fatemeh nosrati

Low self‐worth during adolescence predicts a range of emotional and behavioural problems. As such, identifying potential sources of influence on self‐worth in adolescence is important.

The aim of this study was to construct The Relationship between Parents' Marital Satisfaction and Popularity in the Family with Sense of Self-worth and Spiritual Vitality of Children Working in Gifted Schools

The research method is descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study is all talented students in Tehran during the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample consisted of 320 high school students in Tehran who were selected by cluster sampling and responded to Afrooz marital satisfaction scale (2016), Popularity of parent’s scale (Afrooz, 2012), Spiritual vitality scale (Afrooz, 2014) and Self-Worth Scale (Crocker and et al, 2003). To evaluate the proposed model, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS software version 24 and SPSS version 27.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between marital satisfaction and parental popularity with dimensions of spiritual vitality and self-worthiness (P< 0.05). Findings indicate that the proposed model fits the data appropriately. Also, 80% of the variance of self-worth is explained by marital satisfaction, parental popularity and spiritual vitality. In other words, couple's satisfaction and parental popularity directly and indirectly through spiritual vitality have a positive effect on students' self-worth. Couple's satisfaction and parental affection are associated with higher adolescents' self-worthiness.

The data were cross-sectional, so the direction of the effects could not be confirmed, but the findings support the idea that couple's satisfaction and parental popularity in children increase adolescent's vitality and self-worthiness.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of self-monitoring training on the attention and academic progress of students with special learning disorders. The research method was a single-subject type (multiple baselines) with intervention and follow-up. The statistical population of the current study includes all the fourth grade male students with math problems in the 20th district normal school, who were selected by purposive sampling of 4 boys according to the entry criteria. The tools of this research were Jordan's Attention Deficit Disorder Index (JADDI), the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 5th edition (SB-5) and teacher-made test for evaluating the subjects' math lessons. This study was conducted in three stages: basic, intervention and follow-up. In order to analyze the data, visual analysis and calculation of PND and SMD effectiveness indices were used for the average standard differences. Comparison of the results of three stages showed that self-monitoring training increased the attention and academic progress of all four subjects. Considering the effectiveness of attention self-monitoring training on the attention and academic progress of students with specific learning disorders (math disorder), it can be concluded that primary school teachers should use attention self-monitoring training to improve the attention and academic progress of elementary students with specific learning disorders.

Challenges caused by continuous care, maintenance and support of a child with autism spectrum disorder affect the social relationships of these mothers and these mothers feel inferior and powerless, self-blame because of their child's inappropriate behavior and the society misunderstands these children. They have resistance to negative experiences. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of mindfulness self-compassion training on feelings of loneliness, internalized shame, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion in mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder.

This research was a semi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the present study included mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder who attended one of the psychological clinics in Yazd. Thirty qualified people were selected by purposeful sampling based on the entry and exit criteria and were randomly replaced in the control group (15 people) and the experimental group (15 people). The experimental group received ten mindfulness selfcompassion sessions as a group, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools included Russell, Curtona & Peplau (1993) loneliness scale, Cook's internalized shame (1993), experiential avoidance and Greco, Lambert & Baer (2008) cognitive fusion scale. The research data was analyzed through multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance with spss 24 software.

The results of the research data showed that conscious self-compassion is effective in improving the feeling of loneliness, internalized shame and its components such as self-esteem and shyness, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. (p<0.001).

Based on the findings, it can be said that conscious self-compassion is an efficient method in improving the feeling of loneliness, internalized shame, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion in mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, this method can be considered as one of the useful and practical treatments for these mothers.

This study was conducted to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of the members of the genus Acanthobrama using osteological traits. For this purpose, four species, including A. urmianus (from the Urmia basin, ShahrChay River), A. marmid (from the Tigris basin), A. persidis (from the Kor River basin), and A. microlepis (from the Caspian Sea basin, Bijar River) were collected using electrofishing device and then fixed into 10% buffered formalin after anesthesia. For osteological examination, five specimens of each species were cleared and stained. Out-group taxa for phylogenetic analyses was selected Abramis brama. After extracting osteological data of the studied taxa, the data matrix was prepared and was inserted into the TNT and PAUP software to reconstruct phylogenetic tree. Based on the results, a total of 10 osteological characteristics were identified for members of Acanthobrama genus. The studied taxa were divided into two clads, including A. microlepis + A. urmianus and A. marmid + A. persidis. The most important of characteristics was related to the neurocranium, which accounted more than half of the diversity. The important characteristics of this part were related to the diversity in the ethmoid region, including the supra and lateral ethmoid and vomer, as well as basioccipital segment located in the occipital portion. The other features were related to the different parts of the jaw, opercular series and fins.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PASS Reading Enhancement Program (PREP) on reading problems in children with special learning disabilities. The research method of this research is interventional and quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population included children aged 7 to 9 years in the second grade of elementary school in Lahijan in the academic year 1399-00 who had a history of referral to learning disability centers in Rasht (43 people). From the mentioned community, 30 people were tested and placed in two groups of 15 people by available means and then randomly as a sample. Both groups were assessed using N-Back Dual software, Digit span and researcher-made reading test. In 12 sessions of 45 minutes the experimental group also received and completed 12 booklets containing PREP program as an educational intervention. Finally the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS software. Findings showed that the implementation of this program, while facilitating successive processing and simultaneous processing also reduced the reading problems of students. As a result PASS Reading Enhancement Program (PREP) can be offered to teachers and therapists to help students and children with reading difficulties.

Mechanical root canal preparations and irrigation solutions are essential for reducing microbial counts in the root canal system. However, these methods do not completely eliminate microorganisms. Intracanal medicaments are used to further decrease microbial counts. This study aims to assess the cytotoxicity of various intracanal medicaments.

In this in vitro study, murine fibroblast cell lines (L929) were cultured in a controlled environment. The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different medicament combinations, including calcium hydroxide and triamcinolone (D1), niosomal doxycycline and triamcinolone (D2), calcium hydroxide (D3), and a combination of doxycycline and triamcinolone (D4). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Dunnett’s test.

The results indicated that D1 and D2 had lower cytotoxicity, while D4 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. D1 was found to be non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 500 µg/mL over a period of 72 hours. D2 and D3 showed similar effects up to concentrations of 250 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively, for 72 hours. In contrast, D4 exhibited cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µg/mL at 72 hours.

This study suggests that encapsulating doxycycline in niosomal structures (D2) reduces cytotoxicity in murine fibroblast cell lines (L929) for at least 24 and 48 hours. These findings offer promising implications for the development of endodontic medicaments with improved biocompatibility.

Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders. Parents with children who stutter are often worried about the reactions of society, relatives and friends. As a result, they face more stress and anxiety. This situation is a source of increased tension and affects their mental health. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the nursing program on reducing the stress of mothers with children who stutter.

This research was conducted as a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups.The statistical population of the present study included mothers with stuttering children in Karaj in 1400-1401. 30 qualified people were selected by purposive sampling and were randomly replaced in the control group (15 people) and the experimental group (15 people). The experimental group received 12 sessions of the remission program as a group, and the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Abidin's parental stress questionnaire (1983) and Pianta's parent-child relationship scale (1992) were used to collect data. Univariate and multivariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the research data.

The results of the research data showed that the forgiveness program is effective in reducing parental confusion, ineffective parent-child interaction, problematic child characteristics and overall stress score (p<0.001).

The results of the analysis showed that stress, parental confusion, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and problematic child characteristics of mothers with children with stuttering in the group that received the forgiveness program were significantly lower than in the group There were those who had not received the amnesty program.

Marriage has been described as the most important and fundamental relationship among human beings. The research was conducted with the aim of developing and validating an intervention protocol based on the mental security of divorced women.

The research was conducted using a mixed method. The research method inthe quantitative part was a quasi-experiment with a pre-test, post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this part of the research consisted of all the divorced women of al-Shatar city in 1400-1401. 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) were selected by simple random method. For each investigated factor, considering 12 experts, the minimum acceptable value for CVR is 0.88 and for CVI index is 0.79 based on Lauche table. In the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview and the tools used in the quantitative part were the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale Questionnaire, and the psychological well-being questionnaire.

In the quantitative part, the results showed that the intervention protocol based on the psychological security of divorced women is effective on resilience and psychological well-being of divorced women.

Several factors play a role in the process of forming the mental security of divorced women, and by identifying them in different environments, cultures, and societies, necessary and effective measures can be taken to improve and promote the mental security of divorced women.

Some children may show internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in the family or school environment. Among the externalizing behavioral problems of children, oppositional defiant disorder is one of the most common psychological problems. Some researchers emphasize the role of environmental factors in children's psychopathology, including the occurrence of symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder. In other words, the family provides structural and internal dynamics that may result in behavioral problems in children and the behavioral functioning of families. In this research, we explored which family–oriented interventions are more effective in improving the symptoms of stubborn disobedience disorder and increasing resilience. As a result, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of play therapy training based on parent–child relationship and parent management program training on reducing the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder and improving the resilience of these children in elementary school.

The current research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all the mothers of first– to third–grade children with oppositional defiant disorder studying in the boys' primary school in the 18th district of Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year of 2021–2022. The research sample consisted of 36 mothers. They were selected by available sampling and assigned to three groups: play therapy based on the parent–child relationship, parent management program, and control (12 mothers in each group). The inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosing symptoms of the oppositional defiant disorder in their children, lacking other severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and obsession or psychological disorders, not receiving medicine in students, lacking a history of physical diseases in students, providing consent of mothers to participate in the research, and participating in all sessions. The exclusion criteria were non–cooperation and the absence of more than two group training sessions. The study data in the pretest and posttest were gathered via Child Symptom Inventory–4 (Gadow & Sprafkin, 1994) and Social–Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales (SEARS) (Merrell et al., 2011). The subjects of the experimental groups (mothers) received play therapy sessions based on the parent–child relationship and parent management program, and no action was taken in the control group. The analysis of research data was done through descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance tests and Tukey's post hoc test) in SPSS version 24 software. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Findings showed that play therapy based on parent–child relationship and parent management program were effective in reducing symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (p<0.001) and in increasing resilience components, including self–regulation (p<0.001), social competence (p<0.001), empathy (p<0.001), responsibility (p<0.001), and total resilience (p<0.001). A pairwise comparison showed no significant difference between the two intervention groups in reducing the variables of oppositional defiant disorder syndrome (p=0.510) and improving resilience components, including self–regulation (p=0.741), social competence (p=0.981), empathy (p=0.427), responsibility (p=0.974), and total resilience (p=0.887).

Play therapy based on parent–child relationships and parent management program effectively improves the children's oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and resilience. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of the two interventions. Therefore, it is recommended that both interventions be conducted in schools and health centers by psychologists and counselors.

This study aims at investigating the effect of organic, biological, and chemical fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative traits of local mass of Iranshahr Isabgol, as a medicinal plant during 2018-2019 crop year in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications in Iranshahr. Fertilizer treatments are no fertilizer application (control), Phosphate Barvar 2 biofertilizer, Phosphate Barvar 3 biofertilizer, Cow manure, Superphosphate triple, and Vermicompost. The results show that fertilizers’ effect on most traits have been significant at the 1% probabilify level. The effect of fertilizer treatments on plant Height and Carbohydrates has not been significant but it has been considerable on Inflation index and Greenness index at 5% probability level. Maximum number of tillers per plant, number of spikes, spike length, fresh weight of plant, swelling index, Carbohydrate, Seed Nitrogen, Seed Potassium, and Greenness index aree obtained under the influence of manure, and traits including root length, plant height, number of seeds per spike, dry weight Plant, 1000-seed weight, plant yield, yield per hectare, Mucilage, Protein, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and Total chlorophyll are obtained under the influence of vermicompost. Vermicompost treatment increases grain yield and total chlorophyll by 46.56% and 32.76%, respectively, compared to the control. Also, control and Phosphate Barvar 2 biofertilizer have had the highest swelling and the highest percentage of Seed Phosphorus, respectively. In general, it is concluded that vermicompost has a greater effect on most quantitative and qualitative traits of Isabgol, and its use is recommended.

The development and implementation of effective, beneficial programs towards restoration, conservation, and appropriate utilization of medicinal plant species are feasible only through the identification of their ecological characteristics. This research was conducted with the objective of investigating the morphological, nutritive, and secondary metabolite characteristics of calotrope wild populations in certain habitats of Baluchestan, as a completely random nested design with three repetitions throughout four cities during February/March 2014. The edaphic properties of habitats were also assessed. The obtained data were compared at a 5% significance level via DMRT. The samples were collected from various regions, including the cities of (1) Iranshahr (Mand-e Bala and Sarzeh villages), (2) Chabahar (Negour and Nalent villages), (3) Nikshahr (Bandaan and Bent villages), and Khash (Baluchkan and central Khash), were compared. Results showed that the majority of the investigated characteristics were significantly different among cities and regions. In this research, Nikshahr city had the highest number of morphological characteristics. The investigated soil in Nikshahr city was more suitable regarding P and K, as compared to other regions. The plants grown in Nikshahr had the highest level of foliar N, Ca, K, and P, the highest level of floral K, and the highest level of P and K in the roots. Forty-two compounds were identified in the aerial organs and root extracts of calotrope. Among the active ingredients, 9-Octadecenamide acid with 8.3% in the aerial organ, Benzyl alcohol with 8.7% in the root, and 2,6,10-Trimethyl,14-ethylene-14-pentadecane with 27.2% in the stem-extracted latex had the highest content in this plant.

Abortion is one of the most challenging issues in many societies. Today, abortion is considered a problem of women’s health, the main issues in the realm of public health and quality of health care, and one of the most important issues in the field of reproductive and sexual rights of females. In addition, there is much disagreement on whether the human fetus has the right to life, which in turn has led to differences of opinion on whether or not abortion is permissible. Therefore, this study aimed to review the concept and different dimensions of abortion in international human rights Documents.

The present review study aimed to examine the universal documents by searching the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, SID, Google Scholar, as well as the international organizations' websites, such as WHO, Center for Reproductive Rights, United Nations IPPF, CRR, and UNFPA. Moreover, related keywords, such as abortion, human rights, women’s rights, and children’s rights were used and abortion-related declarations and conventions were reviewed in this study.

Many international instruments have discussed human rights and the right to life, and illegal abortion has been considered the violation of a fetus’ right to life. These instruments include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the four treaties of Geneva Conventions, the Declaration of Human Rights in Islam, and the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights.

Although most international human rights instruments do not explicitly address the matter of abortion, the fetus’s right to life is mentioned in many international instruments and can be deduced from them.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of attention self-monitoring strategy training on increasing number sense of students with math problems in elementary school. The present study was a quasi-experimental study using a single-pilot multi-baseline design with different subjects. The statistical population of the study consisted of 6 girl students with mathematical learning problems at first grade of elementary school who were studying in Kashan Health School in 2019 from among whom 3 female students with math problems participated in this research. In order to identify the problems of the subjects, IranKey Math Diagnostic Test(1986), Demographic Information Questionnaires, Jordan's Number Sense Test (1995) and Self-monitoring Attention Program were used. Subjects were trained in self-monitoring strategy for 6 weeks (two sessions of 45 minutes per week). Results were analyzed by visual analysis using central tendency indices and effect size index (PND). Based on the results of the research, self-observation strategy training had a positive effect on increasing the ability to understand and comprehend the numbers in students with math problem in the first grade compared to the baseline of the same subjects. The results of this study showed that attention training increased students' attention during homework and increased their academic performance. In general, it can be concluded that attention-based instruction training has been effective in increasing students' numerical understanding of mathematical problems and will have a preventive role in mathematical problems of later ages.

Today, human beings inevitably face stress and its negative outcomes. Recently, application of religious-cultural traditions have been introduced as effective strategies to cope with stress. Clinical trials and studies by researchers in the fields of psychology of religion and health have demonstrated that holy name repetition reduces stress and enhances peace in individuals and patients. However, almost no comprehensive investigation has theoretically interpreted the possible mechanisms involved in this effectiveness. The main objective of the current study was to describe and analyze the approaches explaining mechanisms by which Zikrs reduce stress. In so doing, a review study was conducted. In addition to religious books, the data were also collected through databases, including Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Magiran, SID, Proquest, Eric, Psychinfo, Springer, Ebsco, and Noormags, from 2000 to 2019. Altogether, 36 studies were found and ultimately, 19 studies entered into investigation. Different approaches in explaining the process of the effectiveness of Zikrs on reducing stress were collected and then reflected in the article after describing and interpreting. Findings demonstrated that each of the following approaches may take a part in explaining this complex process, extending our knowledge regarding this mechanisms involved in this effectiveness: physiological perspective, cognitive approach, emotional-affective view, mindfulness-based perspective, attachment-oriented approach, generalized expectancies perspective, self-fulfilling prophecy, and imaginal world paradigm. Application of merely one perspective in explaining the process of the effectiveness of Zikrs on reducing stress may limit the general view of researchers in the field. On the other hand, an integrated, mixed and comprehensive approach may pave the way for a better understanding and analysis of this process. Ultimately, theoretical implications and practical applications of the findings have been discussed.

The aim of this study was to compare eye movements of students with and without dyslexia in visual perception tasks. Method used in the present research  was causal-comparative and the study population consisted of all male and female students of primary schools in the City of Tehran, with and without dyslexia, studying in regular schools (Kherad and Parsa), as well as in the learning disabilities centers (Goharmehr and Taravat) in 96-97 academic year. The sample consisted of 25 dyslexic and 27 normal students who were selected via convenient sampling. The data was gathered using an eye tracking device called SMI-RED. The stimuli were 21 pictures based on TVPS-3 which were presented via the eye tracking devise. Data was analyzed using Mixed ANOVA. Findings showed that generally there is not significant difference between eye movements of students with and without dyslexia at visual perception tasks. However, by entering the moderator variable of the levels of task difficulty, there were significant differences between two groups in fixation duration and saccade duration. It can be argued that the problems of dyslexic individuals is probably not due to difficulties in visual processing level, but it seems that they have difficulties in the higher levels of psychological processing. When the tasks become more difficult, the attention and processing activities make some differences in eye movements which dyslexic students don’t benefited from those strategies. It is probably possible to change the monotony of the eye movements of dyslexic children by enhancing their visual perception.

The increased prevalence of infertility and using assisted reproductive technologies including donation procedures has currently become a public concern. The familiarity of midwives with legal and religious aspects of these procedures is a salient issue in their care giving practice. However, this issue has been less considered in the curriculum planning for midwifery students. Thus, this study investigated the effect of workshop and podcast training on midwifery students’ knowledge and performance in terms of legal and religious aspects of egg donation.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 undergraduate midwifery students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and postgraduate midwifery students at Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad, Iran. The university students in the workshop group were trained through lectures accompanied by PowerPoint files for a total of 6-8 hours, while the podcast group received three separate 25-minute audio files and discussed them in a Telegram-based group. The objective structured clinical examination was also administered before and two weeks after the training course at four stations. To analyze the data, Chi-squared test, paired t-test, and independent t-test were run in SPSS, version 16.
The mean knowledge scores were significantly different between two groups (P=0.004); however, no significant differences were observed between them in terms of educational performance (P=0.63).
Podcast-based training using Telegram was more effective in promoting the students’ knowledge regarding legal and religious issues associated with egg donation compared to workshop training; nevertheless, educational performance increased in the same level using both methods.

Thesis acknowledgement is a written genre in which MA graduate students offer their gratitude to individuals, who have contributed to the completion of their study. The aim of the current study was to examine the thesis acknowledgements written by Iranian MA students in the field of Persian Language Teaching to Non-Persian Speakers (Amouzeshe Zaban e Farsi be Kharejian, AZFA) and TEFL in terms of their generic structures, linguistic choice, preferred authorial subject, and acknowledges. To this end, 41 (20 in AZFA and 21 in TEFL) thesis acknowledgement texts were selected. The corpus was analyzed with reference to Hyland’s (2004) generic structure pattern, Hyland and Tse’s (2004) linguistic choice framework, and Yang’s (2012) category of the acknowledges and subject types. The results showed that, on the whole, Hyland’s (2004) three-tier structure has been employed in both disciplines. However, five other moves/steps were discovered throughout this study, namely, praising God and His Prophet (PBUH), thanking God, blessing, closing/signing off. In both disciplines, the most acknowledged individuals were advisors. Both groups selected the first-person subject “I” to extend their thanks. Besides, both groups consented in using “nominalization” pattern as the linguistic realization of their gratitude. Although the texts analyzed demonstrated variations in the texts, the fixed conventions of theses genre systems suggest that teachers can help their students by raising their awareness of these conventions and showing them how to best construct their academic identity. Finally, additional studies are needed to complement this research.

Esophageal carcinoma is a common malignancy in the North East of Iran. Combined modality treatments have been adopted to improve survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma. In this trial, we evaluated the effi cacy and toxicity of a preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy protocol in the patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Between 2006 and 2011, eligible patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma underwent concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy and 3-4 weeks later, esophagectomy. Pathologic response, overall survival rate, toxicity, and feasibility were evaluated. One hundred ninety-seven patients with a median age of 59 (range: 27-70) entered the protocol. One hundred ninety-four cases (98.5%) had esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Grades 3-4 of toxicity in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradotherapy were as follows: Neutropenia in 21% and esophagitis in 2.5% of cases. Th ere were 11 (5.6%) early death probably due to the treatment-related toxicities. One hundred twenty-seven patients underwent surgery with postsurgical mortality of 11%. In these cases, the complete pathological response was shown in 38 cases (29.9%) with a 5-year overall survival rates of 48.2% and median overall survival of 44 months (95% confi dence interval, 24.46-63.54). Th e pathological response rate and the overall survival rate are promising in patients who completed the protocol as receiving at least one cycle of chemotherapy. However, the treatment toxicities were relatively high.

The aim of this paper is to study children’s perception of death, analyzing children’s reaction to the phenomenon of parents’ death and teaching them some methods to explicate death and efficiently confront it. In this regard, using Islamic and psychological authoritative texts, religious backgrounds were investigated. The collected data were analyzed through a hermeneutic method. The achieved results indicated that children have little information about death and the ways to face it. However, death phenomenon and the ways to face it could be taught to children. Objective, explicit and clear explanation, expressing feelings, participating children in consultation meetings and explicating the fact that life is endless by the language of children are among the effective methods in this regard. In addition, the results showed that art therapy methods such as creating memory boxes, harmonious sounds and stories appropriate to growth, spiritual and Quranic stories, and puppet shows not only could be effective on our recognition of children’s emotions about parents’ death but also they could be effective methods of emotional discharge and they will be helpful regarding their insights.

The major aim of the present article is to point out the problems that may occur in the family following the demise of one of its members especially the negative consequences for the children. In addition, some practical solutions to mitigate the negative effects of such events on children have been offered. The worst incident for a child happens when one of his/her family member passes away. Feeling the deep sorrow of losing a beloved family member besides the ambiguity of the nature of death and its reason may lead most such children to suffer deep depression and anxiety or even cause them to commit suicide. The concept of death is a mysterious and ambiguous theme which cannot be comprehended by children and parents are not able to clarify it for them either. Death of a family member can be predictable or accidental and unpredictable (as in suicide) or may be as a result of natural disasters (earthquake or storm) Each of these sorts of death may bring about different kinds of effects on children and cause the family structure to suffer. There are a number of symptoms which can appear in children after facing the loss of a family member, like physical symptoms (such as headaches), psychological problems (depression and anxiety) and educational problems. Psychological counseling for family member and children can help children's emotional health and spiritual counseling makes them calmer. In order for the children to manage coping with the death of a family member, numerous solutions have been offered among which the following measures can be of great help: children should be taught about the inevitability and irreversibility of death, children's cultural and religious perception should be strengthened, obstacles of their mourning should be removed, they should be given sufficient information about death, their attachment towards God ought to be strengthened and they should be encouraged to replace God instead of the missing person.