fatemeh rahmati najarkolaei

Anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses globally. While there are long-established, separate, and bidirectional connections between nutrition, excess body weight, and anxiety, it is still unclear how these variables interact and affect anxiety state. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether there was a significant interaction between major dietary patterns (DPs) and overweight/obesity status in relation to the chance of anxiety among Iranian individuals in Yazd, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on baseline data of a large Iranian cohort study (Yazd Health Study: YaHS-TAMYZ). Dietary intakes were collected via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Major DPs were identified by principal component analysis (PCA). Then, body weight was assessed via an accurate body analyzer. Anxiety score was also evaluated using the validated scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire. Finally, the interaction between DPs and overweight/obesity in relation to the odds of anxiety was assessed using a multivariable adjusted binary logistic regression.

In total, 5781 participants were included in the present investigation. Individuals with the highest adherence to "high animal protein" DP and with overweight/obesity state had significantly lower odds of anxiety compared to those with the lowest imitation and normal body weight (P for interaction: 0.03).

Findings of the current study revealed that the “high animal protein” DP may be inversely linked to the lower chance of anxiety in participants with overweight/obesity. Yet, further long-term prospective investigations are required to confirm the results.

The present study aimed to examine The effect of Merrill instructional design model in the form of multimedia education on nurseschr('39') creativity

Creativity is one of the most important skills needed by nurses and this skill can be improved through designed training such as multimedia training The present study was a quasi-experimental or pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all nurses of Baqiyatallah hospital in Tehran. The data collection tool was Abedichr('39')s patient creativity test. Simple random sampling method was used to select 80 individuals who were divided into experimental and control groups. The creativity test was performed on nurses before the start of the course, and then the experimental group was trained for 7 weeks on a multimedia design based on the Merill model. Two groups were used and data were collected and analyzed by SPSS 21 software.

The results showed Merrill instructional design model in the form of multimedia compared with traditional methods had significant impact on Nurses creativity(F=12.174,p=0.01). The results  also showed Merrill instructional design model in the form of multimedia compared with traditional methods had significant impact on  Subscales of originality, flexibility, elaboration  and  Subscale fluency(P <0.05).

The results showed that the use of Merrill instructional design model in the form of multimedia had a significant effect on nurseschr('39') creativity

Education seems to be more effective in improving peoplechr('39')s knowledge, their dietary patterns and healthier food choices. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of education programs on the consumerschr('39') knowledge, attitude and performance towards using food labels.

The present cross-sectional study was performed on 250 employees of Sirjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data collection tool was a self -administrated questionnaire which included 9 demographic information questions, 7 knowledge-related questions, 4 attitude questions, 5 performance questions and 5 comment questions about food labels and their characteristics. The education was in the form of lectures in the form of 2 sessions of 120 minutes with an interval of one week with group discussion, and participatory training. This study did not have a control group and had a before and after study design. 6 weeks after the training program, the questionnaires were completed again by the subjects.

The age range of these employees was between 21 and 57 years and 85.6% of them were married. The results of this study showed that the mean score of knowledge before the training was 11.38 ± 3.28 which consequently increased to 20.92 ± 2.42 after the education. The mean attitude score changed from 29.48 ± 5.43 to 30.31 ±4.79; In addition, the mean performance score increased from 12.62 ±3.31 to 17.88± 2.15. The results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of knowledge P ˂ 0.001, attitude P = 0.03 and performance P ˂ 0.001 before and after the education.

Since there is a significant difference between the knowledge, attitude and performance scores of the Sirjan University of Medical Sciences’ staff before and after the education, the use of direct education method on the subject of food labels is recommended.

 The most effective way to prevent transmission of HIV / AIDS, health promotion knowledge and beliefs about preventive behaviors and  abstinence is in adolescents and youths. This study aimed to examined the effects of an educational program on perceptions of high school female students regarding HIV /AIDS based on health belief model (HBM)  in Tehran,Iran .

This quasi-experimental study was performed in two girls high schools of  region 8 of Tehran by simple  random sampling . Participants) N=465) selected among 9th, 10th  and 11th grades by census method . Accordingly, all students in these degrees were selected if they had been satisfied to participate in the study.  Data were collected using a valid self- administered questionnaire based on  HBM   including 8 items   (47items) demographic questions, knowledge , perceived barriers , perceived benefits , perceived severity and perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy at initial and 2- month follow up of the study.  CVR, CVI and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of the total questions were: 0.77, 0.92 and 0.83, respectively.
The intervention group were educated through an educational package based on  HBM through lectures and  question and answer in one session . Two months after intervention all data were gathered and analyzed using descriptive and analytic analysis  such as ANCOVA using SPSS Ver. 18.

Two groups were the same at the beginning of the study in terms of all variables . However, there were significant differences between two groups in terms of knowledge)P<0.05 (  and all health belief model constructs at 2- month follow up (P<0.001).

This study indicated the educational intervention could improve health perceptions of HIV/AIDS among students. Thus, use of this study  will suggest that school health education programs .

Nurses’ knowledge and Experience with Health Literacy can affect the treatment process, improving the quality of health care and effectively communicating with all clients. Evaluation of nurses’ knowledge and experience requires a reliable instrument. This study aimed to translate cross‑cultural adaptation and testing of Health Literacy Knowledge and Experience Survey (HL‑KES).

This cross‑sectional methodological study was done during 2018–2019. The study was carried out in two stages: the first phase was designed to obtain a translation and cross‑cultural equivalent of the (HL‑KES), based on the World Health Organization (2018) and the Sousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) Guidelines in six steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, back translation review and pretesting and cognitive debriefing of the translated questionnaires. The second phase was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire.

The content validity index and content validity ratio values of all items were >0.62 and 0.79, respectively. Based on the Kuder–Richardson formula, the reliability of the knowledge dimension was reported as 0.7. Furthermore, split‑half coefficient for inter‑rather reliability and test–retest were 0.76 and 0.96, respectively. The reliability of their experiences with the HL‑KES was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, in which it was 0.82.

The Persian version of the instrument for assessing nurses’ knowledge and experience with health literacy had good validity and reliability. It is recommended that it should be used in educational, clinical environments, and also in future research studies.

Overweight in adults has increased significantly in developed countries in recent decades. This problem has attracted interests of researchers in the field of nutrition knowledge.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge questionnaire and the nutrition knowledge questionnaire for adults, and to confirm their structural model in the Iranian population.

A sample of 300 hospital employees from a hospital in Mashhad, Iran, participated in this study and completed the questionnaires. The questionnaires were translated using the forward-backward translation method. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the questionnaires with a total 5 subscales was assessed based on content validity and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were evaluated using Chronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient, respectively.

For qualitative content validity, the content validity index scores for all items were ≥ 0.80 and the content validity ratio scores were 0.91, 0.87, 0.84, 0.9, and 0.85 for all subscales. The Persian version of the questionnaires were confirmed by calculating confirmatory factor analysis models fit indices. The internal consistency figures for the Nutrition knowledge questionnaire for adults subscales were 0.7, 0.75, and 0.73 and for the total scale was 0.78; for the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge questionnaire were 0.71 and 0.7 and for the total scale was 0.74. The intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.97 and 0.95 for the total scale of nutrition knowledge questionnaire for adults and the total scale of dietary habits and nutritional knowledge questionnaire respectively.

The findings show that the Persian version of the questionnaires has good content validity as well as acceptable validity and reliability

Individuals suffering from chronic low back pain (CLBP) experience major physical, social, and occupational disruptions. Strong evidence confirms the effectiveness of Alexander technique (AT) training for CLBP. The present study applied an integrative model of behavioral prediction (IM) to design AT training for education of teachers with CLBP. This was a quasi-experimental study conducted on female teachers with non-specific LBP in southern Tehran in 2014. The intervention group consisted of 42 teachers (AT training based on IM) and the control group included 35 teachers (AT training only). The validity and reliability of the 108-item AT questionnaire based on IM constructs were confirmed using content validity (CVR 0.87, CVI 0.96) and Cronbach’s α (0.84). Data were analyzed by Independent and Paired Sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon, and covariance. The results of the study indicated that AT behaviors, skills and abilities, direct and indirect perceived behavioral control, indirect subjective norms, direct and indirect attitude, and perceived risk were higher in the intervention group three months after the intervention (all P values < 0.05). Disability score (P < 0.001), hand to floor test (P = 0.023), and pain frequency (P = 0.022) showed a significantly higher reduction in the intervention group. The IM educational framework coupled with AT training may facilitate applying AT directions and finally, lead to pain reduction in CLBP.

Since the lifestyle of each individual and society is influenced by the teachings of the beliefs and values of the society, it is essential to obtain the knowledge about the concept of lifestyle and religious beliefs and the interaction of these two categories with spiritual well-being. This study aims to investigate the influence of Islam on lifestyle education to promote spiritual health among military personnel (soldiers) at the military base in Tehran, Iran.
This is a quasi-experimental study. The study population consisted of all soldiers under the supervision of a military university and the selected barracks in Tehran, Iran during 2016. Participants were 160 soldiers divided into two groups (80 in the experimental group and 80 in the control group). To measure the variables of the study, the spiritual well-being scale (SWB) by Paloutzian and Ellison (1982), Kaviani’s Islamic life style questionnaires and the spiritual health questionnaire developed by center of medicine and religion of Baqiyatallah university were all used before and after the intervention. The experimental group underwent 8 hours of direct Islamic lifestyle training by a spiritual mentor during two days with educational multimedia. Questionnaires were completed before and after the intervention by the two groups.
The positive effect of Islamic lifestyle intervention on spiritual well-being was statistically significant (P0.05).
The effect of Islamic life style training on the components of the spiritual health and the spiritual well-being was significant and thus direct educational interventions with the help of educational programs can cause a spiritual health’s indicators upgrade in soldiers.

Although previous investigations have shown that some dietary components can be associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), few studies have investigated the association between fast food intake and this disease. The aim of this case-control study was to examine the relationship between fast food intake and NAFLD in male adults.
This study was conducted on 100 NAFLD cases and 300 age-matched normal controls. Total data were collected using a 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and physical activity questionaire. Height and weight were measured by standard methods. Data were analyzed using chi-square, t tests and logistic regression model and P Mean fast food consumption in cases were higher than controls (19.5±7.3 vs 10.5±4.2 gr/day, respectively). Higher intake of fast foods was significantly associated with higher intakes of energy, protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, cole, artificial juices and red meats and lower intakes of fruits, vegetables, legumes and diary products. A higher fast food intake was associated with a higher risk of NAFLD (OR, 3.83; 95%, CI 1.84-7.97; P There was a significant positive relationship between fast food intake and NAFLD in males, emphasizing the need for raising more awareness among individuals on the possible complications of fast food consumption, to decrease their consumption and reduce risk of disease.

One of the many tasks of rural health houses (HHs) is to provide health education for rural clients.
The purpose of this study was to assess the conditions and responsibilities of HHs regarding health education.
Through systematic random sampling, 1600 HHs were selected during April-September 2011. Besides the characteristics of HHs, type of training, audience groups, time of education, number of participants, and reasons for educational classes were requested in a written format from the selected HHs. Data were analyzed using Excel 2007 and SPSS version 16.
In total, 21.9% of HHs had no group education within the first 5 months. Most education was related to the field of reproductive health, followed by intestinal diseases. The largest target group included mothers eligible for family planning. The mean duration of education was 33.6 minutes per week. Based on the findings, 55% of training was conducted due to provincial health priorities.
Although cardiovascular diseases, road traffic accidents, and cancers are the major causes of mortality in Iran, most education concentrated on reproductive health, as well as mother and child health. Therefore, modifications in educational methods and planning are necessary.

Cell phone technology in universities is growing exponentially, while related social research is rare. The purpose of this study was to identify the pathology and provide the conceptual model of cell phone use in military students during 2017.
This study was a qualitative study using thematic content analysis. Semi-structured interviews and literatures were used to collect data. The semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 media and communications experts by a purposeful sampling method. To analyze the data, descriptive coding, interpretive coding and overarching themes were used.
Three functions and three malfunctions of scientific-educational, cultural-social and communication dimensions were identified, and 35 indicators were determined as positive points and negative damages of cell phones in military students. In addition, three intra-personal, environmental and organizational dimensions were developed to enhance the capabilities and address mobile threats, and 15 indicators were identified as strategies to improve the capabilities and address the threats of the cell phone.
Reducing the negative consequences and promoting the positive use of mobile phones in the field of communication, educational and cultural-social in the military university students should be considered. Also, this study can be considered as an exploratory study for using in military students.

Promoting psycologic health of the schools is one of the most important aspects of human resources improvement, and so in past decades, the health organizations were paid more attraction to it. The aim of the current study was to investigating the effectiveness of self-made multimedia on self efficacy and academic burnout in educable students with mental disabilities.
This quasi-experimental study conducted with pre-post test plan with the control group. The population of the study was consisted of the whole mentally retarded male students in high schools in Alborz state during 2014-2015 academic year. Overally; 40 subject have been selected by total number sampling and were assigned into the control and experimental groups (n=20). Experimental subjects were under education by vali multimedia tool during one academic course. Academic burnout and academic self-efficacy questionnaire used to gathering data and finally these data were analyzed using one way analysis of covariance.
Our data were showed that the effect of the group on emotional subscales, pessimism, ineffectiveness and academic self-efficacy were significant (P=0.01). This means that the intervention used in the present study was statistically influential on these variables.
Multimedia education positively affects on academic burnout and self-efficacy. It increases academic self-esteem and reduces academic burnout. Therefore, this method of education can be used; along with other educational interventions; to improve the performance of students with mentally impaired students.

Today, the teaching and teaching of teachers in the field of learning-learning has become very important. Therefore, it is important to study the influential factors in the field of teaching and their chosen approaches to education. In fact, the kind of curriculum ideology and educational philosophy can be considered as a critical and influential element in the field of teaching and teaching. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between curriculum ideology and educational philosophy with the teaching methods of medical science professors (one of the military medical university of Tehran).
This is a descriptive-correlational study. The population of this study was a faculty member of one of the military medical sciences universities in Tehran who was selected by convenience sampling method. The data collection tools consisted of curriculum ideology questionnaire, educational philosophy and teaching approaches that validity and reliability of them had been confirmed. Pearson correlation was also used to analyze the information in SPSS v22 software.
The findings of the study indicated a significant relationship between the social efficiency ideology (r = 0.23, p Since the findings point to the significant relationship between the dimensions of the curriculum ideology and the educational philosophies with the teaching methods of the faculty, the universities studied and the similar universities can provide education and programs to raise the level of the quality and familiarity of the faculty with the orientations of the curriculum and the philosophies governing the field.

Due to the limitations of financial resources in medical centers in the country, considering the utilization of beds and hospital bed occupancy rate are considered extremely important. This study was conducted in order to determine the affecting factors of bed occupation index using Multiple Criteria Decision Making approach in a military hospital.
This research was a descriptive study, which was conducted during 2015. The statistical population consisted of the chief executive manager, top manager, training supervisor and the heads of all the inpatient wards. Eighteen subjects were selected in the study through the census method. The gathering data tool was the comparisons questionnaire for factors affecting bed occupation, which its face and content validity were confirmed using expert's opinions. Data analysis were done using the Expert Choice software V11.
Eighteen subjects participated as samples in this study which consisted of 2 managers, 10 nurses and nursing directors, and 6 healthcare management experts. Six main criteria were defined for determining the affecting factors of bed occupation index including: clinic activation, Physician staff, financial access, the type of hospital and its services, the disease in the region and an active emergency. Among the main criteria, financial access had the highest geometric mean or priority (0.214) and clinic activation had the lowest geometric mean or priority (0.129).
According to the 6 criteria mentioned as the affecting factors in the bed occupancy rate, In addition to providing high -quality services and enough insurance coverage, hospitals must pay more attention to more active clinics and emergencies as the input of patients to hospitals.

Low back pain (LBP) is the primary cause of disability for individuals under 45 years of age, the second most common reason for physician visits, and the third most common diagnosis for surgery. Evidence supports the effectiveness of the Alexander technique (AT) for chronic LBP. Health promotion programs must be evaluated to determine their sustainability and validity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the theory-based AT program for the management of LBP in teachers according to the Kirkpatrick evaluation model.

This was a quasi-experimental study of female teachers with nonspecific LBP in southern Tehran in 2014. Group one AT training based on the integrative model (IM) of behavioral prediction contained 42 subjects and group 2 AT training alone contained 35 subjects. To evaluate the groups based on Kirkpatrick, a previously confirmed questionnaire was used for the reaction stage, and for the learning and behavior stage, a self-designed questionnaire was used that was confirmed for validity and reliability using content validity (CVR 0.94, CVI 0.90) and Cronbach’s α (0.83). Skill was assessed using a checklist objectively. The data from before the intervention, after, and 3 months later were assessed with an independent and one sample t-test, paired t-test, correlation, and univariate (GLM) assessment via SPSS 19.

Significant differences were not recorded between the two groups in terms of teaching methods (P = 0.36), class conditions (P = 0.49), and general assessment (P = 0.11). For teaching methods, the patients’ satisfaction as reported in all items in both groups was higher than 4 (P < 0.001). In both groups, significant differences were recorded in knowledge, skills, and behavior before and after the intervention, but the AT training based on IM group was higher than the AT training only group in behavior and skills (P < 0.001).

Applying an educational framework such as IM to the design of AT lessons has positive effects on behavior and skills that can facilitate LBP management.

Spiritual well-being is one of the fundamental concepts in chronic diseases and is considered an important approach to improve public health among individuals. Given the importance of spiritual well-being and its role in the promotion of mental health, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating spiritual well-being and mental health in patients with breast cancer who visited a center for cancer control at the University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 patients with breast cancer in 2015. The data were collected through self-administered 20-item Paloutzian & Ellison’s Spiritual Well-Being Scale and a 28-item questionnaire of mental health after determining their validity and reliability. The collected data were then analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation and linear regression.
The results show that most patients had moderate spiritual health (37.8%), and most of them suffered mild mental health problems. (50 percent). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between mental health and demographic characteristics (Marital status, education, income, physical activity). There was also a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health.
According to the findings, to prevent mental suffering among patients with breast cancer, promoting spiritual health of patients should be regarded as one of the priorities of health care professionals.

Nutrition knowledge has a direct impact on food consumption and dietary habits. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the predictors of nutrition knowledge on dietary behaviours in one of the military hospitals in Mashhad.
In this analytic cross- sectional study, medical staff were examined in terms of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviours and food consumption in 2016. The used tools included demographic questionnaire, Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Adults NKQA( (46 items), Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge questionnaire DHNK( (47 items) and Food Frequency Questionnaire )FFQ) (54 items). Multiple regression model was used to investigate the relationship between subscales of NKQA, FFQ, DHNK with the medical staff’s food consumption.
This study was conducted on 300 medical staff. The mean age of the participants was 30.7±8.5 years old and the mean BMI was 23.74±3.7. By using Spearman correlation coefficient, there was only a significant relationship between dietary habits and the body mass index. Male and female medical staff had good scores in nutrition knowledge and dietary habits subscales, but had poor scores in familiarity with food pyramid and nutrition content of food and had fair scores in nutrition benefits of foods. Nutrition knowledge p=0.0001) and nutrition benefits of food (p=0.025) subscales scores were significantly higher in the female group. By using the multiple regression model, 14 percent of food consumption variations in the female group are justified by the nutrition benefits of food and nutrition knowledge. In the male group, there is no significant relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary habits subscales and consumption of food groups.
Regarding significant relationship between the two subscales, nutrition benefits of food and nutrition knowledge, and the consumption of food groups in the female group, the higher scores in these subscales in the female group reveals this fact that women are more likely to apply nutrition knowledge in their diets and pay more attention to their health.

Prediabetic condition can lead to development of type 2 diabetes, especially in individuals who do not adhere to a healthy lifestyle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the socio-cognitive factors using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) that may be associated with the choice of lifestyle in prediabetic patients.
A prospective study with one-month follow up was designed to collect data from 350 individuals with prediabetic conditions. A questionnaire was used to collect the information, including demographic variables, exercise behavior, food consumption, as well as the constructs of the TPB (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention) regarding physical activity and dietary choice. The correlations between TPB variables and the dependent variables (dietary choice, physical activity) were assessed using Spearman correlation and multiple regression models.
In total, 303 people participated. The mean age of the participants was 53.0 (SD 11.5) years and 42% were males. Significant correlations were found between all TPB constructs and both dependent variables (healthy eating and exercise behaviors) both at baseline and after one month (P The TPB may be a useful model to predict behaviors of physical activity and dietary choice among prediabetic people. Therefore, it may be used to monitor lifestyle modification to prevent development of diabetes among people with prediabetic conditions.

Nowadays, effective relationships with customers create value for healthcare systems. Successful organizations attract lifetime customers, respond to customers in the shortest time, with the best quality and the lowest cost. The present study aimed to consider the correlation between Customer Knowledge Management (CKM) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) tasks in a military hospital in Tehran during 2015.
This study is an analytic study. The statistical population of this study were the nurses in a military hospital. Samples were gathered using random method. The data collection tools were the researcher-made questionnaire of CRM and CKM. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires were confirmed by researchers. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis method was used to determine the impact of the variables. Also, the SPSS and Amos (ver18) softwares were used.
Among the dimensions of CRM, “Retention” had the highest mean score (3.8 ±0.6) and “Client Interaction” had the lowest average score (3.4 ±0.6). Among the dimensions of CKM, “Knowledge from Client” had the highest average score (3.9 ±0.9) and “Knowledge about Client” had the lowest average score (3.4 ±0.6). Also, the CKM had an impact on CKM tasks with 0. 95.
Since the customer interaction score was lower among other CRM tasks, in order to improve interactions with customers or patients, hospitals can design training sessions in this regard for their staff.

A hospital emergency incident command system is one of the most reliable and popular organizational methods for disaster and emergency management.

The aim of the present study was to assess the level of disaster preparedness in the emergency department and other selected units of a military hospital in Tehran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 and involved 97medical staffmembers from various departments: emergency, management, discharge and transport, camp (security and staff), information and communication technology, training, reception, and human resources. Three instruments were used for data collection: a self-reported questionnaire, unit evaluation checklist, and maneuver evaluation checklist.

The overall mean score for the maneuver checklist was 55.5%. The mean (±standard deviation) score for the questionnaire was 42.02±8.62. The unit evaluation checklist had a score of 165 from a total of 244 possible points and amean percentage of 67.62%. After conducting the maneuver, the hospital staff was reported to have weak performance in evaluating and prioritizing patients for quick release and tracking their conditions.

The present study shows that the selected hospital had a moderate level of preparedness, which is in line with the previous studies. It is recommended that future studies evaluate the effect of education on the disaster preparedness of hospital units

Health‑care acquired infections are significant given the risks and costs they impose. All previous studies indicate a poor level of knowledge and performance among the nurses in hospital infections; as such, educating nurses can play an important role in infection control. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the health belief model (HBM) in making nurses adopting health‑care behaviors needed to control nosocomial infections (Nis).

The participants of the study were 135 nurses from two hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. A self‑administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of seven parts. The intervention group received four 45 min educational programs, both in individual and collective forms. After a 2‑month interval, a post‑test was conducted to see whether any difference has been resulted.

There was a significant relationship between knowledge (P = 0.001), perceived threat (P = 0.004), perceived benefits (P = 0.001), and practices (P = 0.001) in comparing to control and experimental groups after intervention. For the experimental and control groups, the most frequent cues to action at the preintervention stage were, respectively, related to the period of studying at university and in‑service classes.

According to this study, HBM‑based education can increase knowledge, perceived threat, and perceived benefits of nurses. Additionally, it can reduce perceived barriers and improve the control of NIs among nurses.

Since the youth is a major portion of the population in our country, health department lays more emphasis on their perception and knowledge of HIV as well as HIV/AIDS education to them. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an HIV/AIDS workshop education program on the knowledge and attitudes of the Tehran/Iran university students by using social cognitive theory(SCT).
Material and The pubulations of the study was 400 undergraduate students of different fields at Tehran University who voluntarily took part in the study via workshop announcement posters. Totally,58 out of the 400 participants attended all the workshop sessions. The subjects of the two day workshop include: epidemiology, transition, prevention, test and treatment, sexual transmitted diseases, sexual health, consultation, behavioral skills, self- awareness, decision making ability, problem solving, assertiveness, and negotiation. The educational model was based on SCT. The education consist of modeling, behavioral capabilities, Expectations and self-efficacy. A self-administered validated questionnaire was given to the participants before and after intervention.
Education had significant impact on knowledge(P.P=0.01 ) but not significant effect on attitude toward HIV/AIDS(P>0.05)P=0.11) .
SCT base education had significant impact on knowledge, but it had no impact on attitude. The use of the other theories and their impacts on behavior change, and their continuity are recommended.

It cannot be denied that many improvements in female and child health have been achieved worldwide through international family planning programs. More than half of the females (57%) with unintended pregnancy admitted that they had not used birth control the month before conception.. The aim of this study was to promote family planning practice among females of Zahedan (southeast of Iran) through the transtheoretical model (TTM).Patients and The current quasi-experimental study was conducted on 96 eligible females, who were allocated either to the case or the control group and were selected from homes in the border of Zahedan city (southeast of Iran) during 2010. Convenience sampling by door-to-door visits was used for finding eligible cases. A TTM-based self-administrated family planning questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants in the intervention group received education in two groups, based on their stage of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and all groups were followed for three months. The result of the chi-square test did not show any significant difference in the stage of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance before education between the control and intervention groups (P = 0.55). After education, subjects in the intervention group moved forward through stage of change and got at least one step closer to the family planning behavior., with this change being significant (P < 0.001), while the movement of participants through stage of change not being significant in control group (P = 1). The results of statistical tests illustrated that the mean knowledge of the intervention group was 7.5 ± 7.1 versus 0.5 ± 4 for the control group (P < 0.001), mean of attitude of the intervention group was 5.5 ± 5.41 versus 0.09 ± 2.04 for the control group (P < 0.001), and practicing family planning methods (P < 0.007) in the intervention group was higher than the control group after education based on TTM. According to this study, the educational plan based on TTM was effective in changing knowledge, attitude, and practice and directing females towards taking action. Moreover, self-efficacy, perceived barriers and benefits are factors that affect the use of family planning methods.

Disaster preparedness and management in hospitals are interesting research topics. With regard to the studies conducted, this research is performed to collect and compare the published studies about preparation in all hospitals dealing with disaster in the country. In this review study, data and information was searched and collected based on the keywords consist of "hospital disaster readiness", "hospital disaster", "disaster management system" in databases such as Iran Medex, SID, Magiran and also PubMed and Google scholar. Quality assessment of papers was evaluated and finally, the results was compared and analyzed. A total of 32 articles were found; 21relevant articles were analyzed. According to the results, in most studies, crisis preparation of hospitals was moderate. Therefore, planning is important in order to implement the crisis management program for hospitals and to improve their preparedness in the country.

Substances abuse is an important public health concern with social, economic and health consequences. This study aim was to investigate the self-reported beliefs about substance abuse among undergraduate students of the University of Tehran. This is an analytical and cross-sectional study which performed in 300 students who entered into the University of Tehran on October 2011. A self-made questionnaire which containing 14 demographic questions (age, gender, height, weight, level of education and the faculty, parents’ education, and employment status), 4 questions about the behavior of substance abuse(SA) experience, 2 essay questions about the benefits and harms, as well as complications and risks of SA. 56% of the 300 students (n=168) were female and 44% (n=132) were male; the mean of participants age was 23.2 ± 5.1 years old. Most of them (109 Ss- 36.33%) mentioned that the most important effect of Substances is causing various physical and mental disorders, as well as disorders in various organs of their body. The second most important effect was social harms. Several students had stressed the importance of education. Despite the beliefs in accordance with the harms of substance abuse, the students pointed to the substances’ calming effect and reducing stress. Therefore, further education must be provided for this group in order to reduce the reinforcing beliefs of substance abuse.