. Information was collected through in-depth interview. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the interviews.
The essential structure of father's experiences was "constant exposure to daily challenges", which included the following main categories: ups and downs of effective behavior management, dissatisfaction with mental health services, and undesirable interactions.
Increased awareness about life experiences of fathers of ADHD preschoolers helps in orienting functions and providing support.

BackgroundAutistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a syndrome associated with persistent impairments in communication skills, social interactions, and so forth. Given the approval of risperidone and naltrexone by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ASD cases and extant controversy concerning their pertained side effects, this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial with 2-treatment, 2-sequence, 2-period design was intended to evaluate the behavioral effectiveness of individual risperidone and its combination with naltrexone in autistic children aged 4-12 years old.
Materials and MethodsA total of30 autistic children were recruited in this study, and then equally assigned into groups A and B. The first group underwent co-treatment with risperidone and naltrexone, while group B was instructed to use placebo and risperidone for 8 weeks. After a washout period of two weeks, treatments were crossed over for another 8 weeks. The behavioral changes were assessed applying the childhood autism rating scale (CARS).
ResultsThere were five out of 30 cases at the risk of drop-out due to side effect in group A, while only three failed to complete the trial in group B. The effect size of the combined treatment was greater than the individual which was manifest in the total score of CARS, improved 4-week listening response, and 8-week general impressions.
ConclusionAccording to the results, naltrexone can be a promising candidate for the management of behavioral symptoms in autism children.

Psychiatric disorders are gaining top rank in causing the burden of diseases. Certainly understanding the risk factors and their trends can help prevent and control them. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics of psychiatric disorders leading to hospitalization in Mashhad city.
This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Ibn-e-Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, from March, 21th, 2010 to March 19th, 2016. All of the recorded data for admitted patients during this period have been included. SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis.
In this study, 43770 hospital admissions had occurred which was reduced to 4333 cases after aggregating readmissions. The mean age was 42.2 ± 12.5 years, and the highest prevalence rate was observed in the age group of 50-59 years (352 in 100000 of the population). Most admitted patients were male (75%, 3234), married (60%, 2523) and unemployed (71%, 2740). The most common admission cause was mood disorders in both genders (51% of females and 37% of males, P The decreasing level of the psychiatric hospitalization can imply the proper functioning of the health system. The continuation of existing activities, focusing on mood disorders (as the most common cause of admission) and designing targeted interventions for high-risk groups (married unemployed men) can increase their effectiveness.

Autism spectrum disorder entails continuous failure in communication, social interaction, limited interests, and other behavioral symptoms. It is associated with multiple complications and problems and has a poor prognosis. Anthropometry is the science of measuring linear and angular dimensions of body limbs. Therefore, fingers anthropometry or lips print cheiloscopy can be used to identify individuals or to develop medical anthropology research.
In this study, 37 male children aged 3 to 18 years old with autism spectrum disorders whose diagnoses were approved by a psychiatrist and 43 healthy children from two Fars ethnic groups living in Mashhad were recruited. Anthropometric measures were measured for studying lips print. Pictures were transferred to a PC and Picture Manager Software was used to investigate each lip patterns. Then, each photo was divided into six districts (each lip into three zones). These areas include: upper right (UR), upper middle (UM), upper left (UL), lower right (LR), lower middle (LM), and lower left (LL). Data were analyzed through polynomial regression and ANOVA models by SPSS software.
The most abundant lip patterns in the male population with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Fars ethnicity were complete branch pattern and reticular pattern
It seems that lips print cheiloscopy can be used to identify individuals with autism spectrum disorders through more researches.

Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder due to immune response triggered by ingestion of gluten in the diet. Treatment with lifelong gluten-free diet may impact negatively on the health-related quality of life and may lead to psychological disturbances. The purpose of study was to evaluate quality of life, depression and anxiety in children with celiac disease.
In this cross-sectional study was done between 2013 and 2014 at the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic (Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad- Iran), patients with serology and biopsy-proven CD, on a gluten-free diet for at least one year, were included in this study and compared with non-celiac healthy children as controls. We used the questionnaire to investigate quality of life, anxiety and depression.
There were statistically significant differences between the mean total anxiety (state, trait) scores and depression score in the celiac patients and control group. Correlations between state and trait anxiety and depression were statistically significant (P= 0.01, r= 0.35) and (P= 0.001, r= 0.52). Reverse correlations between quality of life of CD children and anxiety (state, trait) were statistically significant (P= 0.001, r= 0.51 and P= 0.02, r= 0.32). Mean total score of quality of life was not different in the two groups, but in the physical activity component, quality of life was better in CD patients (P=0.008).
In current study, anxiety and depression had a significant impact on the course of celiac disease.

Autistic spectrum disorders syndrome with continuous failure in communication, social interaction, limited interests and other behavioral symptoms and bad prognosis is associated with multiple complications and problems.Anthropometry is the science of linear and angular dimensions measurment on live skeletal system. Knowledge of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the lips may provide useful information in various medical fields. Therefore, in order to identify individuls and develop anthropometric medical reserch anthropometric features of the lips can be used. In is research the main goal was to examine the possibility of the above-mentioned relationship.
Procedure:In this research, in a 6-month period from the end of 1394 to the beginning of 1395 , a number of 37 male children 3-18 years old with autistic spectrum disorders and 43 healthy male children 3-16, who were residing in Mashhad Persian ethnic groups, were studied.
These people did not have inflammation, herpes simplex, or congenital malformations such as cleft lip.. Anthropometric measurement of the width of the mouth (ch-ch), filtrum width (cph-cph), length filtrum (sn-ls), Vermilion height of the upper lip (ls-sto), lower lip Vermilion height (sto-li), total height (ls-li) and total area Vermilion lips on Computer-generated images and MIP software, were measured. Data were evaluated statistically using SPSS software, polynomial regression and ANOVA models (PInvestigation of lips dimensions in Persian males with autism compared between the two groups of patients and healthy subjects.
Mouth width variables, upper lip height, the height of the lips and lip area are more in the group of patients than in healthy group, while the height of lip to the nose of healthy people is more in patient groups. Lower lip height and filtrum width variables in two groups, are almost equal..

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in ýchildren and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.ý
In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through ýmultistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. ýWe instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ýý(SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian ýversion of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive ýanalysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-ýSADS questionnaire and demographic factorsþ. þWe used one-way ANOVA to test the significant ýdifferences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.ýý
Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric ýdisorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest ýprevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most ýprevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in ýgirls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD ýý(5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% ýrespectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia.ý
The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-ýSADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in ýthis study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage ýof psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health ýservicesþ.þ

According to the researcher's vewpoint, parent's personality traits and their behavior can affect the development of the psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders among children and adolescents. The present study assessed the personality types and characteristics in parents of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to control group.
The statistical community of this cross-sectional descriptive study included all parents of children and adolescents with OCD who referred to the children and adolescents psychiatric clinic of Ibn-e-Sina hospital of Mashhad during March-September 2013. Parents of 30 children and adolescents (6-18 years) with OCD based on DSM-IV- TR criteria and confirmation of diagnoasis by two child psychiatrists were selected (n=60) via available sampling method. Parents of 30 matched healthy children from schools in Mashhad were selected as the control group. All participants fulfilled the Myers-Briggs personality type questionnaire. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square test and SPSS software version 15.
Findinigs showed that two groups of parents were not different in terms of extraversion-introversion, sensing- intuition and thinking-feeling personality dimensions (P>0.05). There was only a significant difference between two groups in judgment-perception dimension (P=0.026).
It seems that there are not significant relations between almost of parent's personality traits and prevalence or incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorders in children and adolescents.

Incivility among nursing students is a common academic problem. Knowing the causes of students’ incivility will enable the faculty members and academic institutions to select correct strategies to deal with this problem. This study was conducted to explore the causes of incivility among nursing students from both educators’ and students’ points of view. This qualitative content analysis study was applied in order to explore experiences and insights of 17 nursing lecturers and 9 nursing students who were selected through purposeful sampling and interviewed on the causes of incivility. Participants were selected among students and lecturers of nursing schools in Khorasan Razavi. The inclusion criteria for the students were having passed one educational term and for the lecturers having one year experience of teaching respectively. Data gathering was done using deep semi-structured interviews starting from March 2014 to March 2015. Three main categories extracted from the data were student related factors, teacher related factors, and organizational factors. Non-educational engagement, attracting attentions, lack of motivation, students’ personality, and lack of experience were the subcategories of student related factors. Subcategories of teacher related factors included lack of skills, teachers’ personal qualities, lack of experience, and incivility of teachers. Finally, the subcategories of organizational factors included no evaluation system for teachers and lack of understanding the organizational rules and regulations. The results of this study indicated that factors related to students, teachers, and organization may lead to nursing students’ incivility and clarified its dimensions. In order to develop a civil environment in nursing college, managers and educators’ awareness should be promoted via various ways such as workshops.

Prevention and treatment of children’ mental disorders are important, not just to reduce their present problems but to improve their performance in adulthood. The nation-wide epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in terms of lifetime prevalence is not adequately known in Iran. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of 6-18 year-old children and adolescents in Mashhad province using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). 2012 children and adolescent (6-18 years old) were selected from 10 cluster heads from different municipality areas of Mashhad, Iran. Parents and adolescents filled out the SDQ. The prevalence of symptoms and the relationship between the obtained scores and demographic factors were determined. In this study, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for statistical analysis. Analyzing the self-report form of the SDQ indicated that 34% of the participants were abnormal. In other words, 34% of children had psychiatric problems. In the parent form of the SDQ, 67.7% of children had psychological problems. Determining the subscale score in the self-report form revealed that peer relationship problems (44.4%) was the most common problem in children and adolescents followed by conduct disorder (44.1%), impairment of prosocial behavior (26.8%), emotional problems (15.9%) and hyperactivity (5.8%). In the parent form, impairment in peer relationships (75%) was the most common problem followed by emotional problems (69.6%), conduct disorder (64.5%), impairment in prosocial behavior (52.7%) and hyperactivity (6.3%). In the parent form of the SDQ, the total difficulties score was higher in children and adolescents aged 14-18 and primary school children. There was a significant difference between different age groups and grades in terms of the total difficulties score. In the self-report form of the SDQ, no significant difference was observed between demographic features in terms of the total difficulties score. Our findings showed that mental health of children in Mashhad, especially peer relationship problems, needs more attention.

Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental problems in children and could lead to major dysfunctions. Most family studies have found a large overlap between anxiety disorders in children and their family members. This study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting style and parenting self-efficacy in mothers of anxious and non-anxious children. This is a causal-comparative study, done in 2013. The sample consisted of 110 children and their mothers (55 in experimental and 55 in control groups). Anxious children were selected through convenience sampling and non-anxious children were matched and selected based on demographic variables of the experimental group from elementary schools of Mashhad. Inventories of quality of mother-child relationship scale, parenting self-efficacy, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) of Achenbach System and demographic characteristics were used. Data analyzed by SPSS software, descriptive statistics and independent t-test was used for data analysis. Findings indicated that mothers of anxious children had significantly higher levels of conflict than mothers in the control group (P<0.001). They also showed significantly lower levels of accessibility, warmth, responsiveness, and self-efficacy in relation to their children (P<0.001). Findings of this study indicated that anxiety in children is strongly associated with parenting styles and parenting self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that parenting factors should be considered in the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of anxiety in children.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neuro-developmental disorders with a genetic/environmental origin. Recently, vitamin D deficiency is considered as a possible risk factor in ASD development. This study aims to compare the vitamin D serum level in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. In this case-control study, 13 children (3 to 12 years old) referred to the outpatient clinic of Ibn-e-Sina psychiatric hospital in Mashhad in 2014 who received the diagnosis of ASD based on clinical interview according to DSM-IV by child and adolescent psychiatrist and score ≥30 in Childhood Autism Rating Scale were selected as the case group. Other axis I psychiatric disorders were ruled out. These children were divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups. 14 normal children without any medical or psychiatric disorders who were matched in age and sex with ASD children were selected as control group. Vitamin D serum levels were measured in the two groups through ELIZA technique. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, through descriptive statistics, Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney and Pearson tests. The mean vitamin D level in case group was 13.00 (distance between quartile: 9.6-19.5) and in control group was 12.00 (distance between quartile: 4.9-13.2). The difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.350). Also, vitamin D serum levels had no significant relationship with the severity of ASD (P=0.534). Based on the results, the serum levels of vitamin D in children with and without ASD have not any significant difference and the level of this vitamin has not significant relation with the severity of ASD.

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disease. It is a serious public health problem throughout the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, as well as in Southeast Asia. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disease. It is a serious public health problem. In this study we assessed psychological aspects in Iranian children and adolescents with thalassemia major. Patients and In this case-control study sixty healthy subjects aged 7-18 years and Sixty Patients with confirmed diagnosis of major thalassemia were enrolled. After obtaining informed consent from parents of all participating thalassemia patients and healthycontrols, we assessed psychological aspects and quality of life by Pediatric Quality of LifeTM (PedsQL™), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ), State and Trait Anxiety, Children''s Depression Inventory (CDI). The results of this study indicate that there are significant changes in depression, anxiety, QOL and behavioral screening between children with thalassemia major compared with healthy subjects by means of both parents and children reports. According to the results, children with thalassemia major have more psychological problems than healthy ones. Patients with thalassemia have a lower QOL than their peers (P = 0.001), the rate of depression is higher in this group (P = 0.015), Also behavioral problems in these children are more than healthy subjects (P = 0.009). We recommend appropriate treatment and counseling procedures in addition to specific treatment of thalassemia. According to the results we suggest to establish pediatric psychiatric clinics beside thalassemic clinics to cure psychological aspects of the disease.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a major disability of childhood which is the basis of many mental pressures on children and their families. Regarding the unfavorable effects of this disorder on the family system, the present research aims to design a family- focused therapy based on the integrated human development approach which is a new approach in the treatment of ASD. In this model, to enhance the abilities of the child, family functioning is set the objective as a general unit, and its effectiveness in combination with Floortime therapy which is the center of therapy of this model is investigated. This study uses single-subject design framework where 12 children with autism aged between 3 to 8 years old and their families are examined during 5 months; the research data were collected from three phases. In order to examine the effectiveness of therapy, the researcher-built instruments of (DFFAQ), (FEDQ) and (FEAS) were used. According to the results, the percentage of improvement in developmental family functioning in the mixed family- focused therapy group were above 50 percent, especially in the areas of intimacy, engagement, discipline and also the functional-emotional development of children in the self-regulation, attachment, and mutual interaction levels; thus, the improvement were clinically significant. The effectiveness of treatment in mixed therapy was estimated higher than 0.80. The mixed family-focused therapy which was designed in this study can increase the effectiveness of Floortime therapy and be used as an effective therapy for the treatment of ASD.

Most of the studies about parenting stress among parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have been conducted in western societies. The objective of this research, conducted in Iran, is to evaluate the parenting stress among fathers and mothers of children with ASD and fi nd the correlation between severity of the disorder in children and the level of parental stress. Participants included 42 couples having children aged between 2 and 12 diagnosed with ASD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. The diagnosis was made by two child and adolescent psychiatrists. Demographic information of the participants was collected using a questionnaire. The severity of pervasive developmental disorder in children was determined based on Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS); stress of parents was measured using Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Collected information was analyzed by the SPSS (version 16) software. Evaluation of subscales in participants’ data showed a positive correlation coeffi cient between the PSI-parent domain and Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Parent form CARS-P rating (r = 0.339, P = 0.028) and also between the total stress index and CARS-P rating (r = 0.333, P = 0.031) for fathers. It is thus suggested that fathers of children with more severe developmental disorders experience more stress. The results showed signifi cant differences between fathers and mothers in the three PSI subscales including PSI-child domain score (P < 0.005), PSI-parent domain score (P < 0.005), and the total stress index (P < 0.005). Mothers had signifi cantly more stress than fathers. These fi ndings show that parents with ASD children have many emotional needs which should be considered in planning the effective treatment strategies for their children.