gholamali khammar

Sustainable development on a neighborhood scale means improving the quality of life in it and including all environmental, physical, cultural, social and economic features and components without creating obstacles for the next generation. In this regard, urban land use as the core of the planning system has an important role in providing welfare services, access and meeting the needs and diverse needs of citizens at the neighborhood level, while land use is evenly distributed in urban areas. Do not cause the emergence of gaps and heterogeneity of stability in urban neighborhoods and naturally increase the dissatisfaction of a wide range of urban residents with the living environment and reduce their quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of urban land use on the sustainability of urban neighborhoods in Zabol.For this purpose, the research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection was documented and analyzed by spatial analysis. The results show that there are inequalities between neighborhoods in terms of access to service use and the concentration and density of service uses is in areas 2 and 3. This has increased spatial and welfare inequalities between neighborhoods and this has reduced the quality of life in some neighborhoods. have given.

Municipal wastewater in Iran also includes surface water that flows in the corners of the streets, in Iranian cities not every complex and house is equipped with a wastewater treatment system, and even large restaurants and shopping centers have a wastewater treatment system and even a They do not have a simple septic tank, and only medical centers may have sewage treatment systems. Sewage disposal is more evident in areas with urban poverty and will lead to safety and public health risks, and the existing sewerage network does not meet the current needs of the city due to wear and tear. Due to the soil texture of Zabol and the lack of water penetration, the drainage level in this city is high so that in areas with digging half to one meter to reach the water. In such conditions, due to soil saturation, there is no water absorption and any sewage and effluent produced is considered as runoff and creates acute environmental and health problems, which has caused many problems for people. Due to the importance of this issue, vulnerable areas and neighborhoods caused by environmental hazards of water and sewage in Zabol city have been identified and prioritized. This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on the nature of descriptive-analytical study. The data required for this research were divided into two categories of data: a) spatial (spatial) and b) non-spatial (descriptive) data. Collecting information and data in the form of documents and libraries and using the studies of consulting engineers and related organizations, as well as extracting data from GIS maps of the city. For data analysis, Arc GIS software and combination with (models, AHP, SAW ANP and fuzzy environment) were used. At a distance from the city, the current refinery is located near the city and unsuitable. Geologically, except for a small area of the city, the whole city is in a bad condition, and in terms of the importance of the soil of the current treatment plant, it is somewhat quite suitable and unsuitable. The vegetation parameter is used to preserve the value of lands and prevent the destruction of forest areas and pastures, and the basis for classifying this parameter is to select the desired location for the treatment plant with the least adverse effect on vegetation

Urban poverty is one of the major issues and challenges of major cities, especially in metropolises of Iran. The phenomenon of poverty is a multidimensional issue and, due to its spatial nature, it is ‎specialized in the city and spreads in the form of poorer areas. Identifying and analyzing the ‎spatial distribution of the poverty is one of the ways to reduce its impacts on the cities. The main aim of this research is to identify and spatial analyze of urban poverty zones in Zahedan. In this research, the statistical census data of 1395 of Zahedan city and the economic, social, cultural and physical components have been used to identify and analyze poverty. Factor analysis method, density estimation model and Moran model in the GIS environment has been used to identify the poverty zones. The findings show that out of total of 4529 blocks, 537 (85.11%) very poor, 1532 (83.33%) poor, 1666 (78.36%) moderate, 752 (60.16%) wealthy, 92%) are very wealthy. In terms of geographic posation, most of poor and very poor areas are concentrated in the north and northeast parts of the city. As a result, there is a significant spatial difference in the distribution of poverty indicators in Zahedan.The findings of this study can help urban and regional policymakers and managers to implement appropriate solutions and allocate scarce urban resources in a desirable and purposeful manner. The future studies, can model the spread of poverty in cities using spatial analysis methods. The future studies, can model the spread of poverty in cities using spatial analysis methods.

Today climate change cause increase in concentration of greenhouse gases has been cause increase extreme events and atmospheric hazards. goal of this research, analyze and review climate future is for atmospheric hazards in sistan region. In this study, to simulate minimum and maximum temperature data used from model data CanESM2 under three scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) with SDSM statistical scrolling and to simulate rainfall data from the Hadcm3 model under scenarios (A1B, A2, B1) with statistical scrolling LARS-WG. For this purpose, after calibration, validation and data modeling at the selected station, the performance of the model from the viewpoint of the compliance of the base temperature data (1984-2005) and rainfall (1986-2015) with simulation values (2020-2039) evaluated at a significant level of confidence. To adapt base data to simulated data Used of the three criteria root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and mean squared error (MSE). According to simulated data were examined four important atmospheric hazard frost, heat waves, extreme precipitation and drought. The results showed that heat waves and drought in the future are serious threats in the region So that in 2021, under release scenario RCP 2.6, Predicted 32 heat waves and the study area will experience more than five heat waves in the year. In addition, most frequent drought forecast in 2020, under release scenario A1B. Extreme precipitation in some years under scenario B1 can be significant threat in the region. Intensity and abundance annual frost under release scenario RCP2.6 more than other scenarios and lower relative to investigated atmospheric threats.

One of the most important hardships of world’s countries including Iran is the centralization of overpopulation and facilities in big cities and creation of Urban Primacy phenomenon and destroying of city balanced hierarchy system that this phenomenon is due to lack of balance in distributing of different facilities in abroad country and also ignoring potentials of small and mid-cities. In present article we studied city hierarchy system and effect of Golestan province generating in 1998 upon this system. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantity and Urban Primacy Index focus index and balance index is used. Conclusions referred that city system of Golestan has passed two different processes, from 1977 to 1997 and 1997 to 2007. In which from the year 1977 to 1997 it has some frequent changes or had an unchangeable process, but from the year 1997 to 2007 had inclination toward prior city and incongruity, and also generating the Golestan province in 1998, which plays an important role in it, was known as the new political division in increasing incongruity of city system.

Informal economy is a reflection of the changes in the capitalist world, especially in developing countries which plays a major role in creating employment, and generating income. This kind of jobs with their impressive growth causes problems in the field of urban management. The aim of this study was to identify the socio-economic situation of the employed informal sector of Jiroft and the status of its distribution in the city aimed to organize the future plans. The method of this study is descriptive-analytic in which the necessary data were collected through documents and work-style. Continuous discussion about the informal jobs of 130 workers in the social and economic situation was performed and its position on the map was located in order to analyze space and show the status of the cluster analysis, pattern analysis, centrality and ways of distribution of this complication in the form of GIS software jobs. Spatial analysis of the findings made on the informal economy of Jiroft indicated that the spatial distribution of these occupations was normal and because of its placement along the main ways of the city, the occupations have taken a cluster shape with a distribution of the South-North direction and with a standard deviation of approximately 68% of the effects of the consequences.

Graveyards in Iran have long been one of the most important urban parts, since their uses have not only had a direct relationship with urban planning rules but they have also been under the influence of religious beliefs and customs of people, so organizing and locating them also own certain sensitivities. In terms of the structural situation, the current cemeteries of Pars Abad city are not in good conditions. On the other hand, they lack a suitable burial capacity to meet the new demands of the urban dead. Therefore, this study aims has been attempted to optimize the sites around the city to build a new cemetery using Boolean logic and Fuzzy Logic in the form of GIS. In order to identify the most fundamental factors in determining the appropriate place for the urban cemeteries, the role and affectability of each of the above- mentioned factors in the site selection was determined. Then, using the fuzzy membership functions (Gaussian, large and linear), different maps were prepared based on the nature and role of these factors in site selection. Next, through designing the inference network and taking advantage of the Fuzzy Logic model and its operators (Prod, Sum, and gammas of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9), the data combination was performed non- linearly. Ultimately, the most suitable sites obtained by the inference network were compared according to the degrees of membership and their distance to the defined boundaries. The results show deep differences between facilities and the desirable status quo site selection of the graveyards. In the end, several measures aimed at restoring the long-standing role of the urban graveyards in the structure of civil life and its attitudes’ changes towards its executive and research are suggested.

An earthquake is one of the most dangerous natural disasters of the present age, which has always shown its importance objectively, and based on its magnitude, it can create huge disasters spontaneously. Due to geographical circumstances, our country is constantly threatened. According to official statistics, in the past 25 years, %6 of the country's casualties have been caused by an earthquake, and an average of 6 earthquakes per year and a 10-year earthquake of 7 degrees occur in the country. ‘Temporary settlement’ is of paramount importance in earthquake crisis management as it may reduce casualties caused by earthquakes considerably. Although this type of settlement is the case during a certain period and it loses its main application over time, its location process is very important. The present research attempts to predict optimal temporary settlement sites for victims of a probable earthquake in the city of Chabahar. It also aims at helping earthquake crisis management through combining a proper and scientific plan and creating necessary facilities for identifying suitable locations for temporary settlement.
Theoretical Framework: The problem of positioning and allocating locations is not a recent issue, yet it still has numerous functions. From the early beginning of human creation, one of the most fundamental priorities of every man has been the issue of finding a good way to position and allocate different sites. Thus, in analyzing the location, valuation and formulation of such criteria is regarded as a crucial stage, and its recognition is of great importance.
The research method of this study was descriptive- analytical, so in the process of gathering initial data, library surveys and field studies and observations along with interviews with the experts were used. Then, a questionnaire was distributed between the relevant elites. Meanwhile, enough accuracy was taken for choosing the criteria so that a comprehensive and systemic perspective was obtained on selecting the most desirable site. Moreover, Fuller's triangular module and their fuzzification in the geographic information system (GIS) environment were selected as the criterion value model. Next, the layers were overlapped through combining the above- mentioned criteria and fuzzification of the data using the ARC GIS analysis functions. The result extracted the final map which represented the suitable lands for the most optimal positioning of temporary accommodation sites.
Findings : In this research, based on the location criteria of urban green spaces and in accordance with the type of the applied model suitable for this type of research (Fuller) and the recognition of the geographical, socioeconomic and physical aspects of the study area, the factors affecting positioning temporary accommodation for gathering information layers and identifying the sites with the highest priority for locating temporary accommodation are identified.
The results indicate that the criteria such as population density, and open spaces (parks) have the maximum importance and the criteria such as soil slope and waterway have the minimum importance in a selection process of temporary settlement areas in the decision-making field from the perspective of planners.
Conclusion & Suggestions: The purpose of this article was to present and develop a scientific and precise framework for locating temporary sites. Hence, 11 indicators affecting the locating process of such accommodation centers were introduced and evaluated, and the relevant criteria were selected and weighted. The main objective of weighing is expressing the significance of each criterion in comparison with other criteria. In this study, weighing the criteria was conducted according to the mean of the expert's opinions. First, a questionnaire was distributed among several individuals who were specialized in the field of research. Next, necessary explanations were offered. Then, they were asked to prioritize the desired criteria in terms of their viewpoints, as previously described in detail. Finally, they allocated the required points based on comparing the criteria.
Finally, the Fuller triangular method was used to evaluate the criteria and obtain the final score points and values. These final scores were inserted in the Calculator Raster environment and the layer map effective in selecting the most optimal site for temporary accommodation was extracted. In addition, for the purpose of layer overlapping, the fuzzy model was used so that the best place to locate the city was introduced and the significance coefficients of each criterion were measured respectively using Fuzzy Fuller Hierarchical Triangle.
The results of the study indicated that in the process of selecting the temporary accommodation sites and in terms of the planner's opinions, criteria such as population density and open spaces (parks) had the highest levels of significance in decision making domain, while the least levels of significance were recorded in the criteria of land gradient and water canal.

Increasing urban growth, increasing population growth and increasing urban migration have doubled the need for informed guidance and spatial organization. On the other hand, urban development prediction is essential for planning and providing the necessary facilities for the future growth of the city. The present study aims at evaluating the changes in the land of Chabahar during the years 1991 to 2014, then, predicting these changes until 2041. Research method is descriptive-analytic. Landsat satellite images for the years 1991, 2001, and 2015 have been analyzed. For data analysis, ARC & GIS, ENVI and IDRISI software were used. And the prediction of user variations until 2041, has been shown using CA and Markov chain models. Results of the prediction show that body expansion of the leads to the compression. From 1991 to 2001, an average of 43.5 hectares per year; and from 2001 to 2014 (during 13 years) 59.5 hectares of expansion are showed. And on the horizon of 2041 it will reach about 28.7 hectares per year.

Using the information technology (IT) and Electronic Life theory can be a suitable way of changing the current status of cities or at least minimizing related problems. Trust is one of the major issues which affects the acceptance of electronic city. In this study, the main focus was to identify the elements related to the trust of citizens to the electronic city which was carried out through studying the parameters affecting trust with the aim of determining the effective elements . Also, the performance of the two methods used in evaluating the elements was compared..
It is a descriptive-analytic research based on studying documents and library references as well as field study and survey city of Ghir. Data and information were collected based on existing facts of the city and asking questions from citizens and related experts. Using random sampling method and Cochran’s formula 350 individuals out of 18200 were selected as the sampling population.
Ressults:: The results of the sensitivity analysis of this study showed that trust to the network , features of citizens, the quality of the network, and citizen's trust respectively have the priority in determining the rate of trust to electronic city. In other words, in order to raise the trust of citizens in the electronic city, the trust to the network parameter is more important and with more Internet security, public and private networks and electronic city technology, more effective steps can be taken to increase citizen's confidence in the electronic city. The results of this study indicate the high ability of RBF neural network performance and neural fuzzy system to estimate the trust rate of electronic city. By comparing the performance of the two methods of neural network RBF and neural fuzzy system, it was observed that the function of the neural fuzzy system is relatively better and more accurate.
It is suggested that urban managers increase the level of trust in the electronic city and increase the acceptance and usage of the electronic city by citizens, according to the order of importance of indicators of trust in the electronic city and the priority.

Promptness of relief groups and especially, of inter- cities ambulances has a vital role in their performance during unpredicted disasters. In this regard, optimal routing of these groups seems necessary in order to cover maximum population centers. For this purpose, the use of artificial intelligence and the so-called “new routing algorithms,” and its localization among inter/ intra- cities sections, based on their extent and spread, can be an efficient way for efficient urban management and relief organization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show the practical application of ant colony algorithm for optimizing routing and minimizing the travelled distance. Ultimately, to demonstrate the capabilities of this algorithm, it was compared with the genetic algorithm. In this research, the case study was performed on over 29 urban and rural points, originated in Parsabad city, in MATLAB and shown in the GIS environment. The proposed model in this paper can not only be used to analyze the issue, but it also can be used to optimize the routing of distribution of basic goods in cases of natural and human disasters, traffic problem, and so on. Need to note that in the proposed method, the Rolette wheel Selection method is used for random selection of the neighborhoods.The results showed that due to the limited area of the case study, time and quality of achieving to optimal route in ant colony algorithm were calculated 0.19 ms faster than the genetic theory, whereas, given the movement of 30 ants, the time required to arrive to the scene by the ambulances for ant colony algorithm and the genetic algorithm was calculated 19' 45'' and 24' 15'', respectively.

The expansion of urbanization and the gradual growth of major cities in the world, especially in developing countries like Iran on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and centralization of population, economic growth and environmental loadings on the other hand, despite more attention to cities, have led to the acceptance of their several roles and functions. The purpose of this study is to manage the physical development of Dehdasht and its urban growth boundaries, to prevent change in firste rate land and agricultural land use and change the direction of growth in lower degree lands towards the sustainable development of villages near to this region. The present research is descriptive- analytics. The data were collected, first, by library and documentary methods and field study, then, data analysis were done by Geographical Information System (GIS) and Google earth software’s. The results showed that the current growth of Dehdasht will result in destruction of first rate and agricultural lands, especially in north and northwest regions; this is in contradiction with sustainable development of surrounding areas and villages. So, the direction of development should be changed towards the west and southeast parts which are not very important through a logical and basic plan.

In recent years, the irregular and rapid expansion of urban areas with the congestion and excessive of people concentration in the Iranian metropolitan areas has faced the continuation of urban life healthy with the serious risks and challenges in the different aspects. By using this approach, with over of time the cities don’t have ability to provide the essential services to their citizens in the spatial and geographical framework and they have to seek the optimal spatial development with an emphasis on the concepts of smart urban growth as a remedy to end the non-development planning of cities. In order to, there were taken different strategies for urban development in the around of the world from 1930- 2016. On the other hand, knowledge about land use ratios in an urban environment and how its changes overtime is one of the main considered issues in the modeling and urban planning. In the meantime, it can be made the anticipate of future changes and take suitable strategies with knowledge about the land use changes in the overtime. It can be concluded that the best vehicle for assessing of urban environment changes in case study region is using of satellite multiple images and Remote sensing technology for extracted of urban land uses especially in new towns. Therefore, the aim of this research is evaluation of smart urban growth pattern using SELUTH model in the Sadra new town as case study region of this research.
Material and Applied methodology is descriptive- analytical, based on literature review, documentary and model analysis. In the continual of this process, obtained historical data by helping satellite images taken in the different periods of time from Sadra new town were analyzed during three stages (first stage: analysis the historical growth of case study region; second stage: identifying the future development limits Sadra new towns and third stage: considering the favorable and unfavorable spatial distribution). Then, the spatial-physical changes of Sadra new towns was investigated using RS data (multi-temporal Landsat satellite images, TM, ETM and OLI sensors for the years 1989, 1995, 2002 and 2010). In this regard, the first satellite images for different years were obtained from the Geological Survey of America and then for reconstruction, geometric and radiometric correction was transferred to the IDRISI software. were created the False images of 2, 4 and 7 bands using the composite module. Applied variables in this research included slope, transportation system, land use, population explosion, and placement of facilities in certain urban areas such as hillsides and slopes. The value was defined as the amount of 100% for all data and it was predicted to measure the slope of domain specific algorithm. Finally, desirable physical development model was presented using the appropriate and inappropriate measured coefficients in two frameworks of special and historical approach.
Discussions and In geographical studies, subjective factors of human life experiences are affecting as objective factors. Sadra new town as a settlement unit is influenced by space and behavioral schools whether consciously or unconsciously. Some factors such as land uses, satisfactory, sense of place, human expectations, comfort and security, when existing show that humans use them as premier element space. SLEUTH model is considered as other cover ing models such as (UMG) and (DLM) in urban planning. In SLEUTH model, urban growth is determined according to four performance impacts: the spontaneous development, formation of new areas in the city for new urban cores, distribution of transportation system and the distribution of accelerated communication facilities (such as bridges). used data for import into the model, grading, growth model prediction, presentation of the results stages and images which are transmitted by the Landsat satellite in all forms of MSS, TM, ETM and IRS waves. For the reconstruction and predicted growth of Sadra between the years 1991 to 2011. maps were combine on layers of urban and non-urban areas has made this ability to provide a better model of Sadra new towns movements. After successful completion of data ranking, average values were used to smart urban growth model prediction in the future. This prediction was performed by completely segregated data. The final result has been shown in Fig (1) as follows: It can be said that in one side, the new construction project of Sadra new town and lack of constructions in proportion of people who entered into Sadra and in recent year,s and new Mehr housing project within the framework of Sadra town in other hand to divest the shared houses to deprived groups wich led to the distribution of Sadra new town growth.
Initially, smart urban growth in the case study region was quite deliberate and controlled. After the transfer of some of facilities to this area by people and governors, the existing lands of Sadar new town began to be occupied by citizens without any planning. Finally, we achieved the following 1. From the beginning of Sadra new town the growth has not had a logical planning process;
2. SLEUTH model performance is based on UNIX, DLM and UGM systems. In the framework of these systems, some issues such as urban growth centers and distribution and spatial diffusion phenomena were discussed. While, the presentation of social phenomena distribution was not very common in the context of simulation approaches;
3. SLEUTH smart urban growth model does not pay enough attention to people and social needs in urban planning process.

Various types of natural hazards and their influence spread as unrepeatable and destructive phenomena, always have existed during the earth life And after the human birth have always been a serious threat to mankind. So planning before crisis is one of the important issues of the world's today that urban managers are facing with especially in the field of crisis management. Since Iran is considered as the disaster-prone countries in the world, the urban management shall have a great power and capability in facing with natural disasters and in order to mitigate the effects of urban crises shall improve their capability and power continually. One of cities of Iran which faces more than others with this difficulty is Khorramabad. This city, due to its geographical position and locating among Zagros Mountain chains and also the existence of floodways and rivers inside it on one hand and placing on a great deal of faults on the other hand has a high vulnerability against natural disasters. This paper studies the role of crisis management to mitigate the effects and damages of natural disasters(earthquake) in Khorramabad city through library - Descriptive analysis approach and field evaluation process. The results of the study can be used for decreasing the effects and damages due to natural disasters as particularly and also proper management and planning can be referred. Also GIS software is used for the analysis of data.

Among the recognized and available landuses in the cities, Urban planners only for green space Although they have proposed some minimums for per capita of green space, but they believe that it is better not to have per capita for such landuse so that cites become Garden City. This shows the importance and necessity of green space, thus, now green space as a fascinating topic is discussing in scientific centers. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency and the number of visitors of the parks in Noorabad Mamasani city in Fars province. The discussed issue in this study is that the designers and planners did not consider any difference among three components of culture, economy and environment and lack of attention to public preferences in designing park.To this end, Firstly, after indicating the investigated challenges for each of these components (cultural, economical and environmental),the considered indicators for each of them were identified and designed in the form of a questionnaire. The single variable chi-square test was used after extraction and processing of gathered data and preparation of statistical indicators for the research components. The results indicate that, contrary to common belief among planners, citizens make distinction between the three components (cultural, economical and environmental). The cultural component among the three investigated components has the highest preferences with value (x2) equal to 559.746, Then in environmental component, value of (x2) equal to 506.579 and economic component, value of (x2) equal to 166.411 are at the next ranks.

Urban spaces was eco-friendly before Industrial Revolution; however, after the revolution, urban spaces was influenced by industry so life style has been changed that makes more people to go to suburban areas to be get in touch with nature. To address this issue, city managers attempt to consider green spaces and public parks in their planning outside of cities. Mellat Park of Zahedan is a good example of these types of parks. This paper examined the current visual aspects of Mellat Park based on residents’ preferences using a classification model quality (Q-Sort). According to this model, there are three different zoning in parks: 1. Designed areas, 2. Playgrounds or Recreational zone, 3. Green spaces. In two different times, 495 photos were taken from different three areas. Then the photos were categorized based on the objectives of the study and a total of 24 images for all areas (8 for each) were selected. The respondents ranked the photos with these 5 scales: (very nice picture, nice, ordinary, ugly and too ugly). The results show that 50% of the visitors who are 15-24 years old, prefer green spaces, while 46% of those who are 25-49 years prefer to use “designed spaces”. Finally 36% of visitors who are above 50 years prefer to use playgrounds or recreational zones.