fazlollah bagherzadeh

Attention deficit and hyperactivity are the two early symptoms in children with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mindfulness–based interventions are among the strategies used in various studies in recent years to treat this disorder. Despite promising evidence of their efficacy, no consistent results have been obtained regarding the possible treatment outcome. A recent meta–analysis on the effectiveness of mindfulness–based therapies has shown a moderate reduction in ADHD symptoms. Recent studies highlight the relevance of noninvasive brain stimulation for modulating cortical excitability. On the other hand, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique by which a weak direct current applied on the scalp modulates cortical excitability by shifting resting neuronal membrane potential. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions and transcranial direct electrical stimulation on symptoms of children with ADHD.

This quasi–experimental study employs a pretest–posttest with a 1.5–year follow–up design. It was conducted among children aged 7 to 10 years with ADHD referred to the Children's Psychiatry Clinic in Kermanshah City, Iran. A total of 45 boys and girls were selected to participate in the present study and were randomly assigned to three groups: tDSC stimulation, mindfulness training, and sham stimulation. In the pretest phase, parents completed the standard questionnaire on attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. The intervention phase was carried out in 15 sessions where the training groups dealt with the desired interventions. Immediately after the 15th stimulation session, the posttest stage and follow–up were conducted in 1 and 6 months. The data was analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements (composite analysis of variance) and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Analysis of variance with repeated measurement (3 groups x 4 measurement steps) was used to analyze attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms. Results showed that the main effect of time and group were significant for attention deficit and hyperactivity (p≤0.001). The post hoc Bonferroni test results showed that in both intervention groups, the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity in the posttest and follow–up stages significantly decreased compared to the pretest (p≤0.001). This decrease was significantly higher in the transcranial brain direct electrical stimulation group than in the mindfulness program group (p≤0.001).

According to the research findings, direct transcranial electrical stimulation of the brain in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region of the brain was superior to the mindfulness program in improving and perpetuating the symptoms of attention deficit. DLPFC hypoactivity is hypothesized to underlie attention deficits, impaired inhibitory control, and executive dysfunction in ADHD. Therefore, the pathophysiological rationale for therapeutic tDCS is to increase DLPFC activation by anodal stimulation.

 The emigration of elite athletes from Iran has adversely affected the nation's growth and development. This study seeks to identify the determinants influencing the migration of elite Iranian athletes.

Methods and Materials: 

This research utilized a qualitative approach employing systematic grounded theory methodology. Participants were purposefully selected and included male and female national athletes who had changed citizenship and relocated abroad for athletic purposes. Data collection was conducted through 10 Persian and English articles and 16 interviews.

 The data analysis resulted in the identification of 136 initial codes. These codes were consolidated into 12 subcategories, which included personal reasons, sports growth and development, favorable conditions in the destination country, personal weaknesses and psychological elements, resources, facilities and infrastructure, economic problems in the country, financial issues for athletes, sports management weaknesses, political restrictions, cultural challenges, and social issues. Furthermore, these subcategories were organized into three main categories: intra-personal factors, economic factors, and extra-personal factors.

 The study suggests that senior officials should address discriminatory perspectives, ensure justice within the sports sector, provide equal opportunities, enhance management practices, offer economic support to athletes, combat discrimination, decouple politics from sports, and respect the privacy of athletes, particularly women.

Self-control refers to the self-initiated ability to regulate one’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. It plays a crucial role in predicting real-life outcomes. Existing literature highlights self-control as an essential skill that can help individuals achieve their goals and enhance various aspects of their lives.

The present study aimed to determine the impact of three different sports—middle-distance running, chess, and kata—on the self-control of adolescents.

Methods and Materials:

The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of male adolescents aged 13 to 18 in Kermanshah. 48 participants were selected by a purposive sampling method. Subsequently, the sample members were randomly assigned to three intervention groups (middle-distance running, kata, and chess), along with a control group. Before the intervention, a pre-test was conducted. The experimental groups followed specific protocols for each sport over a two-month period, with training sessions held three times a week, each lasting one hour. Post-tests were administered at the end of the intervention, and a follow-up assessment occurred after two weeks. Tthe Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone Self-Control Scale (2004) and a demographic consent form were the research tools.

The study findings indicated significant differences in self-control scores across pre, post, and follow-up time intervals (Wilks’ lambda = 0.311, F(2,43) = 47.65, p < 0.00123). Additionally, there were significant differences in mean self-control scoresamong the four groups (middle-distance running, chess, kata, and control) (Wilks’ lambda = 0.199, F(9,102.37) = 10.70, p < 0.00000148).Specifically, middle-distance running demonstrated a significant improvement in self-control among adolescents compared to chess and kata (p ≤ 0.05).

Incorporating sports with specific demands, especially middle-distance running, can be an effective intervention for enhancing self-control among adolescents. Engaging in middle-distance running positively impacts self-control, offering young individualsan avenue to develop this essential skill.

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) display slowness, inaccuracy, and insufficient coordination in the performance of motor skills. Compared to children with normal development, they generally have poorer performance in tasks that require visual-motor integration. We evaluated the effect of tDCS stimulation on visual-motor integration in children with DCD. In this quasi-experimental study, featuring a pre-test-post-test design, 40 students with DCD aged 7-10 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned into two groups: tDCS stimulation and artificial stimulation. In the pre-test, participants took a visual-motor integration test. The intervention phase was administered for 5 consecutive days. Each day, the subjects underwent either electrical stimulation in the motor cortex (anode at C3 and cathode at Fp2) or artificial stimulation. The post-test was administered in the last session. Short-term and long-term follow-ups were performed 1 day and 42 days after the post-test, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The results showed that electrical stimulation of the motor cortex significantly improves the visual-motor integration of children with DCD. The follow-up results supported the persistence of motor-visual integration in these children. In general, the results emphasized the effectiveness of tDCS exercises on motor-visual integration in children with DCD.

This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger.

For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test.

Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05).

These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command.

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in process-oriented tests of fundamental motor skills development has always been a challenge in motor development screening plans. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial sensors (IMUs) based on artificial intelligence algorithms to assess kicking skill. Thirteen children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 8±1.37) (boys = 58%) participated in this study. The subjects were asked to do at least ten repetitions of the kicking skill according to the TGMD-3. Trials were captured with video recording and three wearable inertial sensors installed on the ankles and lower back. K-Nearest Neighbor artificial intelligence algorithms automatically classified the linear acceleration and angular velocity signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated between expert scores and the artificial intelligence algorithm. All tests were done at a 95% confidence interval. The classification accuracy of the KNN algorithm (k=7) for kicking was 95%, ICC =0.90 (CI=0.86-0.95). The scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes per trial (in an expert-oriented way) to less than 30 seconds (using artificial intelligence). As a result, this method was a reliable and practical way to assess the fundamental motor skills. Also, by maintaining relative accuracy, it was possible to reduce test time for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of mindfulness intervention on perceived stress and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of elite wrestlers during the competition period.

20 male elite freestyle wrestlers (age: 22.36±2.38) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (mindfulness-based intervention) and control groups. Two official competitions were used as pre-test and post-test. Perceived stress was measured by the short version of Perceived stress scale. Awakening and competitive levels of salivary immunoglobulin A were evaluated using the ELISA method. The experimental group participated in 8-week mindfulness intervention (two sessions per week). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-test.

The results showed that after the 8 weeks of intervention, perceived stress was reduced in the experimental group. Hoewer, the awakening and competitive levels of immunoglobulin A did not show a significant difference compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test.

In general, it can be concluded that mindfulness intervention can be a strategy to reduce the perceived stress in elite wrestlers during the competition period. Future studies with larger samples with other disciplines can better demonstrate the comprehensiveness of the results.

The trade-off between speed and accuracy in scoring process-oriented tests for fundamental movement skills (FMS) has always been challenging for a screening project. The aim of this study was the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) and artificial intelligence algorithms to automatically assessment of FMS. 123 overhand throwings were performed by children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 7±1.84) (53% = boys). Three IMU (Shokofa Tavan Vira) sent signals of angular velocity, linear acceleration of the preferred hand, non-predominant ankle, and lumbar region of the children. Each performance was scored according to the criteria of the third edition test of The Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) by reviewing the video of the performed skills. The "k nearest neighbor" algorithm was used for automatic data classification. The minimum difference between test signals and training signals was calculated and classified. Two issues were assessed: false acceptance, in which an “incorrect” performance was classified as “correct”; and false rejection where a “correct” performance was classified as “incorrect”. The classification accuracy of the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was 85%. The automatic scoring algorithm also correctly classified 93%, 78%, 93%, and 76% in criteria 1 to 4, respectively. Low-back IMU data analysis shows the model's accuracy of 75%. Further, the total scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes to less than 30 seconds. The use of artificial intelligence in the signal processing of only three IMU was a reliable and practical method for the assessment of FMS. This approach means the monitoring and evaluation of children's movement skills can be objective. In addition, while maintaining relative accuracy, the time involved in the process-oriented analysis of FMS for research, clinical, sports, and educational purposes was reduced entirely.

Investigating the factors affecting motor development is very important in identifying the causes of motor developmental delay for parents and occupational therapists in the development of pediatric treatment. This study aims to model dynamic factors affecting fine motor development milestones of 9-12 months old infants.

in this study 283 children were screened by age and stage scale which included providing the home environment for motor development-infant scale, parental postpartum attachment scale, Beak habitual physical activity questionnaire, and general health questioner. Factors affecting motor development were classified into three parts: individual, maternal and environmental factors.

Structural equation model showed that according to the fitting indexes reported, the conceptual model of this research does not have an acceptable fitting level. Regression results showed that none of the factors had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements in the maternal factors group. Linear regression in the individual factors group showed that age with an effective coefficient of -0.15 and motivation with an effective coefficient of 0.14 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements. And in the environmental factor group, the number of siblings with an effective coefficient of -0.17 and parents' encouragement with an effective coefficient of 0.15 had a significant contribution to the prediction of fine movements.

The present results showed that the present predictive variables had poor predictive power, so more research is needed to identify stronger predictors of fine motor development.

The aim of this study was survey effect of perceptual motor training on motor praxis of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

For this aim, 34 children (10 – 12 years old) selected as sample size and divided into two control and experimental group (20 people were in the control group and 14 people were in the experimental group) and participated in the current tests study. For recognize of DCD problem, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire- Edition 7 (DCDQ-7) and Bruininks– Oseretsky Test of motor Proficiency was performed. For investigating of motor praxis, the Dewey gesture production test, Praxis imagery questionnaire and knowledge of object use test was performed. The participants of experimental group participates in perceptual motor training for 8 weeks.

the results of MANCOVA test show that the performance of experimental group in relation to control group was improved significantly at gesture production test after perceptual motor training (P<0/05). On the other hands, in other tests (Praxis imagery test and knowledge of object use test) was no significant difference between pre and posttest in participants of experimental group (P> 0/05).

These results of current study show that perceptual motor training have significant effect on gesture production and performance of motor praxis, but this training skills haven’t effect on motor planning and programing of praxis actions in DCD children.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a cognitive training intervention leads to significant improvements on measures of balance and gait in schizophrenia inpatient with depression disorder. This non-randomized clinical trial with a control group examined the effect of cognitive training over 12 weeks on balance and gait in 20 man schizophrenia inpatients with depression disorder. Patients were homogeneously(based on age, score of MMSE, scor of depression) assigned to groups of intervention and control . Participations enrolled in intervention group attended in cognitive rehabilitation of memory and attention(ARAM( sessions for 45–60 minutes three times weekly for 12 weeks (36 total sessions). Data of Pre-test and post-test resulting from the test of standing on dominant leg with opened and closed eyes ,10-meter gait speed, 10-meter gait speed under gait-visuospatial dual-task condition and 10-meter gait speed under gait-motor dual-task condition were analyzed by using pair- samples t- test and comparing the post-test of the two groups analyzed by using independent t-test. Results showed the cognitive training intervention group had significant increase in static balance with opened and closed eyes and gait speed under single and dual-task condition from pre-test to post-test (p≤0.05). the cognitive training intervention group had significant improve in static balance with opened and closed eyes, gait speed under single and dual-task condition rather than the control group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of motor practice and computer games on motor skills in children with Down syndrome disorder. For this purpose, 30 students who were studying in exceptional schools in Mazandaran were selected with available sampling method. After homogenizing the scores in the pretest, participants were divided into three groups of 10 people including two experimental groups (motor practice and computer game groups) and one control group. Experimental groups participated in selective games for 8 weeks, three 45-minute sessions a week. The control group did not received any treatment and lived their daily life. At the end of the training interventions, a post-test was conducted. Bruininks Oseretsky test was selected to evaluate motor activity. Dependent t-test, Covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis at P0.5 level. The results showed that there is a significant difference between computer games and control groups as well as the training program and control group (P =0.013 and P= 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the groups of computer games and the training program (P = 0.479). Therefore, it seems that despite some ideas that make computer games ineffective in improving motor development, its proper use is to improve the motor development of children with Down syndrome; also training program can also perform important role in improving their motor skills.

In order to be successful in sports and international affairs, federations must adjust their programs and goals to achieve the highest sports positions in world and Asia, and avoid immediate, tasteful, and random decisions. To this end, identifying the environment of the federation is the first and most necessary step to develop appropriate and efficient strategies. Here in this study, the critical areas of Islamic Republic of IRAN Fencing Federation performance were determined and an internal and external environmental analysis were done to predict the federation expectations for the future orientations and strategies. Accordingly, seven critical areas of performance were determined including, in order of priority, public and international relations, talent identification and heroism, human resource development, structure and organization, sporting events, facilities and equipment, and marketing and financial resources. Then, the internal and external environment of the federation for each of the identified key areas were analyzed and discussed. The strengths and limitations were identified with the aid of SCORE model.Macro and micro external environment analysis were done at two levels including; opportunities and risks environment analysis. Critical performance, expectations, or qualitative goals of the federation were developed for each of the critical areas. The obtained results can be later applied to develop future prospective of Islamic Republic of IRAN Fencing Federation strategies and operational plans.

Despite the few years that physical literacy has been introduced and developed globally, physical literacy structures have been different in various sources. Lack of a comprehensive and clear structure of physical literacy and its related characteristics can affect people's perception of participation and activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a clear framework of the physical literacy model based on the views of experts in Iranian society. Interviews were conducted with 14 experts, and the Strauss-Corbin model of grounded theory was used to analyze data in three stages of coding. Findings showed that physical literacy is the ability/capacity affected by growth in multiple dimensions (cognitive, psychological, physical, and behavioral) in the form of an active lifestyle. The findings also showed that conditions such as gender, disorders, age, and participation in physical activity are areas for outbreak physical literacy, as well as factors such as the Ministry of education, Sports and Health, Welfare and municipalities, politico-economic factors. Socio-cultural, media, and family influence physical literacy. Also, physical education, interventions in childhood and adolescence, providing facilities, experts, and appropriate policies can help develop physical literacy. Findings showed that the consequences of physical literacy could be improving lifestyle, maintaining health and well-being, increasing participation in physical activity, and community health. The present study's results identified a comprehensive and transparent model of the physical literacy framework and can help professionals, researchers, and policymakers provide physical literacy to society.

Attention to motor skill training approach shows that the type and nature of teaching is one of the most important effective variables in motor skills training. The purpose of this study was the effect of two methods of child-centered and teacher-centered on the development of gross motor skill of third grade elementary students. 53 students of beginner girls volunteered to conduct research with an average age 11.9±.16 that after peforming pre-test, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (deliberate play, deliberate practice, organized competition) and one control group. The groups practiced in accordance with the educational method for 12 weeks and two sessions per week. Was performed mid test at the end of the sixth week and post test at the end of the twelfth week. To collect information, the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (1978) and to analyse the data, at the significant level of P≤0.05, analysis of variance with repeated measures were employed. The results showed that the teaching method has been effective in improving the gross motor skill of the students and its effectiveness in the organized competition group more than the rest of the groups. There was also no significant difference between subscales of the running, balance, bilateral coordination and upper limb coordination in mid and post test and was higher level of strength in the organized competition group from the rest of the groups in post test.

Striatum is the major input site of the basal ganglia.  Lesion of striatum caused motor and cognitive impairments. Recent evidence has suggested that physical activity can improve cognitive and learning disorders caused by brain damage.  The present study examined the effect of bilateral microinjections of ibotenic acid in neostriatum of the BG and forced treadmill exercise on anthropometric characteristics and learning and spatial memory of male rats.

48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control, Sham-lesioned, Lesioned, Exercise, Exercise + Sham-lesioned and Exercise + lesioned. Lesion was made by bilateral microinjection of ibotenic acid into neostriatum. The exercise groups were subjected to a protocol of running on a treadmill for four weeks

Findings showed that ibotonic acid microinjection significantly decreased learning and spatial memory (P<0.05). Forced treadmill exercise could get better learning and spatial memory, but it could not significantly improve learning and spatial memory impairment induced by ibotenic acid injection in striatum. On the other hand, four weeks forced treadmill exercise enhanced anthropometric characteristics in lesion group (P = 0.03).

The present results suggest that striatum had a main role on learning and spatial memory, while four forced treadmill exercise could not improve spatial learning and memory impairment induced by ibotenic acid injection in striatum.

Physical literacy has been widely considered by researchers in recent years, but there are limited tools for measuring it, and have not been reported a reliable tools for measuring physical literacy in Iran yet.

This study was done to investigate the psychometric properties of Sam (2016) Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI).

The method of this research was descriptive and the study population were high school students in Tehran in 2019-2020 who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from different parts of Tehran. The sample size of the study was 836 adolescents aged 12-18 years. The translation process of the questionnaire was done forward-backward, then the content validity of the questionnaire was performed using the opinions of 10 sports science experts. After distributing the questionnaire in the data sample, it was tested in the assumed three-factor model of Sam (2016). Also, to assess the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was re-assessed in 30 subjects after 11 days. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis test, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and Pearson correlation coefficients.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that CFI, NFI, GFI, IFI (> 0/9), PCFI, PNFI (> 0/8) and AGFI (> 0/5) indices has optimal fit of the model and the three-factor model was approved. Also, the instrument had good internal consistency and reliability of test-retest in the factors and scale (> 0/7).

The results of this study showed that the Persian PPLI has good validity and reliability and can be used to assess the perceived physical literacy of adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of motor practices using virtual reality practices on static balance of children with cerebral palsy.Twenty girls with cerebral palsy (ranged 7-12 years old) were selected by a convenience sampling method and were divided into the experimental and control groups. The apparatus of the study was Xbox device. Sharpend Rumberg Test was used to assess the static balance scores. Experimental group performed their practice in the virtual environment during 4 weeks, 3 days per week, and 1 hour per day. Control group continued their common occupational therapy programs. MANCOVA and ANCOVA Tests were used at p

Stress and its effects on mental functions are among influential factors of mental health; therefore, approaches to prevent the effects of stress, especially non-medical approaches, are beneficial. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of restrained stress and swimming exercise on spatial learning and memory in male rats.

The present experimental study was conducted on 28 Albino-Westar rats assigned randomly to four groups (stress, swimming, stress+swimming, and control). Rats in stress group were exposed to immobilization stress (2h per day × 7 days), the swimming group were trained swimming (2h.per day × 7 days), and the stress+swimming group received the same stress protocol as stress group was and then received the same swimming training as swimming group for seven days. The control group performed behavioral tests without any intervention. Behavioral examination of the rats was performed using Morris Water Maze during both acquisition and recall levels.

The results reported significant progress in the traveled distance and escape latency of all groups in the acquisition phase (P≤05/0). However, the one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the swimming and stress+swimming groups traveled less distance compared to stress (P=0.007; P=0.03) and control groups (P=0.0001; P=0.001). In addition, the swimming group spent significantly less time to reach the target compared with the stress and control groups (P = 0.006 = 0.003). Furthermore, the stress + swimming group spent less time to reach the hidden platform compared with the stress and control group (P = 0.01; P= 0.001).

The swimming exercise can individually enhance the cognitive function. In addition, when there is stress, using swimming exercises in addition to stressful conditions can reduce the distance and time to reach the platform.

The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of two types of aerobic exercises on static and dynamic balance of the elderly women. 36 elderly women (60 to 75 years old) were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) walking or jogging (n=12) 2) exercise in water (n=12) 3) control (n=12). Groups 1 and 2 participated in walking (jogging) and exercise in water program for 8 weeks, 3 session per week. The control group had their own daily activities and did not participate in any special kind of sports during this program. Sharpened Romberg and stick balance tests were used to measure the dynamic and static balance. Analysis covariance test (SPSS21) was used to check research hypotheses and to determine the difference among the groups. The results showed significant differences in posttest scores between experimental and control groups (P˂0.05). The results also showed that the group 1 (walking and jogging) gained more scores in dynamic and static balance than the group 2 (exercise in water). It seems that both types of the aerobic exercises especially walking and jogging are appropriate for decreasing the difficulties of this group and can be used as an exercise program in training centers.

The present study aims to investigate the Modeling dynamic factors affecting gross motor development milestone of 9- 12-month-old infants. The study was a descriptive- survey, that considering the type and aims of the research was considered as an applied research. To this end 283 infants were screened in regard with age and stage questionnaire. The applied measures were preparation of the home environment for the infant motor development, the parental postpartum attachment scale, Beak habitual physical activity questionnaire and General health questionnaire. Factors affecting motor activities were grouped into three sections including Individual, Environmental and Mother Factors. The related data were analyzed by independent T, MANOA, step by step regression and structural equation. The results of structural equation indicated that individual factors (0.85) has the most important effect on anticipation gross motor development, after that environmental factor (-0.42) and finally mother factor (0.15) has effects on anticipation gross milestone in 9-12 month old infants, Results of the regression showed that considering individual factors, motivation is significant and in regard with environmental factors, affordance is significant in anticipation of gross motor development milestone in 9-12 month old infants. Results of the present study were concentrated on Branfen bernner model. This model claims that development of the infants was first affected by individual and biological factors and then by the environmental factors of the infants.

Self-controlled feedback is a kind of augmented feedback which is represented by the request of learner. The aim of the present study was to compare self–control and instructor-control feedbacks after good and poor trials on acquisition and learning of a throwing task in children with cerebral palsy. 60 children with cerebral palsy (age range: 7-12 years old) were selected by convenience sampling method from special schools in Tehran city. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: instructor-control feedback after good trials, instructor-control feedback after poor trials, and self-control feedback. At the end of the acquisition phase, participants of self–control group were divided into 2 groups (self–control feedback after good trials and self–control feedback after poor trails). One-way ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test were used at (P<0.05). In the acquisition phase, no significant differences were observed among the groups (P=0.64). But self-control feedback group after good trials outperformed all groups in retention (P=0.001) and transfer (P=0.001) phases. In instructor-control condition, among those participants receiving feedback after good trials and in feedback received after poor trials condition, self-control subjects showed more progress. Thus, due to the low capacity of information processing in children, motivational role of feedback in self-control condition and after good trials leads to their better learning.

  Developmental coordination disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can interfere with motor coordination and that causes psychological problems. Research refer to the positive effects of training on sensory and motor functions, but could Wii Fit exercise be effective on clumsiness and quality of life these children? 

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Wii Fit exercises on clumsiness and the quality of life in children with DCD.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study. Using  Willson (2007) developmental coordination disorder questionnaire, 30 children aged 7-12 years with DCD were selected through cluster sampling and placed randomly into two experimental and control groups. In order to evaluate the dependent variables, Bruininks-Oseretsky (1950) test of motor proficiency and Sebir et al. (2007) health related quality of life questionnaire were used. The experimental group received an intervention program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week, 55 minutes per session). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of clumsiness (F= 14/92, p≤0/001) and quality of life (F= 121/28, p≤0/001).

Wii Fit exercises can affect the clumsiness and quality of life of DCD children.

Attitude plays an important role in success and is one of the aspects thataffect students’ learning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thevalidity and reliability of Persian version of Student’s Attitude TowardPhysical Education Scale (SATPES). This study was descriptive-correlationand the statistical population consisted of all 12-14-year-old students of 1stgrade of middle schools in Tehran city. Student’s Attitude Toward PhysicalEducation Scale (SATPES) was used in this study and Subramaniam andSilverman (2000) had validated it. It included two subscales and 20 itemswith 5-point Likert responses and 415 questionnaires of this scale werecompleted by students. Test-retest method was applied in order to calculatethe temporal reliability and Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internalconsistency. To determine construct validity, confirmatory and exploratoryfactor analyses were applied. The results showed that Persian version ofSATPES supported two dimensional approach of attitude in enjoyment andbenefit with 20 items; thus validity (fit indexes were above the acceptablelevel of 0.9) and reliability (above the acceptable level of 0.7) of the scalewere confirmed. In conclusion, Persian version of Student’s Attitude TowardPhysical Education Scale is recommended to measure students’ attitude

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of selective and compulsive video augmented information on motor learning of Basketball Jump Shot emphasizing on the Challenge Point theory. 80 male students (18to22 years old) were voluntary selected. After homogenization based on the first pre-test scores (block5of trial) they were randomly assigned into four groups (20subjects) of self-control, yoked, examiner-control, and control. Instructional video of the expert model demonstrating specific biomechanical component was provided for 6 minutes. And then a second Pre-test (block5of trial) was done. The acquisition phase included 10 blocks of 5 trails and the retention test was performed in 2 blocks of 10 trails after 24 hours. The acquisition accuracy and technique scores differences were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) in 4(groups) x 10(Block). The retention accuracy and technique score differences were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of accuracy in the acquisition phase showed that the main effect of the block is significant. In the retention phase, the accuracy scores in the experimental conditions were significantly higher than the control group. The results of accuracy in the acquisition phase demonstrated that the main effect of the block, group, and interaction of the block and the group is significant, and the skill performance of self-control group was significantly better than the yoked and control groups. In the retention phase, the self-control group technique of skill performance was better than other experimental conditions, and examiner-control group was significantly better than the control conditions during the acquisition and retention phases.