fereshte ahmadi

Increasing population and urbanization process, in addition to increasing urban challenges, will lead to more attention to new towns and the smart city as a strategy can solve the challenges that society is facing. So, the purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility study of realizing smart living in new towns. In this regard, the criteria and indicators for the realization of smart living in new towns are identified and the current situation of the new town of Baharestan is analyzed based on them.

Material and Methodology:

The research is practical in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The required data has been collected through library and field documents in the second 3 months of 1399 in Baharestan town. The statistical population consists of two parts, namely urban experts, in order to validate the criteria and indicators obtained in the theoretical framework of the research and also to assess the validity of the questionnaire and the other part is the citizens of Baharestan, to assess the current situation using t-test.

Findings indicate that the criteria of Internet accessibility and participation, and hygiene and e-health conditions have the highest score. Also the town of Baharestan has the necessary facilities and potentials for the realization of smart living, but at the moment, it is in an unfavorable situation in terms of smart living.

In order to move towards smart living, according to the priorities and findings of the questionnaire, it is recommended to increase internet bandwidth and develop smart health programs. These solutions have been summarized as research findings and can be prioritized in urban management objectives.

Naseri Fence, which played a role in the past as an important and influential part of the city of Tehran, has now faced various problems, including degradation of living and environmental qualities. On the other hand, this area can be considered as an unchallengeable historical and historic city of Tehran, which hundreds of buildings and historical space that attracts tourists, which will further increase the importance of this part of the city of Tehran. The aim of this study is to Recognition the effects of tourism development on improving the quality of life of individuals.

The research method is a survey and data gathering tool for questionnaires are interviews, field observations and for analyze the data has been used to ANP of this research. The statistical population of this research is the Naseri Fence of Tehran, which includes the 12th district and part of the 11th area. Using Cochran formula and spatial cluster sampling, with a 97% Approximate allocation of 375 samples is selected.

The research findings show that the presence of tourists in the region is affected by economic prosperity, improving environmental quality, reducing pollution and increasing health, expanding residents' communication, access to public transport and cultural promotion.

all of which are influenced by the development of tourism industry. Be So, in the current period, planning for tourism development is very necessary.

Third places serve as a manifestation of culture, identity, and civilization, providing an ideal platform for achieving a comprehensive perspective on the quality of urban environments and the quality of life of citizens. The aim of this research is to clarify the role of urban third places in improving the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. This study was conducted in 1402 in Ahvaz city using a quantitative approach, a survey method, and relying on library-documentary studies and the targeted Delphi method to identify conceptual indicators. The first statistical population consists of all Ahvaz citizens, totaling 885,000 people in 1395, of which 390 individuals were evaluated as the sample size using the Cochran formula and randomly selected through a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-test, cross-effects analysis, and other statistical methods were used for data analysis. The second statistical population consists of 100 specialists and experts among city managers and urban management activists, of which 30 individuals were selected as the sample size using a targeted questionnaire and the snowball sampling method. The present study used the cross-impact analysis technique and the MICMAC program to analyze the components of third places and the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. Using the Delphi method, 55 components were extracted as indicators of third places and environmental quality in 10 dimensions. After examining the how and the extent of the influence of these 55 factors, 11 key factors that had the greatest role in the future state of the environmental quality of Ahvaz city were selected. The findings indicate that all 10 examined indicators were above the baseline average (3). Furthermore, in the regression model, it was revealed that the predictor variables explain approximately 74.1% of the variance of the criterion variable (environmental quality(. Region 6 with an )average of 0.84( had a higher superiority in terms of environmental quality compared to the other 8 regions of Ahvaz. The environmental quality and the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with urban third places have a strong relationship with the state of these third places in the city (with a factor loading of 0/722)
 

The spread of epidemics is one of the most important risks for urban societies, and it can cause irreparable damage if urban systems are not resilient. In this regard, the upcoming research aims to investigate the most important factors affecting the socio-economic resilience of cities against epidemics and to provide the necessary strategies for their improvement. The forthcoming research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and practical in terms of results, and quantitative methods are used to analyze the results. After extracting items related to social and economic resilience in the face of epidemics, using exploratory factor analysis, items related to them are categorized and reduced to several factors, and the single sample T test defines their situation in the city of Shiraz. Using the SOAR strategic model, the necessary strategies to improve the resilience of Shiraz City are formulated and prioritized. Based on the obtained results, four factors were extracted from 15 social resilience items, and two factors were extracted from 9 economic resilience items. Among these factors, only the "awareness" factor in Shiraz City was in a relatively good condition, and the other factors were not in a good condition. In the following, seven main strategies were formulated to improve social and economic resilience against epidemics. Among the extracted strategies, "Strengthening efficiency and effectiveness by training city managers and creating transparency for public supervision" and "Strengthening economic stability and increasing the employment rate by providing skill-based training" got the most points. And they should be given more attention.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban third places in the environmental quality of Ahvaz City. This study was conducted with a quantitative approach, employing a survey method and relying on library-documentary studies in 2023 in Ahvaz City. The statistical population consists of all the citizens of Ahvaz (885,000 people) in 2015. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 390 people was determined and selected randomly through a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-tests, path analysis, and other statistical methods were utilized to analyze the data. The findings indicate that all ten investigated indicators exceeded the base average (3). Furthermore, the regression model revealed that the predictor variables explain (R²=0.741) the variance of the criterion variable (environmental quality). Region 6 (average 4.08) demonstrated superior environmental quality compared to the other eight regions of Ahvaz. The results showed that the quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvaz with the third places in the city, in accordance with the local culture of the residents, have a close relationship with the state of these third places (with a factor load of 0.722).

Optimal condition of accessibility and rapid, easy, and safe travel to health_ treatment land uses can be performed by the systematic analysis of transportation sub-systems like behavior. Developed countries are in essential need of proper transportation system for better accessibility. This paper aims to develop model, considering mode chains as well as the individual characters. This study benefits the analytic and quantitative research methods in developing mode choice model to evaluate the movement pattern of travel to health care centers in Shiraz central district (district 1). Each mode is the dependent variable whereas the socioeconomic characters are the independent variables. Filled questionnaire and geographical information system is used in collecting data. To generate the model, multinomial logit model was used that shows public transport like metro and bus are not the popular modes in access to hospitals. Movement pattern cognition in accessibility to special urban land uses, has an efficient role in urban policies and planning, which can be generalized and indigenize to healthcare travel behavior in other geographical areas. Results show that car ownership will increased the private car travel rate 8 times according to beta coefficient.. Taxi is the mode which is used in all three travels. People with lowest range of income and education use bus as their mode. Besides metro travel also has significant relation with low level of income and increase the travel rate 9 times.

The goal of this survey is the analysis of the influence of the city spatial oraganization and the study of the city commercial functioning in relation of eachother. The mono centrality and the poly centerality of the cities have an important influence on the trip distances, preventing the waste of time and energy in the cities. The vehicles produce the greenhouse gases and increase the earth warming in a long run. The recognition of these factors can decrease the amount of greenhouse gasses and prevent the global warming.The type of research is practical and the analysis method is analytical descriptive. This research has been done after the scientific studies in order to estimate the greenhoause gases on the suggested Clean Development of CDM. The Mashhad metropolis spatial organization has been studied in two scenarioes. The first scenario, namely the mono centrality of the existing city and the other scenario, alongwith triple centrality spatial organization,along the city structure have been considered. The Mashhad metropolis balanced spatial organization has decreased the green houase gas emission up to 43 percent for the private cars . The average trip distance, traveled by the private cars in balanced spatial organizition is decreased about 4 kilometers. The decrease of the greenhouse emission rate for each passenger is 7.9 kilogram CO2 . The distinction and innovation of this research is to examine the relationship between the centrality index in the spatial organization of metropolises and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

Re-reading the previous patterns in order to clarify how man relates to architecture and how he is present in the space, can provide a criterion for measuring and evaluating the desirability of the city space. One of these valuable models is the Bazaar, which play an important role in the cultural, social and economic life of the city and can be evaluated from both architectural and urban aspects. Among these, the Isfahan Bazaar in Naqsh-e Jahan Square complex has been selected.

Descriptive-analytical method along with space syntax technique and simulation has been used in "Depth map" software. The method based on graph theory, instead of describing the geometric characteristics (shape, size and distances) of the components of a system, explains the position, relationship between the shapes and how to configure those components as a whole.

Although the Bazaar alone does not have much difference in the maximum and minimum value of its syntactic values, which shows the coherence of the whole complex, nevertheless, the presence of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square in combination with the Bazaar is effective in improving all indicators except entropy (internal order).

Since the focal points of urban functions have the highest degree of connectivity and movement density, with the development of access (as the most important factor), density and diversity; It is possible to generalize the connection to the city structure and create solidarity between the urban elements, which results in prosperity, vitality and presence in the space.

In recent years, in order to revive the distressed urban textures, emphasis has been placed on the regeneration approach, and therefore the aim of this study is to explain the model of “participatory development” in the process of urban regeneration based on the socio-spatial capacities in the distressed urban areas. The method of information  gathering from the library- field type and the data analysis method in the qualitative part, in order to identify the components from documentary researches and interviews with experts, the qualitative content analysis method in the quantitative part of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method using SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)  with AMOS software. The study sample is Noghan Neighborhood in Mashhad .The statistical population includes all heads of households in Noghan neighborhood (about 300 people) and 169 of them were selected by random sampling.The results indicate that according the exploratory factor analysis and the repetition of five factors in it, it shows the appropriate validity of this model, and the parameters of the confirmatory factor analysis shown that the model has an acceptable fit. Finally, the component of social and cultural changes with a weight of 0.68 is in the first priority, and then the components of economic and   physical-spatial changes with weights of 0.62 and 0.57 are placed in the second and third priorities. It is worth mentioning that the two components of governance-management and environmental quality and sustainable development have been placed in the final priorities, which, of course, cannot be ignored.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has disrupted the normal lives of citizens and the provision of services in cities around the world, and despite the guidelines and programs that cities have for emergencies; the widespread outbreak of the disease has left cities with a lack of capability and resources to deal with it. Hence, the prevalence of COVID-19 led to more emphasis on the role and importance of smart cities in dealing with and preventing crises. Because it combines the capabilities of the real and virtual world to solve urban problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify smart city indicators for reducing the COVID-19 risk. The present study is a descriptive-correlational and applied study that has been conducted using exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis. The statistical population of this study is citizens living in the new town of Baharestan. Using available sampling method, 382 people were selected as sample members. The main tool for collecting information was a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the obtained data. Findings from exploratory factor analysis led to the identification of three factors: smart services, smart health care and smart mobility. smart cities with the above three factors, have the ability to reduce the risk of corona and can play an important role in the optimal control and management of the situation in the event of such crises. Building smarter cities can support significantly better outbreaks and are crucial to saving lives. Evidence suggests that the risk of COVID-19 can be reduced with the help of smart city solutions. The need for smart cities is essential for the epidemic. COVID-19 epidemic has increased the demand for smart city and justified its existence.

The works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and interpretable points in the field of psychology. Children's literature is a good platform for indirect discussion of psychological issues; Because the subconscious addresses the child and prepares him to face the outside world by substituting positive and negative psychological issues. Psychological critique is one of the branches that can provide many clues to understand and solve the problems of a work, along with other methods of critique. in this article first, an introduction about the position of psychological critique and the presentation of experts' opinions in this regard were presented, then the scientific background of research and research has been done. The following is a summary of the story of the oldoz and the crows; And after explaining Freud, Jung, and Adler, we have separately critiqued the psychological analysis of the characters in the story. The results of this study show that Freud's views such as defense mechanisms, Jung archetypes and concepts of the inferiority complex are crystallized in the characters of the story according to Adler's theory. This critique suggests that there is a capacity for psychological critique in the depths of children's stories, especially in the story in question, and that this type of critique can be used to understand the depths of their personalities.

One of the ways to achieve creative cities is to take advantage of the potential of cities in various fields, especially tourism. Creating creative tourism cities, in addition to paving the way for attracting more tourists and promoting the city as an active tourism destination, can increase the economic empowerment of residents and create jobs related to tourism, and also improve the quality of residents. Therefore, urban planning is very important in turning them into creative tourism cities. Babolsar city has the potential to become a creative city with an emphasis on the tourism approach due to its location and geography and high tourism potentials in various fields, but it is still far from the creative city of tourism. Utilizing these capabilities and opportunities requires identifying and extracting indicators that can be effective in the planning process and turning this city into a creative tourism city. Therefore, in the present study, by examining the criteria and indicators of the creative tourism city, an attempt was made to provide a suitable ground for this city to become a creative tourism city.

This is an applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The required data were collected through library and field studies and was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of 59966 people living in Babolsar. The sample size was 383 based on Cochran's formula and the statistical sample selection method was random. In the analysis of questionnaire data, first, with the help of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS and AMOS software environment, the most important effective indicators in achieving the model of creative tourism city were extracted.

Based on the findings of Kolomogorov-Smirnov test, it was determined that the dimensions of the creative tourism city both have an abnormal distribution and therefore, Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to measure the relationship between variables and factor analysis in SPSS and AMOS software was exerted to measure factor loadings. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient in this study showed that there is a significant relationship between physical, social, economic and tourism potentials of Babolsar. The calculated correlation coefficient between social, physical and economic components with tourism potentials of Babolsar is equal to 0/676, 0/428, 0/370, respectively. To determine the relationship and prediction between the research variables, regression analysis between social, physical and economic variables as an independent variable (predictor) and the creative tourism city of Babolsar as a dependent variable (criterion) was used by the simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficient show that there is a direct and significant relationship between social, physical and economic variables. Also, the coefficient of determination R2 shows that 57/5% of the variance of urban tourism is related to social, physical and economic variables and 42/5% of the variance is related to factors outside the model. The results of multivariate regression also indicate that social, physical, and economic variables are eligible to predict the creative tourism city. Also, the results of regression line slope (B) for all predictor components show that there is a direct relationship between predictor components. The beta coefficient (B) is also used as a measure of the relative importance of the variables. Therefore, comparing the social variable (0/089), economic variable (0/375) and physical variable (0/105), we can understand the importance of the economic variable dimension compared to the other ones. Accordingly, these components, based on importance, include economic, social and physical variables, respectively. Based on the regression relationship, achieving a creative tourism city will depend on changes in social, economic and physical variables. Considering the above relationship, for each unit of economic variable 0/789, social variable 0/681 and physical variable 0/498 will be added to achieve creative tourism city in Babolsar. The results of factor analysis showed that all factors such as business processes and tourism economy, creative and innovative thinking, cultural and spiritual capital, sustainable infrastructure, attractiveness and diversity, tradition and identity, quality of tourism, knowledge, education, deepening the tourist relationship with the host community, multiplicity and diversity of tourism products, and strengthening the participation of residents, respectively, have most factor loadings to achieve a creative tourism city. Based on the appropriate fit of the research conceptual model, the consistency of the conceptual model with the collected data is confirmed.

In the present study, the local criteria of the creative tourism city in Babolsar were extracted and explained. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient in this study showed that there is a significant relationship between physical, social, economic and tourism potentials of Babolsar city equal to 0/676, 0/428, 0/370, respectively. The results of factor analysis also showed the all factors such as business processes and tourism economy, creative and innovative thinking, cultural and spiritual capital, sustainable infrastructure, attractiveness and diversity, tradition and identity, quality of tourism, knowledge, education, deepening the tourist relationship with the host community, multiplicity and diversity of tourism products, and strengthening the participation of residents, respectively, have most factor loadings to achieve a creative tourism city. As a result, Babolsar city has a high potential to become a creative tourism city. In fact, according to the cultural, social, economic, environmental and physical potentials and strategic location of Babolsar, this city can take effective steps to become a creative tourism city.

In addition to performing all its standard functions in other urban areas, an urban space in a historic district should play its role at a higher multifaceted level matching the characteristics of a historic district with established identity. Accordingly, the present work aimed to discover how the components of an urban space, on the one hand, and the constituent elements of the flow of life in a historic district, on the other, are linked and interact so as to enable reasonable management of urban space potentials in a historic district and their proper application to enhance the quality of life for the residents and users.

Theoretical Framework

The model consisted of six components defining the following factors: the environmental component, with life quality in micro‑spaces and environmental sustainability as criteria; the empirical-aesthetic component, with old-new area integration and quality of urban landscape as criteria; the functional component, with variety in environment usage, environmental liveliness and quality, safety and security, and transportation and accessibility as criteria; the socio-cultural component, with social liveliness and cohesion and maintenance of population balance as criteria; the economic component, with economic liveliness and stability and flexibility of development plans as a criterion; and the temporal component, with time management in public spaces and continuity of place as criteria.Generated based on the urban space components, the presented conceptual model offered a new approach to urban planning and management, and was concerned with all the urban regeneration measures adopted in historic districts. Functioning on local, regional, urban, and extramural scales, it can also assume applications in the quality assessment of measures adopted in public arenas within historic districts.

The above strategy will in turn keep indigenous residents in historic contexts, have immigrants to those areas return, and bring about socio-economic and environmental sustainability. Employing logical reasoning, the Delphi method, and expert opinions, this descriptive-analytical study first discussed the urban space components and their qualitative requirements. Next, the dimensions and measures of the quality of urban life were analyzed, and their factors concerning the urban space and environmental quality and topics formed on urban design, planning, and management were identified based on the theoretical views found in the literature. In the next step, the factors extracted based on the characteristic features of historic districts were monitored and reviewed. The 91 factors obtained from the Delphi method were reduced to 64 after views and comments from about forty experts in the field were applied. Finally, the results were presented as a conceptual model describing the role of urban spaces on quality‑of‑life enhancement in historic urban districts.

According to the findings, there are many physical–functional and environmental qualities in public urban spaces that can guarantee the arena’s success in provision of the residents and users of historic districts with satisfaction. However, taking notice of economic activities and social mobility in these districts is fundamental to the effectiveness of a measure adopted for enhancement of the quality of life in public arenas within historic districts. Meanwhile, a rise in the sensitivity of local communities to the values of historic districts and the potentials of public arenas for enhancement of the quality of life therein encourages them to assume an active role in the application of these arenas and the local communities’ socio-economic potentials in enhancement of the quality of public arenas. This can also enable these communities to express problems and propose solutions; in some cases, it can even lead to innovative financing ideas for project implementation. In tandem with urban planning, it ensures the sustainability of public arenas in historic districts, and improves the quality of life for their residents and users. Therefore, the issues of socio-cultural livability and dynamic economy are the cornerstones of the formation of quality spaces within historic districts, and the quality of life will not improve regardless of the triad of the environment, society, and economy.

The presented conceptual model, based on the urban space components, offers a new approach to urban planning and management, and is concerned with all the urban regeneration measures adopted in historic districts. Functioning on local, regional, urban, and extramural scales, the model can also assume applications in the quality assessment of measures implemented in public arenas within historic districts. Here is a brief description of the intervention measures adopted for these districts and their regeneration process based on the proposed model.The socio-cultural component. Contextualizing, contributing to/collaborating with, providing a process orientation for, innovating, and influencing the satisfaction of residents and users in public areas, utilizing the contribution/collaboration from the users of public arenas, delegating authority to non‑governmental organizations for utilization management, allowing for effective, constructive interaction among the organizations involved in the quality enhancement of historic districts and observing the pertinent legal frameworks, clarifying the procedures and promoting the accountability of officials, and respecting the cultural, social, and economic structures of life in the district.The empirical-aesthetic component. Integrating old and new spaces within public arenas while respecting the features of their historic districts and taking notice of the mass and space simultaneously and avoiding shell designs.The environmental component. Reducing environmental pollution and protecting energy resources and the natural heritage.The functional component. Providing a favorable impact on space liveliness and enhancing social inclusion to be able to hold various events.The economic component. Helping businesses flourish and promoting tourism.The temporal component. Taking notice of nightlife, holding seasonal, monthly, and weekly events and recognizing the sense of place and making an effort to preserve it within the environment.

The view of the city is an intermediary between human beings, the phenomenon of the city, the visual and semantic crystallization of the components of space, one of the components of which is urban furniture. Urban furniture are elements of urban space that are less considered. With the uncontrolled expansion of many large cities, including Isfahan, and the increase in population, the attention of city officials to control the social situation and appearance of cities has become less than in the past, so that in many cases care in maintaining identity and beauty, especially in urban furniture, It is ignored due to cross-sectional and ill-considered needs. Lack of special design, taste, lack of attention to (ergonomics, universality, appropriate color, lighting) and incompatibility with culture are the most important problems of urban furniture in Isfahan. Chaharbagh Street has a high tourist attraction due to its historical background and welcomes a large number of citizens in terms of service, but the urban furniture of this section is not only insufficient but also suffers from problems such as improper distribution, incorrect location, lack of environmental coordination. Non-compliance with public culture, improper design, use of substandard materials, non-compliance with the necessary standards, etc., and following some demolitions in order to implement the metro project, the urban landscape of this axis has been disrupted. The purpose of this study is to improve the public space of the city by improving the urban landscape with an emphasis on urban furniture. In the present study, the research method is descriptive-analytical in which the data were collected by documentary-field method and the method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. The results of the present study showed that by considering indicators such as correct location, more harmony with traditional and historical context, universality, color, "comfort", ergonomics, proper performance, a stable and appropriate perspective can be achieved in this axis.

Extended Abstract Introduction Natural hazards constantly expose human communities, including cities, to vulnerabilities. Therefore, flexibility becomes important with the approach of strengthening communities and vulnerability analysis. Resilience is a way to empower communities using the capacities of that community. The purpose of this method is to reduce the vulnerability of cities and strengthen the ability of citizens to deal with threats such as natural disasters. In this regard, explanations of resilience against threats are presented, which in fact recognizes the impact of all dimensions and social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities of urban communities on increasing and identifying different dimensions of resilience in cities. In order to explain resilience, it seems important to apply a systemic approach to the role of all effective actors in a strategic framework. These strategies include the United Nations International Strategy, such as the Hyogo Framework (2005-2015) and the Sendai Framework (2030-2015). These two documents have been created and approved in order to adopt strategies to develop resilience of nations and communities against disasters and reduce the risk. Since the adoption of the Hyogo Legal Bill as an International Crisis Reduction Strategy, the main goal of risk and crisis risk reduction planning has been to focus on creating resilience in societies rather than reducing vulnerability. In the continuation the work of the Hugo Framework, in the Sendai Document with Vision 2015-2030 on improving disaster risk understanding in all its dimensions, comprehension the characteristics of risk and vulnerability, strengthening disaster risk control, disaster risk management function, readiness for better reconstruction, recognition of stakeholders and their role have been emphasized. This document emphasizes hazard risk management and focuses on the role of local communities and the responsibility of governments and public (local communities) participation. The city of Ilam has shortcomings in the field of resilience and it is necessary to know the resilience of the local community to prevent the increase of vulnerability. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes experts of crisis management and residents of Ilam neighborhoods. The statistical population in the second questionnaire includes experts which the sample size was determined by purposive sampling method and 35 people were selected as the sample. The reliability of this questionnaire was determined by using of Cronbach's alpha in SPSS (94%). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed via formal content and methods and based on the opinions of a number of experts. The statistical population in the second questionnaire includes residents aged 15 and over in Ilam neighborhoods. According to the population over 15 years of age in the neighborhoods of Ilam (145226 people), based on the Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated at 384 people. Then, through random cluster method and relative to the population of the neighborhoods, sample households were determined. In order to check the fit of the questionnaire, which includes assessing the reliability and validity of the questionnaire for residents of neighborhoods in the city of Ilam, the method of confirmatory factor analysis was used in Smart PLS software. To analyze the quantitative data, appropriate methods to the subject and research data such as one-sample t-test and t-test of two independent samples were used in SPSS 23 software. Results and discussion -The results of the expert questionnaire, which is based on a single sample t-test, show that there is a significant difference between the baseline limit (3) and the calculated value (4.52) (sig = 0.000). The difference between the baseline and the calculated value (1.52) is positive. Therefore, according to experts, observing international strategies can be effective on strengthening the resilience of Ilam city. - From the point of view of international strategies, the resilience of Ilam city against natural hazards is not desirable. -The results of the single sample t- test in order to measure the overall resilience in the sample community show: there is a significant difference between the baseline limit (3) and the calculated value (2.38) (sig = 0.000). Since the difference between the baseline limit and the calculated value is negative (-/6149), therefore, the city of Ilam does not have a suitable resilience against natural hazards. -The resilience of Ilam in five dimensions has been evaluated. The results of the single sample t- test show that there is a significant difference between baseline (3) and calculated value (sig = 0.000). According to the difference between the baseline and the calculated value is negative for all dimensions; thus, the results show that different dimensions of Ilam city do not have proper resilience against natural hazards. - The statistical results of Independent Samples Test show that the average resilience of urban marginal areas and worn-out texture is 2.3 and urban areas with new texture is 2.6. Findings indicate that t-statistic is equal to t = -2.148 and the significance level is Sig = 0.047. This means that there is a difference in resilience between worn-out and marginal textures (neighborhoods 3-5-7-7-14) with urban areas with new texture (neighborhoods 9-10). Conclusion According to the research results, the resilience situation of Ilam city is far from the desired situation and is evaluated as unfavorable. The dimensions of economic, social, institutional, natural and physical resilience are far from the desired state of resilience and tend towards vulnerability. Significant differences between the resilience of worn-out and marginal textures with urban areas with new texture indicate different levels of vulnerability in the study area. The results of the questionnaire based on experts' opinions indicate that international resilience strategies, if implemented, are effective on strengthening the resilience of local communities (Ilam). This reminds us of the use of global experiences and the need to review practical strategies in the field of urban resilience.

One of the issues facing todaychr('39')s cities in Iran is the issue of maintaining and upgrading existing streets. The way of managing theses streets and dealing with them has caused various problems in different aspects of cities. The purpose of this research is investigating the principles of maintenance and promotion of urban streets with a focus on Islamic teachings and Iranian culture. This research also explains some ways to improve the quality of urban streets using Islamic teachings and Iranian culture. Gathering information was done through observation, field study and documentary studies. Using content analysis methods, documenting and graphical analysis, information and data were analyzed. The quality of the cities depends on the quality of the streets and the quality of the streets is also based on the details of the streets. After designing and constructing urban streets, they need attention, maintenance and promotion in order to be always attractive and desirable for citizens. The results of this study indicate neglecting the indigenous material, art, culture, religion, needs and interests of citizens which has led to the construction of unqualified urban spaces in the metropolitan areas of todaychr('39')s Iranian cities. This research did not seek to provide a template for urban streets designing, but it is in direction of developing principles of planning and designing urban streets based on Islamic teachings and Iranian culture. In addition to having appearances according to Islamic teachings and Iranian culture, desirable street for Iranian citizens should also be Islamic and Iranian internally. With Just the correctness of appearances it can be said that only hypocrisy is obtained, but with internal reforming, honesty can be created in urban spaces.

Shigellosis is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella bacteria. Recently, it has been reported that probiotics inhibit pathogens by producing inhibitory compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum against infections caused by Shigella dysenteriae in term of in vivo.   This study was conducted on 32 male rats divided into 4 groups. The first group (A) was the control group, the second group (B) included rats infected with Shigella dysenteriae (1.5 108cfu/ml), the third group (C) entailed rats treated with Lactobacillus fermentum, and the fourth group (D) were those rats contaminated with Shigella dysenteriae and treated with Lactobacillus fermentum. After the treatment period, animals were anesthetized and their blood and tissue samples were assessed to measure blood factors, histopathological investigations, and antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus fermentum. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical test through ANOVA-DUNKAN. P 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no significant change with regard to the number of red blood cells and blood index in the experimental groups in comparison with the control group (A). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the size of platelets (P 0.01), monocytes (P 0.05), and basophils (P 0.01) in group B, compared to group A. The intestinal weight to body weight ratio in groups B (P 0.001) and D (P 0.01) was significantly lower than group A. The obtained results of histopathological investigations indicated that there was destruction in intestinal epithelium in group B, while intestinal tissues in group D almost seemed normal. The number of Shigella dysenteriae colonies in the intestines of the treatment group decreased significantly (P 0.001), compared to the infected groups.
Discussion & Counclusions: Lactobacillus fermentum could cope with Shigella dysenteriae bacteria without causing any change in hematological parameters. Moreover, Lactobacillus fermentum can prevent such diseases to some extent.

Introduction and Background: Failure to protect and rehabilitate inefficient urban areas often results from dissatisfaction and inactivity of people with regard to imitation and non-conformist versions of urban management practices for modernization. The feasibility of urban renaissance projects seems to require the definition of projects that are based on expectations of the people, in the places where they will be driven to develop and run in a timely manner. Aims: in order to localize the urban renaissance, the Shahid Hasheminejad neighborhood, located in the central area and adjacent to the shrine of the Imam Reza (AS), which nowadays was more exhausted in terms of physical and functional, was considered as a case study. For this purpose, applied research was used and data are collected using interviews and library and field research. Data were analyzed using, SWOT, Hierarchical Analysis and the Strategic Priority Assessment Matrix. The present study was carried out in the first step by introducing and prioritizing the indices and indices of the localization of the urban regeneration approach in two stages of the survey, consisting of 15 specialists and expert. After that, 380 residents, adjacent and business people have been chosen to define the strategic position of the plan and effective strategic priorities in increasing the residents' satisfaction with the process of renaissance of the neighborhood. Finally, in order to explain the research findings based on the extraction of urban renaissance indices for the above neighborhood, twelve desirable sites were evaluated as developmental locations using the hierarchical analysis structure and in order to prioritize proposed projects, in line with localization strategies. The Renaissance approach was considered to be six strategic projects. Finally, using the priority location-assessment matrix, the projects defined as spatial priorities were matched, and a mid-term plan was presented to carry out strategic projects to stimulate the localization renaissance of the Shahid Hasheminejad Neighborhood. The results indicate that timely implementation of the developed plans includes: ownership, agreement, injection of capital, construction and operation; increasing social status, satisfaction and participation of the residents plays a significant role.

For achieving goals such as visual beauty, spatial harmony, proper functioning, the positive environmental and psychological effects in planning, requires the use of a consistent, coherent, meaningful and beautiful element of color. The present paper attempts to provide solutions for the preparation and development of color matching conventions according to the climate, culture and neighborhood identity. In this research, for the purpose of achieving the desired objective using the Lenclos method for analyzing the existing colors and using the Kil hong Matrix, we introduce rules and guidelines for planning the correct use of color in the urban landscape. Also in ordertoclarify the subject and present a practical example, the neighborhood of Khalaja has been selected as acase study area and the role of color in its urban landscape has been analyzed.The research method inthis paper is descriptive-analytic and field studies. The statistical population in this researchincludes200 residents of the neighborhood and the passersby. A questionnaire was distributed about thecolor status of the neighborhood and the extraction of mental images between people. The analysis results from the incorrect recognition of the color element and the combination and incorrect use of colored elements alongside each other. Due to lack of appropriate harmonic coloration, Khalaja has a kind of visual contamination, which can be arranged in terms of coherence, functional and aesthetic coordination. The results of this study indicate that appropriate colors should be defined according to the climatic conditions of the place, international standards and cultural features, historical.

Creeks are considered one of the key elements of spatial structure of the city Isfahan and since Safavid era, they have given Isfahan a distinctive feature, making it different from other Iranian cities. Creeks, as one of the active urban edges, have influenced the formation and quality improvement of surrounding neighborhoods and for years they have created freshness, increased the readability of urban spaces (finding directions and addresses), and created memories and a sense of belonging to a place. In today’s time, however, these identifying elements of city structure have lost their previous importance to a large degree, especially in historical neighborhoods. Several factors including shortage or lack of water, and consequently the decrease of green areas around the creeks and not using them as a public urban space, darkness and frightening areas near the walls of some creeks at night time have decreased the sense ofsecurity and reduced dynamic activities around the creeks. Therefore, the present research study aims at revitalization and quality improvement of urban edges of creeks in Isfahan through lighting. Using descriptive-analytical method, the present study has aimed at investigating the present conditions of Farshadi creek as a case study to propose strategies and measures for nighttime lighting and using color and light to give identity to the creek. These measures are extendable and can be used for other creeks and urban edges with similar features. As a result, the level of security will increase and life and activity will come back to neighborhoods at night and daytime. In lighting, especial attention should be paid to the color of light, the direction of light, LED lamp, methods and modes of lighting, and locating lamps. In addition, special features and different perceptive, functional, physical, visual, social and economic characteristics and roles of each urban edge should be taken into account in order to preserve the identity, roles and functions. By doing so, security and freshness will increase in neighborhoods and the city will be active, attractive and green at any time of day and night. Based on the present study, through using different lighting techniques and methods obtained by the experiences of the world and Iran, as well as through using the creativity and participation of the public and natives, appropriate lighting for creeks and urban edges can be designed and applied with the help of modern and economic techniques and knowledge. As a result, environmental, social, and economic sustainability of urban edges and creeks at nighttime and daytime can be achieved and activities, attraction and greenness of the city and neighborhoods can be preserved.