فهرست مطالب h ansari

Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases and the most common disease related to metabolism in humans. Diabetic nephropathy, one of the dangerous complications of diabetes, has a relatively high prevalence in diabetic patients and causes kidney failure. Several factors have an effect on this disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative probability of occurrence of nephropathy complication of type 2 diabetes using survival analysis.

This study was a historical cohort study of survival analysis, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner in 2019. The required sample size was estimated at 410 patients. Data were calculated using Stata.ver14 software and descriptive tests and then by Kaplan Meyer method and Cox survival proportional hazards model.

The variables of regular visits and smoking showed a significant relationship with the chance of nephropathy complications (p<0.05). Therefore, the chance of nephropathy complications in people who did not have regular visits was 1.03 times that of people who had regular visits. The Log-Rank test showed that the median survival time (months) of the occurrence of nephropathy is related to the variables of fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, systolic, and blood lipids.

With early diagnosis of diabetes and control of the factors that accelerate the development of diabetic nephropathy and effective and timely treatments, it is possible to reduce the progress of the disease and it can be used in the field of prevention and treatment of diabetic patients and prevention of subsequent lesions and complications.

In the last decade, satellite-based methods, including remote sensing and microwave methods, have been used in many studies to detect soil surface moisture regionally. Thermal remote sensing method is quite effective for checking moisture for bare soil but shows poor correlation for vegetated surfaces. In addition, there is a widespread use of this method in the presence of temperature differences during the day. Satellite imagery enables the ability to measure humidity according to the environmental conditions at the surface. Thus, compared to field measurements, remote sensing techniques are promising because they are capable of spatial measurements at a relatively low cost. Water supply is one of the main causes of evapotranspiration, which can affect it. Soil moisture can be considered as the most direct and important variable describing drought and is the main parameter describing water circulation and energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere. Scale reduction methods for soil moisture can be divided into three main groups including satellite-based method, GIS data and model-based methods. The same methods have been used extensively in monitoring soil moisture for different spectral patterns at different wavelengths, from visible to microwave remote sensing data. Spectral reflectance decreases with increasing soil moisture in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) range. Therefore, these methods can be used to estimate soil moisture using satellite data for water budgeting and other meteorological and agricultural applications. In this study, using the information provided by Zaki (2013), the measured humidity by the sensor was compared with the humidity obtained from the satellite. The soil moisture were measured in 16 points from an area of 13 hectares from Neyshabour plain of Khorasan Razavi province. The novelty of this study is to provide a simple method for using Landsat 7 satellite imagery to estimate the surface moisture of areas of the Earth to eliminate field sampling and optimal use for agriculture. One of the advantages of this method is the reduction of information obtained from the field as input values for crop modeling that can be used to estimate crop yield, so the moisture measured during the winter wheat crop period from November 2012 to March 2013 was used. The placement of band numbers 3 and 4 opposite each other to calculate M, the line equation was fitted. Since satellite imagery is not performed daily by satellite, six images were extracted during the growing season. On November 12, which is actually 12 days after planting, the plant is entering the germination stage and the soil is mostly bare. Because the satellite does not receive enough reflected green light, the accuracy of the image in measuring soil moisture decreases, but after the plant grows, the green light is reflected and the amount of digital digit of band 4 is affected, as a result, the amount of moisture in the plant leaves and stem is involved in measuring soil moisture, which is consistent with the results obtained by Petropoulos et al. In general, the results of this study showed that the simple and efficient Red-NIR spatial geometry model has a great ability to estimate soil surface moisture in favorable weather conditions and this method can be used for plant modeling as input data.

Reducing surface water resources and successive droughts and consequently excessive use of groundwater resources, especially for agricultural purposes, have caused irreparable damage to the natural resources of the country. In the meantime, knowing the status of the water balance of the plain can help to effective management of water resources in the region. Samalqan plain is located in a semi-arid climate in North Khorasan Province. Since the surface water resources for water supply are not very reliable, so, the main source of water supply in the region is well. Due to the existence of rivers in the plain, the low thickness of the alluvium, groundwater level fluctuations, and the high uncertainty in the calculation of hydrodynamic coefficients, the need for careful hydrogeological studies and determining the role of each parameter affecting groundwater is necessary. This study was conducted to simulate the Samalqan aquifer and analysis of water balance for the years 2003 to 2013 using the MODFLOW model. To identify the groundwater recharge rate, this component was estimated by the SWAT model. Calibration and validation of the model with an error of 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively, indicated that an appropriate estimation between the simulated and observed heads. Assessment of the groundwater hydrograph in the observation wells showed that the groundwater level in most places has many monthly and seasonal fluctuations. After drawing the potential lines of the plain, the inputs and outputs were identified, and using the reserve volume changes, the water balance was determined. The results showed that the water balance of the plain was negative and the reservoir deficit was estimated at 9.14 million cubic meters. Therefore, this model can be used to predict the future situation of aquifer and the management of water resources in the region.

In Iran, the consumption grain of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) due to its nutritional properties has increased. Due to the Quinoa's ability to grow under adverse conditions (such as drought), the total cultivation areas for this plant have increased. Climate change scenarios predict extended periods of drought and this has emphasized the need for new crops that are tolerant to these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation management on physiological properties of quinoa Gize-1 cultivar under greenhouse condition. The experiment was done using pot planting based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) during 2018-2019. Treatments included four irrigation managements, i.e., full irrigation (FI), alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD), fixed partial root-zone drying (FPRD), and deficit irrigation (DI). Results showed that DI, FPRD, and APRD significantly decreased stomatal conductance (40.9, 33.3, and 20.7%, respectively) when compared to FI treatment. Similarly, the greenness index (28.3, 26.3, and 15.3%, respectively) and relative water content (RWC) (20.4, 21.1, and 12.8%, respectively) were reduced under DI, FPRD, and APRD irrigations management compared to FI. Conversely, proline content was increased under DI, FPRD, and APRD treatments (24.2, 30.5, and 17.9%, respectively) when compared to FI. Generally, APRD treatment recommended for the quinoa Giza-1 cultivar to produce an acceptable yield under greenhouse conditions.

The purpose of this study was to predict the use of cyberspace based on the social and cultural interactions of family members. This study had a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of 21,000 married citizens living in Rasht in 2019. The research sample consisted of 378 individuals who were selected through Cochran's formula and random cluster sampling method. The instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods including Pearson correlation, multiple regression and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the use of cyberspace and family members' interactions. The value of correlation coefficient (R) between variables was 0.532 which shows a relatively strong association between the set of independent variables and the dependent variable (family members’ interactions). Nevertheless, the value of the adjusted coefficient (R2), which is equal to 0.283, shows that 28.3% of the total changes in family members' interactions depend on the independent variable, i.e., the use of cyberspace.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of treated urban wastewater and different harvesting times on the yield and yield components of Sorghum (cv. Speed feed) in the greenhouse condition. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad in 2016. In this study, the effects of four mixtures consisting of the moderations use of the treated urban wastewater and freshwater (0, 25, 75 and 100 percent mixture of treated urban wastewater and freshwater) and three harvesting times level (pre-flowering, after 50 percent of the plant to flowering, and grain filling stage) on the yield and yield components of Sorghum were evaluated. The results inducted that the effect of different moderations of irrigation regimes on all of them parameter was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height was non-significant; it was also revealed that the effect of harvesting times on all of the parameters was highly significant (P<0.01), but leaf width was non-significant. The results also exhibited that the interaction effects of irrigated regimes and harvesting times on the leaf number, panicle length and width, leaf, panicle, and stem was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height, stem diameter, branches number, and leaf length and width were significant at the  5 percent level (P<0.05). Also, the use of 25, 75, and 100 percent mixture of wastewater resulted in the  forage yield of  37.5, -29.3, and 12.9 percent (pre-flowering); -31, -15.3, and -47.4 percent (after 50 percent of the plant to flowering),  and -11.8, -35.7 and -28.4 percent (grain filling stage), respectively. The highest forage weights (46.2 g per plant) showed, in the study, irrigated by a mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater, and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in flowering stage; on the other hand, the best treatment in this study irrigation by the mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in the flowering stage, Thus, using the treatment in farm experiment required the field research.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation water turbidity and soil texture on the measurement accuracy of soil water content using time domain reflectometry (TDR) device. Treatments consisted of three soil textures (silty clay, sandy loam, and clay loam) and three levels of irrigation water turbidity (0, 1500, and 3000 NTU). Volumetric soil moisture content (θv) was measured using a TDR device and compared with the gravimetric method measurements. Results showed that TDR has the highest accuracy in the sandy loam soil under different levels of water turbidity and by increasing the clay content, the accuracy of the device is reduced as confirmed by root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.024, 0.027, and 0.038 in 0, 1500, and 3000 NTU turbidity, respectively, in this texture. Drawing of the coherence chart between the results obtained from TDR method and the gravimetric one showed that the highest and the least correlations between the two methods were observed in clay loam + well water treatment (R2 = 0.94) and silty clay + 1500 NTU (R2 = 0.84), respectively. Thus, increasing turbidity decreased the accuracy of the TDR device in all of the studied soil textures. Results also showed that the highest accuracy of TDR device was obtained in sandy loam + control treatment (0.0 NTU) conditions.

 Increasing population growth along with the lack of freshwater resources have necessitated the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. Application of suitable irrigation management with saline water can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Saline farming is based on the cultivation of crops and plant varieties that can tolerate high levels of salinity. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a genetically diverse Andean grain crop that has earned special attention worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits and its ability to adapt to contrasting environments, including nutrient-poor and saline soils and drought stressed marginal agro-ecosystems. Drought and salinity are the abiotic stresses most studied in quinoa. Cultivation of salinity resistant cultivars, such as Quinoa plant is one of the techniques to use saline water. The results of Jamali and Ansari (2019) showed that irrigation with saline water during all the growth stages of quinoa plants (Titicaca cv) significantly decreases grain yield and 1000 kernel weights by 20.8% and 20.0 %, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of conjunctive moderation of saline water in irrigation of Quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.).

 Research station is located in northeast of Iran at 36° 16' N latitude and 59° 38' E longitude with 958.0 meters height from sea level. In this study, six irrigation treatments including well water (1.23 dS.m-1; control treatment (W)), saline water (15 dS.m-1, SW), alternative saline water and freshwater (ASW), mixture of 50:50 saline and freshwater (7.2 dS.m-1, MSW), fixed partial root-zone salinity-stress (FPRS), and alternative partial root-zone salinity-stress (APRS) were evaluated on some growth parameters, yield, and physical productivity of water in Quinoa (CV. Titicaca) production. The research was done based on completely randomized design, including three replications as pot planting in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, at greenhouse conditions, during 2018-2019. The seeds of Quinoa were planted at a depth of 1.5 centimeter in silty clay soil of each pot and were irrigated with well water. Physical and chemical properties of irrigation water and soil were determined before experiment. The collected data analyzed using statistical software of SAS (Ver. 9.0) and the means were compared using LSD test at 5 % probability.

 The results showed that, different irrigation moderation had a significant impact on physical productivity of water, harvest index, panicle length, plant height, stem diameter, panicle weight, and grain yield at 1% (p < 0.01), but this treatment was significant at 5% (p < 0.05) on branches number, panicle width, panicle number, and 1000 kernel weights. The maximum reduction in physical productivity of water was observed in plants receiving SW treatment (15 dS.m-1 NaCl). Notable increases of 23.1%, 19.2%, 3.8%, and 19.2% in the 1000 kernel weight, 25%, 23.4%, 2.7%, and 18.9% grain yield and 25%, 12.5%, 3.8%, and 25% physical water productivity in Quinoa (c.v. NSRCQ) production were observed when plants were grown under applying ASW, MSW, FPRS, and APRS moderation, compared with SW moderation.

 Whilst comparing with control treatments (W), the lowest decreases of 19.4%, 23.5%, and 23.1% were noted respectively in grain yield, 1000 kernel weights, and physical water productivity exposed to ASW treatment. The NSRCQ cultivar showed the highest potential for yield and growing under saline conditions (ASW and APRS moderation). Morphological and yield responses of Quinoa (c.v. NSRCQ) to all treatments (moderation saline water), under greenhouse conditions, showed that quinoa has wide plasticity and tolerance to salinity stress. Due to the lack of water resources and increasing population growth, it is recommended to use unconventional water (for exp. saline water) and cultivation of crop varieties (for exp. Quinoa) that can tolerate high levels of salinity, especially in the arid and semiarid areas.

A greenhouse research was carried out to study the simultaneous effect of hydropriming and water stress on the yield and yield components of sweet pepper (Padra var.) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experiment was performed as a factorial arrangement of two factors in a completely randomized design with three replications. Hydro-priming consisted of two levels (non-hydropriming and hydropriming) and the water stress included three levels (100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement), which were applied in a silty clay soil. The results showed that the effect of seed hydropriming on shoot fresh weight and electrical conductivity (EC) of fruit water were significant (P<0.01). The effects of deficit irrigation on the fruit fresh and dry weights, fruit number, plant height, and stem diameter were significant at 1 percent level (P<0.01), while the effects on shoot fresh and dry weights were significant at 5 percent level (P<0.05). Interaction effects of the treatments were significant on EC of fruit water at the 1 percent level (P<0.01), while the effects were significant on the fruit number, shoot dry weight, plant height, and pH of fruit water at the 5 percent level (P<0.05). The results also showed that the highest fruit number (4.34 per plant) was recorded in the 100 percent plant water requirement and seed hydropriming, while the lowest fruit number (2.0 per plant) was found in the 50 percent plant water requirement and seed hydropriming treatment. The highest and lowest fruit fresh weights (i.e., 191.4 and 82.1 g per plant) were observed in water stress treatments of 100 and 50 plant water requirement percent, respectively. The results also revealed that the fruit number changed in 75 and 50 percent water requirement treatments + non-hydropriming conditions by 11.3 and –11.0 percent, while under hydropriming conditions, fruit number was reduced by –16.5 and –50 percent, respectively. Overall, in this study the best treatment was 100 percent water requirements + seed hydropriming in greenhouses conditions. Deficit irrigation and hydropriming levels were applied on this plant in the Mashhad region in field conditions and recommended for future research.

In addition to effective treatment, tuberculosis recurrence is a very important challenge regarding the treatment of this infection. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with tuberculosis recurrence.

In this nested case-control study, 202 tuberculosis patients with recurrence and 202 matched controls in terms of age, sex and place of residence were studied. The cases and controls were selected from a cohort of tuberculosis patients in Sistan and Baluchestan province between 2011 and 2018. The data were collected using interviews and patients’ records. The independent t-test, chi-square and multiple conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the data.

The drug abuse history (OR=6.1), 3+ smear positive (OR=3.03), chest X-ray suggestive of tuberculosis (OR=4.9), drug resistance (OR=7.3), low socioeconomic status (OR=3.9), weight loss (OR=3.1), chest pain (OR=3.2), history of digestive disease (OR=22.1), smoking (OR=6.1), and imprisonment (OR=3.7) significantly increased the chance of recurrence among tuberculosis patients (p<0.05). On the other hand, the chance of recurrence was significantly lower in patients with coughs (OR=0.29) and a small family size (OR=0.28).

According to the results, tobacco use, drug use, low socio-economic status, life conditions, and disease conditions are the most important determinants of tuberculosis recurrence. In general, epidemiologic factors related to tuberculosis recurrence are not similar in different regions; therefore, educational programs for patients and their families and prevention methods should be considered based on related factors in different regions.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect that accounts for 25% of all congenital anomalies. This study was conducted to identify the risk factors od congenital heart disease in southeast Iran.

In this case-control study, 353 cases were selected from children aged 0 to 59 months who suffered from congenital heart disease and were referred to the Children’s Heart Clinic of Zahedan. Moreover, 353 controls were selected from healthy children aged 0 to 59 months who presented to health centers in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. The cases and controls were matched for age, sex and place of residence. The data were collected using interviews with children’s mothers and analyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression models.

This study showed that the lack of folic acid consumption in pregnancy (OR =11.8), mot using multivitamins during pregnancy (OR = 4.1), history of CHD in first-degree relatives of parents (OR=3.4), history of abortion (OR =3.4), presence of telecommunication rig in the vicinity of the house (OR=3) and exposure to secondhand smoke (OR=2.9) significantly increased the chance of a CHD (P <0.05).

Effective planning, emphasis on the use of supplements during pregnancy, and improved awareness of the society, especially high risk women, can be helpful in decreasing CHD in this region. Providing education regarding preventive factors seems to be necessary for health and medical workers to control risk factors and reduce costs associated with CHD.

Stillbirth is an important economic, cultural, and health index that has a higher prevalence in developing countries.

The present research was conducted to determine the pre-pregnancy risk factors of stillbirth in Iran.

This research is a national population-based case-control study on the risk factors of stillbirth in Iran. A total of 3,085 women presenting to public healthcare centers of ten provinces/cities of Iran entered the study, including 1,459 women who their last pregnancy ended in a stillbirth as the case group and 1,626 women who their last pregnancy ended in a live birth as the control group. Data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire and were then analyzed by SPSS-19 using the chi-square and the logistic regression tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The results revealed a relationship between the last pregnancy ending in a stillbirth and a previous history of stillbirth (OR = 2.64, CI: 1.81 - 3.85, P = 0.001), miscarriage (OR = 1.57, CI: 1.21 - 2.03, P = 0.001) irregular menstruation (OR = 1.29, CI: 1.02 - 1.64, P = 0.029), age over 35 (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.17 - 2.14, P = 0.001), low level of education (OR = 3.50, CI: 2.30 - 5.33, P = 0.001), and the use of oral contraceptives.

There are several risk factors for stillbirth, including a previous history of stillbirth, miscarriage or irregular menstrual cycle, most of which can be controlled through pre-pregnancy training. Educational interventions are, therefore, required to improve the knowledge of women at childbearing age and preventive measures should be taken to reduce the number of stillbirths in pregnant women.

In many climate studies, land surface models are forced by meteorological data, and there is no attempt to check the quality of the data. The purpose of this study is to evaluation of GLDAS1 meteorological forcing data and application of bias correction method for these data. The weather data corrected will be input into the Noah-MP model in the next study.
Observations for the Neyshaboor Basin have been collected at a temporal resolution of one day during the period 2000–2009 for ten years from fourteen stations and evaporation stations and a meteorological station in the basin. The variables of temperature, relative humidity, short solar wavelength, and air pressure, with correlation coefficients of 0.94, 0.77, 0.74 and 0.6, respectively, were in good agreement with the observations. The GLDAS1 precipitation data for most of this basin is less than observations. The precipitation has been corrected by matching the mean and the coefficient of variation of GLDAS data with observational data. The results of applying the correction method were satisfactory, so that difference in average daily precipitate between GLDAS1 data and observational data was effectively reduced to 0.048 mm. Also, the correlation between the number of wet days (precipitation over 0.3 mm) in the observational data with the corrected data compared to the uncorrected data improved from -1.17 to 0.93 and the first-order autocorrelation in the observational data with corrected data has improved better than uncorrected data and has grown from -2.4 to 0.41. The corrections were the highest during January, February, October, November and December. the bias correction applied seems to correct the precipitation well during May to September.

In order to study the effect of biofertilizers, chemical fertilizers and water deficit stress on biological yield, lawson content and root colonization with mycorrhiza in henna5 an experiment was conducted at research greenhouse of bam university in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons . The factors were fertilizers ( without any fertilizer (F1), Humic acid(F2), application of Mycorrhizae and Vermicompost (F3), Vermicompost (F4) and Chemical fertilizer (F5) and Water deficit condition ( 100% W.R, 80% W.R and 60% W.R). The treatments were arranged as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with fifteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that the highest weight of dry leaf, No of leaf and biological yield were obtained with application of mycorrhizae and vermicompost treatment (I1F3). With increasing stress severity, the highest weight of dry leaf (0.153g), No of leaf (171), Plant Height (120.33 cm) were obtained with in I2F3 and biological yield (5.21 g/plant) were obtained with application mycorrhizae and vermicompost treatment under 60% water requirement. The highest lawson content (69.6 mg) were obtained with in I3F3 treatment.The highest root clonization (82.2%) were obtained in I3F3 treatment. It seems that biofertilizers can consider as a replacement for chemical fertilizers in henna medicinal plant production.

A vortex settling basin (VSB) is an efficient continuous flushing structureto remove bed loads and coarse suspended loads. In present study, experiments were conducted in Hydraulics lab of Water Science and Engineeing Departmentat Ferdowsi University of Mashhad on a vortex settling basin model with clear water. The flow rate varied in the range of 8-22 L/s .Velocity was measured in three dimensions within the chamber using ADV. The flow field iscalculated using 3D Reynolds-averaged N–S equations, laminar case (coarse DNS) and turbulent models including standard k-ε, k-ω and Smagorinsky models. The abstraction ratio was determined, water surface counters were depicted and tangential velocity was calculated. The abstraction ratio was in range of 75-87.5%.Flow depth and tangential velocity formula were determined based on dimensional analysis and linear regression. The obtained empirical equations werecompared withother extant empirical equations. Results of turbulent models including abstraction ratio, water surface profile and tangential velocity were compared to the experimental data. Smagorinsky model showed better agreement with the experimental data and the relative error of the model was less than 3%. The free and forced vortex regions in Smagorinsky model was more similar to those in experimental data.

The effect of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on water use efficiency and physiological growth indices of henna as medicinal plant was studied at three water regimes in 2014-2015 grows. The research was carried out in an greenhouse experiment using a factorial based randomized complete bloch design with three replications. The factors were fertilizers ( without any fertilizer (𝐹1), humic acid(𝐹2), application of mycorrhizae and vermicompost (𝐹3), vermicompost (𝐹4) and chemical fertilizer (𝐹5) and water deficit condition ( 100% W.R, 80% W.R and 60% W.R). Results showed that the application of arbuscular mycorrhizae, humic acid and normal condition (no water deficit), increased Plant height, Stem diameter, Leaf dry weight, Leaf fresh weight, No.khur, Plant dry weight and No.sub stem.The above mentioned characteristics were decreased under water deficit condition, non application of mycorrhizae and non application of humic acid. Application of mycorrhizae and humic acid significantly increased water use efficiency. The intraction effects of water deficit and mycorrhizae, was statisticaly significant. The highest water use efficiency (89.5𝑔⁄𝑚3 ) ocuured under water deficit condition (60%W.R) and application mycorrhizae and vermicompost. The lowest amount of water use efficiency (37.42𝑔⁄𝑚3 ) observed without any fertilizer under normal condition ( no water deficit).

The goal of this research was studying kinetic of shellded hazelnut (corylus avellana) at temperature range of 40-60 0C that beside drawing curve of moisture changes at different temperature and modeling frying process, effective diffusivity coefficient, activation energy, total energy, specific energy required for drying shellded hazelnut was calculated in single-layer form. Result of consideration showed that the duration of drying at 60 0C was 34.42 and 20 percent less than 40 and 50 0C. In modeling the process of drying hazelnut Midilli et al in 3 temperatures of drying has had the most suitable fitting with data of experiment comparing to other models. Also effective distribution coefficient in dried hazelnut samples at different temperature changes between 1.26373×10-10 and 1.50064×10-10 m2/s. Activation energy for hazelnut at temperature range of 4060 0c 29.622 KJ/kg. and effective penetration constant was obtained 1.1×10-5.

Evapotranspiration is the most important part of the hydrological cycle, which playsa key role in water resource management, crop yield simulation, and irrigationscheduling. Therefore, developing a cost-effective and precise model is essential forestimating hourly grass crop reference evapotranspiration (ETo). In this study thepotential of the fuzzy inference system (FIS) is investigated as a simple technique formodeling hourly ETo obtained using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith and ASCEequations. Then, combinations of efficient hourly climatic data namely temperature,wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation were used as inputs to the fuzzymodel. Four fuzzy models were developed based on different combinations of inputs.Common statistics such as Mean square error, average absolute relative error anddetermination coefficient and two more statistics of Jacovides (t) and R2/t are used ascomparison criteria for evaluation of the model performance. Here, Training andtesting fuzzy models were done with Fariman meteorological data – an arid region inthe northeast of Iran. The fuzzy model whose inputs are solar radiation, airtemperature, relative humidity and wind speed, yield the highest correlation andcompatibility to reference models of FAO-56 PM and ASCE, based on commonstatistics. Whereas, the fuzzy model whose inputs are solar radiation, air temperatureand relative humidity, are selected as the best model based on combination ofcommon and additional statistics. The fuzzy model with two inputs namely solarradiation and relative humidity has acceptable results, too. The results show that solarradiation is the most effective parameter on hourly reference evapotranspiration andtemperature, relative humidity and wind speed were other effective parameters,respectively. These results for training and testing phase are alike. It was found thatthe developed fuzzy models could be successfully employed in estimating the hourlyETo with a limited weather data.

Demand management as a way to control consumption and manage water resource is concerned. Farm data of Mashhad- Chenaran plain through questionnaires and interviews was collected from 130  representatives in 2013. All of them divided to two group of water consumption, mean’s that low consumption (<10000 m3/ha) and high consumption(10000 m3/ha ≤). Then mathematical programming model with due attention to four scenarios of water deficit (10, 20, 30 and 40%) was run for each group. Also sensitivity analysis was applied to study effect of water price on demand of water. Result showed while this strategy of water deficit make  99 and 33.6 million cubic meters of excess water in the two groups, the income of farmers increases 15.2 and 6.2 % in low and high consumption group respectively. Result of sensitivity analysis of water price showed that increase of water price does not cause significant changes in water use at low consumption group, but is different in high consumption group. Therefore, non pricing policy for example education, promotion and design of crop pattern is recommendable for low consumption group. For high consumption group, if increase of water price to extent water trading and to use water resources sustainability, water pricing policy is suggested. As well as paying subsidies to farmers may encourage them to non exploitation of surplus water.

suicide is one of the main reasons of mortality in the world and many countries involve with this major health issue. Pattern of suicide attempt is different in countries. Aim of this study was to assess the pattern of suicide attempt for suicide in patients who admitted in hospital.

this research was a descriptive analytical study. Participants include all patients who admitted along one year (2013-2014) in Imam Reza hospital in Bojnurd city with suicide attempt (based on psychiatric interview). Require data such as pattern of suicide and kind of drug used collected by researcher designed checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data.

281 patients with suicide attempt included in this study. 35.2% of samples were women and 64.8% was men. Mean age of samples was 24±9.07 year. We found a significant relation between variables such as age, gender and marital status and reason of suicide attempt. Drug poisoning was the most pattern of suicide attempt. Benzodiazepines were the most prevalence drugs used by patients for suicide. Argument with family or spouse was the most reason for suicide attempt based on patients self report.

The policy of the country is necessary to pay more attention to the issue of access of individuals to various drugs, as well as through the media and volunteers to manage and control the amount of medication in each house to inform and educate access to the people at high risk of unsafe drugs, less fatal to happen.

Autumn sowing of sugar beets for harvesting the root yield the following spring is possible in some regions of Iran. Autumnal beets effectively conserve irrigation water because they make use of precipitation during the autumn and winter months and do not grow during the warm summer periodn. The presents study determined the water-use efficiency of autumn-sown sugar beets and investigated the best irrigation scheduling for the Mashhad plain. Testing was carried out during the 2013-2014 growing season at the Agricultural Research Center of KhorasaneRazavi province using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement and four replications. This experiment examined with three irrigation intervals (7, 10 and 14 d) as the main plot and four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of water content of field capacity) as subplots. The results showed that the yields of roots, dry matter, sugar, and white sugar showed no significant difference for irrigation interval, but that irrigation level hadsignificant effect on yield at the 1% level. The best irrigation water-use efficiency for the yield of conversion to white sugar as the final economic product of sugar beet cultivation was achieved at the 75% and 100% irrigation levels using the 14 d irrigation interval. The results of this project for the Mashhad plain under similar climatic conditions indicates that autumn-sown sugar beets should be irrigated every 14 d at 75% to 100% of field capacity. This irrigation schedule decreased irrigation costs (33%), conserved irrigation water (18%), and achieved maximum irrigation water-use efficiency compared with the 7 d irrigation interval.

Conflict over shared water resources has been occured in result of mismanagement,bad governance and increasing water demand. Therefore, equitable water allocation is one of the important tools reducing conflict. In this paper, we investigate application of six methods of bankruptcy theory:Proportional (PRO), Adjusted proportional (AP), Talmud (TaL), Pinile (Pin), Random arrival (RA), Sequential sharing rules (SSR based on PRO). The area study includesfive regions along Atrak riverin Golestan province. Total available water depending on water requirementsof each region is divided with bankruptcy theory. Since each method has different definition of fairness, so different results can be obtained. According to Plurality Rule, it shows that the results of PRO, AP, RA, Pin theories are the superior ones in this case study. Results of this study can be a starting point for negotiations and making agents’ final decision.

Agriculture as the largest consumer of water، compared to other sectors، is faced with more challenges due to lack of water and the gap between supply and demand for water. The aim of this study is to identify the effective factors on irrigation water demand at farm-level. Data was collected from farmers of Mashhad-Chenaran plain by stratified random sampling method in 2013. The discriminate analysis was used to recognize effective variables on dividing farmers in two groups، low and high water consumption. Result showed that the most important of effective factors to distinguish farmers’ treatment to use of water at farm level are crop، water saving، income of the farmer، soil texture، experience، education level and flow rate of water taken with correlation coefficients 0. 69، 0. 3، 0. 28، -0. 25، -0. 22، 0. 19 and 0. 16 respectively. Also، the results indicated that the value of Lambda Wilkes of discriminant equation to distinguish low and high water used is equal to 0. 61 that is significant at 99% level of probability. According to the results، raising awareness of farmers coupled with increasing facilities to improve water saving technologies and subsidizing for low withdrawal of water from wells، can be useful for efficient use of water، use of assessing tools، control the amount of irrigation water applied in farm and correct implementation of modern irrigation systems in the study area.

Evapotranspiration (ET0) is a basic parameter for determination irrigation program which has to be estimated using interpolation methods due to its spatial variation. A factor which can affect interpolation results is interpolation stages sequence. Current study was conducted to compare two ways for preparation of spatial distribution maps of ET0. In the first way، ET0 was calculated using climatic data and Hargreaves-Samani method in weather stations positions and then were interpolated. In the second way، the Hargreaves-Samani equation components are firstly interpolated and then ET0 maps were produced by proper commands in GIS. So، 10-year climatic data (2001-2010) of 46 stations for preparation the maps and 5 stations as validation stations in Mazandaran province were gathered. The data were interpolated using Ordinary Kriging method and the interpolation error was compared using Root Mean Squared Standardized Error (RMSSE). The results showed that the temperature data has better spatial correlation and lower interpolation error. But for estimation verification، ET0 amounts derived from the two ways were compared to the computed ET0 in validation stations positions and showed that the two ways difference was not significant. So، these two ways have not differences for producing ET0 maps.